Imisuka izinhlelo yasebhange. ingqalasizinda yasebhange

Ukuthuthukiswa ngemphumelelo ukuwohloka komnotho wamazwe amaningi emhlabeni kuncike nekusebenta kweluhlelo yasebhange obusayo isimo. Kuyini ngokucacile yayo? Yiziphi izingxenye ingqalasizinda kohlelo olufanele?

Kuyini uhlelo yasebhange?

Masitadishe okushiwo ukuqala kokucubungula imibandela. Ngaphansi kohlelo yasebhange ukuqonda isiqalo nesigcino yisikhungo sezinhlangano eziphambili zezezimali - amabhange nezinye izikhungo credit ezisebenza endaweni ethile koMbuso. izakhi ezifanele ohlelweni Banking zokuhlukanisa ku 3 izigaba eziyinhloko:

• amabhange kazwelonke;
• commercial izikhungo abolekise ezingeni federal;
• izikhungo zezimali zendawo (evulekile ezindaweni, komasipala).

Kungaphawulwa ukuthi iningi kwamazwe anamuhla, kuhlanganise naseRussia, esungulwe 1 yasebhange kazwelonke. Ezweni lethu, umsebenzi okuhambisanayo wenziwa Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, commercial abolekise izikhungo ezweni kungaba kakhulu. Kodwa lokho luwumgogodla zombili izinhlobo izikhungo zezimali, kanye imininingwane ukusebenza salezi zici kohlelo yasebhange? Masitadishe lo mbuzo kabanzi.

Uyini National Bank?

Ake sibheke ukuthi ubani obangele igolide kanye exchange angaphandle Isikhwama wezwe. National Bank noma ibhange elikhulu nohlobo - isitho ukhiye kohlelo yezezimali ukuwohloka komnotho wamazwe amaningi.

imisebenzi yayo ngokuyinhloko zokulawula. Basuke ngokuvamile ezihlobene:

• ngeka-lwemali kazwelonke;
• ne ukuqaliswa kokusebenza kwezinqubomgomo credit;
• software ukubala, iqalwa izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene ubudlelwane wezimali;
• ukuqaliswa kokuqondisa phezu imisebenzi ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni credit ejensi;
• nge ofeza refinancing imalimboleko sivunyiwe;
• nge-oda exchange angaphandle izinqolobane of the state.

Kubikwe Central Bank imisebenzi elichaza umsebenzi Central Bank. Kungaphawulwa ukuthi main yasebhange Russian - isimo, kodwa elinesimo degree kuqhathaniswa okusezingeni eliphezulu yokuzibusa ngaphandle amanye ama-ejensi kahulumeni.

amabhange Central babe ikakhulukazi yangasese. credit okunjalo futhi Fed zezimali akunakubangelwa izinhlangano. Capital lesikhungo ezakhiwe eminikelweni eyenziwa ngamabhange. Cabanga imininingwane yalolu hlobo weemali kabanzi.

Uyini Commercial Bank?

Kanye Central Bank of ezinye isici esiyisihluthulelo ohlelweni Banking siyibhange kwezohwebo, ngokomthetho ezizimele kusukela iziphathimandla zaleli zwe (kodwa ukubamba iqhaza isimo ingase ibe yimpahla okuhambisanayo befa yasebhange isikhungo sezezimali). Noma kunjalo, ibhange kufanele kube ezimele ngokuya ekuthathweni ukulawula dolobha.

Uhlobo olufanele kwezikhungo sihlinzeke izinhlelo ehlukahlukene yezezimali. Bank Commercial --elementi esikweletu yasebhange uhlelo, okuyinto:

• inikeza ayeyiboleke abantu ngabanye, izinhlangano, isakhiwo isabelomali, ngezinye izikhathi abanye amabhange;
• refinance ukubolekisa;
• It lucwaningo ukuthengiselana ahlukahlukene, ezifana nokukhokhwa abanye abantu kanye nezinye izinhlangano ezingokomthetho efakwe kusistimu isabelomali njengoba izintela nezimali;
• Uvumela nokubekwa imali;
• ukugqugquzela utshalomali impahla ehlukahlukene.

Ibhange emaphakathi, njengoba sibonile ngenhla, yenza umsebenzi elihlobene ne ukuqaliswa ukulawula imisebenzi ezikhungweni ukuhweba ngemali. Ngakho, umsebenzi yesibili ngokwanele wawubekela imithetho eqinile. Ngokuvamile, ekuqaleni yasebhange commercial kungenzeka kuphela uma ilayisensi ekhishwe Central Bank futhi kuncike kokuphothula ukuhlolwa yisikhungo sezimali oyinhloko wombuso.

Thina manje ukuphenya kabanzi mayelana nokuthi yini izimfanelo izakhi ohlelweni Banking, esixoxe ngazo. Okokuqala, kuyasiza ukuba banake imisebenzi abo maqondana emnothweni Russian.

Imisebenzi izakhi kohlelo yasebhange ku Russian Federation

IRussia zonke izakhi eziyisisekelo izinhlelo zamabhange: ibhange central, commercial izikhungo abolekise ezingeni federal, kanye nezikhungo zezimali zendawo. Inhlangano main ukuthi has uhla elikhulu igunya Central Bank of the Russian Federation. umsebenzi wayo obalulekile siye sabona. Phakathi kwalabo kwenqubomgomo ekushayweni, exchange angaphandle isiqondiso komnotho, ukulawulwa ubudlelwane zezimali, ukusungulwa kwezinkambiso zomthetho kanye namazinga ukusebenza yangasese credit izikhungo.

Izakhi letibalulekile letilandzelako isakhi Russian ohlelweni Banking - federal yangasese-yasebhange yisikhungo sezinhlangano eziphambili zezezimali. Phakathi kwalabo brand big, ezifana Sberbank, VTB, "Rosselkhozbank". umsebenzi wabo ukuthatha izinqumo key Russian yasebhange wemboni, ezisondelene nalomkhakha loans kanye namanye amasevisi we amabhizinisi ngobukhulu, izikhungo, uhlelo mali, kwamanye amazwe emisebenzini.

brand ezinkulu kazwelonke kungase kudingeke amahhovisi esifunda ukuthi ukuqhuba imisebenzi ezindaweni Russian kanye nomasipala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezindaweni angase abe nezikhungo zabo zezimali, hhayi abangaphansi ejensi kahulumeni. Lezi zinhlangano afeze imisebenzi zendawo. yasebhange Regional, noma kungaba ummeleli kahulumeni we ilebula noma inhlangano esungulwe ezingeni inhlangano noma umasipala, ukuzixazulula izinkinga ezihlobene, esikhundleni salokho, obolekisayo futhi esiza amabhizinisi nabantu ezisebenza esifundeni abafanele.

Kungaphawulwa ukuthi ezindaweni Russia nokufeza izinto ezithile ziye eCentral Unit. Banquma ikakhulu izinkinga ezihlobene nokugcinwa kwemali emabhange yangasese, ukuqapha imisebenzi izikhungo zezimali zendawo.

Izimiso ekusebenzeni kwenqubo yasebhange

Njengoba uhlobo izakhi kohlelo yasebhange, thina angahlola izimiso eziyisisekelo kusebenta kwato. Ochwepheshe ichaze uhlu eziqondile zazo. Ngakho, lapho kukhona izimiso zomthwalo:

• zomthetho;
• sesikhungo;
• ukusebenza.

Sizofunda ngezindlela zazo ngokuningiliziwe.

Izimiso zomthetho amasistimu yasebhange

Izimiso eziyisisekelo inhlobo efanele yilezi:

• izilinganiso zezimali;
• ukuqinisekisa ekusithekeni imali futhi ukuthengiselana;
• ukuvikelwa imali nezinkokhelo.

Standardization of imisebenzi eyenziwa amabhange, esekelwe isiqondiso normative imisebenzi sezinhlangano eziphambili zezezimali. kuncike wayo lomkhulu, njengoba vele sesiyazi, ibhange yezwe kazwelonke. Kutfutfukisa amazinga kanye nemigomo owawuthi isidingo lokufeza imisebenzi, imithetho yombuso kanye lesifunda izakhiwo yangasese.

Ukuqinisekisa ekusithekeni imali kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemali - isimiso ukhiye lapho izikhungo tisebenta uhlelo lwezimali. Iklayenti yesikhungo semfundo credit kumele banelungelo siqinisekisa ukuthi ubumfihlo banoma Imininingwane ngabo mayelana ezifakwa zabo kanye nezinye ukuthengiselana, isibonelo, kwakheka inqubo izinsizakalo akhawunti yenkampani kokuhlola.

Umgomo we yasebhange ekusithekeni Kumiswa ezingeni imithetho zomthetho esisemthethweni. Kulokhu sikhuluma imithombo komthetho, iphethe amandla zomthetho ophakeme. ERussia, imithetho yase ukuphi. Ngakho, isimiso embuzweni, livikeleke inombolo uMthetho Federal 395-1, esamukelwa ngo 02.12.1990 ngonyaka. Ilungelo labaqeqeshi mthetho kungukuthi kuphela kubhekwa izakhi yasebhange izinhlelo, kodwa futhi nezinye izinhlangano ezisebenza emkhakheni wezezimali. Ngokwesibonelo, Idiphozithi Insurance Agency, isakhiwo ahlukahlukene kwamabhuku.

Esinye isimiso esibalulekile wezomthetho ohlelweni Banking - ukuvikelwa imali nezinkokhelo kumakhasimende wesikweletu nezinye izikhungo zezimali. Umuntu noma inhlangano usebenzisa amasevisi ahlinzekwa, isibonelo, elilodwa noma kwelinye ibhange zesifunda kufanele uqiniseke ukuthi imali yabo ngesimo idiphozi noma inkokhelo uyovikelwa ezintweni ezifana nokufinyelela okungagunyaziwe. Indlela lapho amabhange aphoqelelwe ukuba uqinisekise ukuthobela lokhu umbandela, njengoba ilawulwa umthetho kahulumeni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo kanye ebhange central lingakhipha iziqondiso ngaphezu imithombo federal, ukuqapha imisebenzi credit izikhungo mayelana nekucinisekisa ukuphepha imali kanye zokukhokhelwa. Lesi sici sokuhlakanipha ukusebenza ebhange liphakathi Izinzuzo ebaluleke yokuncintisana emakethe. Ikhasimende ekhetha silisebenzise kulowo isikhungo credit ukuthi uyakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukulondeka kwemali.

Indlela eyinhloko ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa imali nezinkokhelo emabhange - ukuhlonza amaklayenti. Kukhona amasu amaningi ngawo kungase kwenziwe. Ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo zokukhokhelwa inthanethi khona kulesi sici ubudlelwano ikhasimende namabhange National Bank of uhulumeni angakwazi ukukhokhela ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kokubili ngokoMthetho ukuqapha imisebenzi izikhungo zezimali yangasese, futhi isici ukulawulwa umsebenzi we nezinhlangano ezithintekayo.

izimiso yesikhungo izinhlelo yasebhange

Iqembu esilandelayo yasebhange izinhlelo ezisebenza izimiso - Institutional. Ukuze labo zihlanganisa:

• Ezimbili-level ukulawula credit kanye neluhlelo lwetimali isimo;
• centralizing ukuphathwa amabhange yezwe.

Isimiso sokuqala, njengabanye abaningi, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusebenza kohlelo lwezezimali isiRashiya, ezingeni komthetho wezwe. Usikisela esigabeni lamabhange Russian emazingeni 2: normative futhi zisebenza kahle.

Enhlabathini ezingeni lesikhungo, uhlelo lwezimali kuyinto ibhange central kanye nezinhlaka zayo okhonzile lesifunda. umsebenzi wakhe, njengoba sesibonile ngenhla, ukuba sifeze ukulawulwa normative nezinye izikhungo credit ezisebenza ezweni. Lesi sakamuva, esikhundleni salokho, zitholakala ezingeni lesibili. Ababona, umkhuba, nokuqalisa imisebenzi eziyisisekelo ejwayelekile amabhange: uboleka nokugcina sabantu kanye namabhizinisi. Empeleni, lesi sici sivumela eqinisweni okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla, elisho indlela kungenziwa labizwa izakhi izinhlelo yasebhange.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi Central Bank futhi enquma imisebenzi ebalulekile sokusebenza. Nokho, i-essence zabo, ezimweni eziningi ngempela kude labo agcwele umsebenzi credit izikhungo e ezingeni lesibili. Ngakho, Central Bank lunikezwe amabhange yangasese ukuze refinance kubo, uma kunesidingo, ukubhalisa amabhange, federal, yesifunda, ukukhipha kubo ilayisensi. Lemisebenti kungukuthi wahlanganyela izikhungo kwezohwebo. Likhono okukhethekile Central Bank futhi eziningi imisebenzi ngokuqondile ezihlobene ekusebenzeni kwenqubo yasebhange. Phakathi kwalabo: ukulawulwa kwamandla emali, ekushayweni, komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali. Lezi abaluthole zihlanganisa CBR has, eqinisweni, imigomo nemisebenzi yokusetshenziswa izinhlelo yasebhange. Cabangela izici zabo.

izimiso Functional amasistimu yasebhange

Phakathi zezimiso eziyinhloko okukhulunywa maqondana ohlelweni Banking Russia:

• okunguye yedwa kuze CBR ukukhipha imali;
• oluqoqiwe credit nemisebenzi yezimali yezinhlangano ilawulwe Central Bank.

Ngakho, ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi kuphela Central Bank enegunya ohlanganiswa nezinhlinzeko umnotho isimo sika ngokheshi, okuqinisekisiwe ukuba semthethweni nokuzinza kohlelo yasebhange. Lokhu nakho kunomthelela iqiniso lokuthi amabhange ezisebenza eRussia, wahlanganyela kuphela emisebenzini esephrofayilini, kuphela umsebenzi ngokuvumelana nemithetho elawula ukusebenza kwezezimali kanye credit. Ukusebenza amabhange Kwenziwa nokusetshenziswa kwemithombo ekhethekile ingqalasizinda. Cabanga ngokucacile yayo.

Yiziphi imininingwane ýkhasýmende ingqalasizinda?

ingqalasizinda Banking - iqoqo imithetho zomthetho, eziye zathathwa abomthetho wombuso kanye nomphakathi izikhungo for ukusebenza izikhungo zezimali, kanye nemithombo zobuchwepheshe, ngenxa okuyinto ukuthengiselana ehlukahlukene yezezimali.

Izakhi wangaphambili nkulumo ihlanganisa imithetho zomthetho elawula imisebenzi Central Bank kanye nezikhungo yasebhange yangasese, izinkambiso zokuphatha, elakhiwe ngegunya phakathi izikhungo zezimali ngabanye, imithetho yendawo, ukuthatha izakhiwo ezithile zezimali ezingeni zeminyango kanye namahhovisi.

izikhungo ezisemqoka zomphakathi ukuthi ukusekela ukusebenza kwe-isimo ohlelweni Banking kungenziwa emelelwa:

• iziphathimandla ezilawula izinqubo zezomnotho emazingeni ahlukahlukene;
• izikhungo zemfundo kanye nabasebenzi neminyango, okuyinto banesibopho ukulungiswa Ochwepheshe nabanekhono imisebenzi yasebhange;
• ucwaningo kanye uchwepheshe izinhlangano abathintekayo kulolu cwaningo kanye nokwandisa izinqubo ezihlukahlukene ibhizinisi ezingeni kohlelo yasebhange.

izinsiza zobuchwepheshe ukuthi yakha ingqalasizinda zezimali zingase imelelwa anhlobonhlobo izixazululo:

• amakhompyutha kanye software ukucutshungulwa imisebenzi yasebhange;
• imigqa zokuxhumana;
• izimali IBhange eyinhloko - izakhiwo, izakhiwo, izimoto.

Iqiniso lokuthi ingqalasizinda yasebhange ukuze sibe abafundisi abaphumelelayo, ngokwenzuzo yaso sonke abadlali isimo uhlelo lwezimali - eqinisweni, iziphathimandla Central Bank, izikhungo abolekise yangasese. I ngalo uqinile, ukusebenza kanye zobuchwepheshe, ngokuyinhloko inquma lizinga ukuthuthukiswa komnotho, ukubambisana esimeme ayimisa phakathi izinhlangano ezahlukene zomnotho. Uhlelo yasebhange kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze sisetshenziswe umbuso. Masitadishe lesi sici kabanzi.

Inani ohlelweni Banking esimweni

Ngakho, sabuka izakhi eziyisisekelo isakhi ohlelweni Banking isimo, imininingwane yalolu ingqalasizinda ezifanele kanye nemisebenzi ye-izifundo eyinhloko yobuhlobo zezimali emazingeni ahlukahlukene. Kuyini ukubaluleka kwalesi simiso yezwe?

Amabhange emelelwa emazingeni ahlukahlukene, kusukela Central Bank ebhange izikhungo zezimali zendawo, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza iningi ubudlelwane kwezomnotho esimweni. isimo ibhange inani elilinganiselwe yisikhungo sezinhlangano eziphambili zezezimali. It ikhiqizwa kuphela lezo zinhlangano ezihlangabezana nenqubo kanye nezimfuneko eziqanjwe ngumthetho. Kusolwa ukuthi isikhungo credit uzokwazi ukwenza ukubolekisa, ukwamukela imali kanye ukubavikela, wenze izinkokhelo, okuqalwe ngabanye nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho.

Uhlelo yasebhange uphakathi letigaba letibalulekile teluhlelo emnothweni. I sizinze kakhulu kangakanani, uyophumelela ozokhula umnotho kahulumeni. Ukuxhumana izingxenye uhlelo yasebhange, eyasungulwa iziphathimandla abanekhono, kusikisela, ngakho-ke, ukubamba iqhaza izakhamuzi, amabhizinisi, izikhungo mali, izinhlangano angaphandle.

Ubuhlobo lwezezimali zenziwa emnothweni empeleni njalo. Umuntu ukukhokha ukuthenga esitolo, ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo kohlelo yasebhange - ukheshe esikhishwe Central Bank, noma ikhadi plastic, okuyinto, kuqala, ikhishwe inhlangano yezimali yangasese, nesebenzela ngokuhambisana nemithetho neziqondiso Central Bank of the Russian Federation, kanti okwesibili, usebenzisa ekuzuzeni ingqalasizinda, okuyinto iphethwe ebhange ofanayo noma inhlangano umlingani. Abadayisi esitolo ukukhokha ukulethwa kwezimpahla osonkontileka nge-akhawunti yasebhange, kanye eyenziwa ezinye izinkokhelo yakhe ngesimo amaholo, amacala omphakathi, izintela ezahlukene.

Ngakho, yesimanje uhlelo yasebhange izakhi njalo ukuxhumana nabanye. ukusebenza kwawo kulawulwa ezingeni imithombo ezisemthethweni umthetho, imithombo yendawo. Tincenye esikweletu yasebhange izinhlelo sokuqhuba ukwakheka nokusetshenziswa kwezingqalazizinda ekhethekile, okumelelwe anhlobonhlobo izingxenye. State kufanele sibe nesithakazelo ukuba eziqhutshwa qualitatively kuqala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izithakazelo iziphathimandla - ukuqinisekisa ukuthuthukiswa yimpumelelo yezingxenye nengqalasizinda edingekayo kohlelo lwezezimali. Yiqiniso, kulesi simo singaxoxa mayelana nokubandakanyeka kule nqubo nezinhlangano zangasese.

isifinyezo

Ngakho safunda imininingwane ebalulekile ohlelweni Banking, kubhekwe imisebenzi yabo eyinhloko, kanye imininingwane yalolu ingqalasizinda, siqhutshwa ngazo. UMphathi izakhi okuhambisanayo iminotho uthi iningi yesimanje - ibhange central. Njengomthetho, yena sinikezwe ehlukahlukene yasakazwa kwamandla ukukhipha lwemali, ukulawula izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali, ngokulawulwa kweminye imisebenzi kwamanye amaqembu ezinkulu izakhi ohlelweni Banking - ibhizinisi of credit izikhungo. Lesi sakamuva nazo zinendima ethile ebalulekile emnothweni wesifundazwe, ukuhlinzeka ukufezeka ukuthengiselana ehlukahlukene yezezimali iqhaza izakhamuzi, izinhlangano ezithile kanye nama-ejenti kahulumeni.