Ppm - lena kangakanani? Kuyini izinga avumelekile utshwala egazini e izingxenye ngamunye million?

Ppm - iyunithi yokunquma inani utshwala egazini. Omunye iyunithi ppm kuyinto senkulungwane into kusukela okweshumi uketshezi amaphesenti. Kunomehluko okukhulu phakathi owesilisa nowesifazane ekuhlonzeni inkomba. Ppm - lena kangakanani? Lo mbuzo iyathakazelisa eziningi.

Ukukhomba kanye ukubala

Ngena ppm kanje - ‰. Kuvame kudidaniswe uphawu amaphesenti, okuyinto kuyiphutha.

• 1 ‰ = 0.1% = 1/1000 = 0,001.
• 100 ‰ = 10% = 0.1.
• 200 ‰ = 200/1000 = 20% = 0.2.

Ngemuva kwemizuzu engu-30 ngemva ukungenisa e abantu angathola lokuhlushwa esiphezulu utshwala.

Ppm - isilinganiso enikeza ulwazi mayelana:

• okuqukethwe utshwala ngesikhathi esithile;
• izinhlobo ezahlukene isiphuzo ivolumu;
• nesikhathi esidingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi utshwala ithathwa emzimbeni.

Umphumela kuzoncika nemingcele ezilandelayo:

• isisindo, ubulili, ubudala umuntu;
• amaphesenti ketshezi esekelwe isisindo zomzimba womuntu;
• utshwala ivolumu, eyamukelwa.

Ngakho ppm - lena kangakanani?

izigaba lokudakwa

izigaba lokudakwa iyashiyana ngesikhathi utshwala idliwe. Eyokuqala libhekene kuphela ukudakwa kancane, kobukhulu isilinganiso okuyokwenzeka yesibili, degree ezinzima lokudakwa livela esigabeni sesithathu. Isigaba sokugcina is ezisongela ukuphila ngoba ingaqala ikhoma ngisho nokufa.

A umthamo ebulalayo kungaba umuntu:

• 4-8 c. ETHYL utshwala ngayinye 1 kg esisindo ngomuntu omdala;
• 3 c. ngalinye 1 kg isisindo intsha, abagulayo kanye nabantu asebekhulile.

inkulumo iphesenti Olandelayo We-ethanol egazini esigabeni ngasinye:

• kuze kufinyelele 0.3% - amponjwana engekho;
• 0.3-0.5% - ithonya kunalokho kwamasosha omzimba abuthakathaka;
• 0.5-1.5% - kusho degree okuncane;
• 1.5-2.5% - degree isilinganiso;
• 2.5-3% - isinyathelo esinamandla;
• 3-5% - Isigaba esindayo, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho kungenzeka ikhoma ngisho nokufa;
• 5-6% - kuyinto umthamo ezibulalayo.

Ppm, esangenza

Yini kuvunyelwe mille ngayinye? Lona lemali lapho ngisho bavunyelwe ukushayela.

Ngasiphi obungakanani utshwala idliwe traffic kuyoba kuphephile? Ukuziphatha futhi umshayeli asabela kuzohluka kuncike mille ngayinye:

• 0.1-0.6 ppm. Ukuhambisa umthombo wokukhanya bubonakala ngalokwanele. ukuhlolwa Ukungalwazi kahle isimo. Isitayela ukushayela iba okuyingozi, isivinini ngokuvamile idlula imikhawulo kuvunyelwe, umshayeli ungakulimaza abanye.
• 0.6-0.9 ppm. Ukuhlolwa amabanga okungafanele ukungalingani kwenzeka, i ukulinganisa isimo sinzima. Ukukhanyisa, ibanga, i-signal nezinye izimoto nomthamo ikhanyisa umshayeli engakaze baziswa ngokwanele.
• 0.9-1.3 ppm. Ukuphuza kuyinto okuphumuzayo. Kukhona nokwehlisa engela umbono, ababuthaka futhi umbono oyiphutha ngokoqobo. Ukunakwa engekho ngokuphelele, ngezinga eliphezulu lokudakwa kwenza umshayeli uyingozi kwabanye futhi nowami uqobo.
• 1.3-2.5 ppm. Ukulondolozwa ukwazi uyahlukumezeka, ngoba imoto ayiveli umbuzo. angaboni kahle, ukuphendula, ukuzikhethela emkhathini.

ppm kuvunyelwe kuyinto amayunithi 0.1 noma ngaphansi.

Izimpawu lokudakwa

Umuntu kubhekwa odakiwe uma kukhona eziningi izimpawu. Ziyakwazi:

• iphunga eqinile utshwala kusukela umlomo;
• ukuma engazinzile, uzwakalise ethuthumela iminwe;
• inkulumo sifo, ukuziphatha hhayi azivumelanise imvelo;
• okushintshako e ibala (ububomvu, blanching);
• abukhali ukunyakaza okungalungile, ukuziphatha okungafanele.

Indlela ukunquma ppm asivunyelwe uma bephuza utshwala?

Inani labantu okufanele lifinyelelwe ppm egazini futhi izimpawu ukuziphatha emazingeni athile lokudakwa kanje.

Ezingeni 0,010-0,030 utshwala kuyinto ukuziphatha evamile iziyaluyalu kufihlwe ehlonza imikhiqizo ethile kuphela, ezifana ukudakwa esiteji kubhekwa omnene.

Lapho izinga utshwala 0,031-0,060 ukuziphatha libhekene kwesasa omnene, ikhuluma, ukuphumula, ukwehla izinga yokuvinjelwa emakamu kwehle kuba lula ukudakwa ophansi.

Ezingeni utshwala 0,061-0,1 ukuziphatha kuyahluka extroversion, ekuthuntubezekeni kokuqapha zonke ukuzwa, disinhibition eqinile, bezibona kahle nokucabangisisa, kukhona impendulo abampofu umfundi ukukhanya, kusenzima ngezinga isilinganiso lokudakwa.

Ezingeni utshwala nokuziphatha 0,11-0,2 kuyahluka frenzy, intukuthelo, imizwelo enamandla ukushintsha, imiva, ikhaliphe wephule, inkulumo isho, ukulawula ukuziphatha, motor amakhono, ukudakwa kwenzeka awokuthi, ngezinga eqinile lokudakwa.

Ezingeni utshwala 0,21-0,30 ukuziphatha kuyahluka stupor, ematfuba nokulahlekelwa ukwazi, buthaka bonke emizweni, inkumbulo kahle, ukwazi, motor amakhono, izigaba lokudakwa ezinzima, kwenzeka ubuthi.

Lapho ezingeni 0,31-0,40 ukuziphatha libhekene nokulahlekelwa ukwazi, lo okusithiyayo esiqine isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko singenzeka ukulawula ebulalayo wephule, ukushaya kwenhliziyo, ukuphefumula, zilingana kwenzeka ukudakwa nge ukudakwa eqinile.

Ezingeni 0,41-0,51 ukuziphatha libhekene nokulahlekelwa ukwazi, mhlawumbe ebulalayo, ukulawula kulahleka, umoya eziphukile, palpitations, kukhona i-nystagmus, ukudakwa eqinile, kuyingozi empilweni yomuntu.

Ezingeni ezingaphezu kuka 0,51 kufika ubuthi esiqine umzimba nge umphumela ebulalayo.

umthamo Lethal: Ingabe ikhona impendulo elula?

Ppm - esilinganisweni, kogotory kungasiza ekunqumeni umthamo ezibulalayo.

Endabeni ngayinye icala ngabanye ke izibalo kuhluke. Ngisho udokotela kunzima ukuchaza ngokucacile. Ngakho singakanani utshwala ungakwazi uphuze, futhi kungakanani isivele yingozi kubantu?

Ngo izinombolo, lezi zibalo esixoxe ngazo kakade. 6-8 ppm amayunithi kuyoba umthamo ebulalayo ngomuntu omdala, 2.5 ppm kubonisa ukudakwa eqinile. Kodwa isimo sikuvumela umuntu ovamile okufanele icatshangelwe amalitha.

Ngakho izinga ppm waziwa.

Uma uphuza eyodwa ibhodlela likagologo omdala, uthola ppm 2.5 nje. Futhi uma uthatha amabhodlela amathathu ivolumu isigamu ilitha, kuyobe sekuba i-umthamo ezibulalayo. Kodwa-ke kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukusebenzisa utshwala umuntu kufanele cishe ihora. Kodwa uma yokwelula utshwala isikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi isidlo kanye nokunyakaza iyasebenza, ukufa kuyinto ukudakwa esiqine hhayi kuphela.

Iwayini kanye ubhiya buthaka lotshwala. Ukuze uthole umthamo ebulalayo, udinga uphuze kakhulu. Nge inqwaba ukuphuza iza yokusabela okuvikela umzimba ngendlela ukuhlanza, ngakho ezinye utshwala ngaphandle komzimba uboniswa. Umthamo ebulalayo incike isisindo, iminyaka yobudala, ubulili, kanye nezifo ezingamahlala khona.

Ngakho, ppm - yisikali sokuthi igazi utshwala okuhlushwa, ebonisa ngempela.