URutherford imodeli kwamaplanethi kuyi-athomu ye uRutherford imodeli

Okutholakele emkhakheni isakhiwo yama-athomu kwaba isinyathelo esibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni physics. ukubaluleka Omkhulu wayengumbusi imodeli Rutherford. Atom njengoba uhlelo izinhlayiya futhi izingxenye zalo ziye wafunda ngazo eduze ngokwengeziwe futhi ngokuningiliziwe. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekusungulweni ngempumelelo isayensi njengoba wesayensi yenuzi.

Imibono asendulo mayelana isakhiwo ndaba

Ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi imizimba ezizungezile akhiwa izinhlayiya ezincane ezenziwe ezikhathini zasendulo. Ongqondongqondo ke athomu imelelwa izinhlayiya ezincane kunazo indivisible kwanoma iyiphi imfuyo. Zazithi kakulalutho umkhathi amancane ngosayizi kuka-athomu. Abantu abanale mibono aphethwe ososayensi ngesiGreki omkhulu nezazi zefilosofi - Democritus, Lucretius, esingumGreki. Imicabango labo ngqondongqondo namuhla munye ngaphansi igama "atomism Antique."

izethulo medieval

Endulo zidlulile, futhi Ephakathi, nabo bebekhona ososayensi owaveza ezizathwini ezahlukene mayelana isakhiwo ndaba. Nokho, predominance yemibono yenkolo nezefilosofi kwamandla isonto esikhathini yomlando ihlumela noma imiphi imizamo yokuvimbela kanye nezifiso yingqondo yomuntu izinto ezibonakalayo okutholakele kwezesayensi nokwatholakala. Njengoba yaziwa, ephakathi iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki abanamusa kakhulu baziphathe namanxusa emhlabeni isayensi ngaleso sikhathi. It uhlala ukusho ukuthi kulezo weza izingqondo okukhulu okuvela umqondo indivisibility kuyi-athomu ye lasendulo.

Izifundo ubudala 18-19

Ngekhulu le-18 kwaba okutholakele ezinkulu emkhakheni isakhiwo zokucathula ndaba. Kubangelwe imizamo ososayensi ezifana Antuan Lavuaze, Mikhail Lomonosov futhi Dzhon Dalton. Ngayodwana, bakwazi ukufakazela ukuthi ama-athomu ezikhona ngempela. Kodwa umbuzo isakhiwo sabo sangaphakathi lisavuliwe. Ukuphela kwekhulu le-18 kwaphawulwa isenzakalo esibalulekile enjalo emhlabeni yesayensi, njengoba kokutholakala D. I. Mendeleevym ishadi lesikhathi salezi izakhi zamakhemikhali. Ngempela yaba impumelelo enamandla sikhathi ukuthi siphakamise umgubuzelo ngokuqonda ukuthi wonke ama-athomu ube nohlobo olufanayo, ukuthi zihlobene nomunye. Kamuva, ekhulwini le-19, esinye isinyathelo esibalulekile ekufezeni Ukwambula isakhiwo athomu waba ubufakazi bokuthi indlela yokwakheka yimuphi omunye wabo electron samanje. Umsebenzi we ososayensi kwalesi sikhathi kukhicite evundile okungamila kuyo okutholakele kwekhulu lama-20.

ucwaningo Thomson

physics British Dzhon Tomson ngo-1897 kwafakazela ukuthi isakhiwo zama-athomu kuhlanganisa electron nenkokhiso ezimbi. Kulesi sigaba, umqondo ongamanga wokuthi i-athomu - divisibility nomkhawulo iyiphi into bagcina ubhujiswe. akazange Thomson indlela akwazi ukufakazela ukuba khona i-electron? Usosayensi wafaka ucwaningo lwakhe ngendlela amagesi electrode futhi kagesi kakhulu rarefied sidlulile. Umphumela wale misebe cathode. Thomson uzifunde ngokucophelela izici zabo futhi wathola ukuthi kukhona umfudlana izinhlayiya icala ukuthi ukuhambisa ngejubane elikhulu. Scientific uphatha ukubala mass elandayo lalezi zinhlobo futhi inkokhelo yabo. Uphinde wathola ukuthi abakwazi ibe izinhlayiya hlangothi, njengenhlangano kagesi - oluyisisekelo yimvelo yabo. Kwakukhona electron zivuliwe. Thomson futhi umdali-athomu isakhiwo imodeli kwezwe yokuqala. Ngokusho ke, athomu - ihlule kahle icala ndaba, okuyinto anikezwa electron nombala omubi icala. Lokhu kuchaza uhlaka zama-athomu hlangothi, njengoba amacala okuphambene khansela nomunye ngaphandle. Ukuhlolwa Dzhona Tomsona baba ukubaluleka olukhulu lo uqhubeka utadisha isakhiwo ye-athomu. Nokho, imibuzo eminingi yahlala ingaphenduliwe.

ucwaningo uRutherford

Thomson wathola khona i-electron, kodwa akawutholi nakuyi-athomu kahle icala izinhlayiya. Ernest uRutherford ukulungiswa leli phutha ngo-1911. Phakathi ucwaningo ukutadisha umsebenzi alpha-izinhlayiya e amagesi, kutholakala ukuthi kukhona izinhlayiya nakuyi-athomu, lo omuhle icala. URutherford bathola ukuthi edlulisa ugongolo ngokusebenzisa igesi noma ngokusebenzisa ipuleti metal elincanyana kuyinto ukuphambuka abukhali imali ezincane izinhlayiya dlela ukunyakaza. Bamane waphonsa emuva. Usosayensi waqaphela ukuthi le ndlela yokuziphatha kungenxa kokuhilizisana izinhlayiya kahle icala. ucwaningo okunjalo kuzokwenza zesayensi kukhombisa isakhiwo athomu uRutherford.

imodeli kwamaplanethi

Manje Academic uhlukile ezizathwini eyenziwe John Thomson. onobuhle ezahlukene steel futhi ama-athomu yabo. isipiliyoni Rutherford wamvumela ukudala ocatshangelwayo entsha ngokuphelele kulo mkhakha. Usosayensi Ukutholwa babe kubalulekile ukuqhubeka physics. imodeli uRutherford echaza athomu njengoba i-nucleus ngokufanele esikhungweni futhi ehambahamba electron. Umnyombo has a icala omuhle futhi electron - ezingezinhle. Model athomu uRutherford Kusolwa electron uzungeza core trajectories ezithile - ezungeza. Ukuvula usosayensi wasiza sichaze isizathu ukuphambuka alpha izinhlayiya kanye kwaba umfutho sokuthuthukiswa theory yenuzi ye-athomu. Emthandazweni Rutherford-athomu esifanisweni esisenze ne ezinyakazayo amaplanethi yesimiso sonozungezilanga uzungeza ilanga. Kuyinto olunembile kakhulu futhi ukuqhathanisa egqamile. Ngakho-ke 'uRutherford imodeli athomu okuyinto ezinwabuzelayo ukujikeleza, yaqanjwa ngokuthi kwamaplanethi.

Umsebenzi Niels Bohr

Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, i-physics Danish Niels Bohr wazama ukuhlanganisa imiqondo isakhiwo athomu ne izakhiwo quantum yokukhanya. imodeli Rutherford yenuzi kuyi-athomu ye wafakwa ososayensi e ngesisekelo bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe entsha. Ngo Bohr ama-athomu nokucabanga lizungeza core omise isiyingi. ukunyakaza okunjalo trajectory kuholela ukusheshisa electron. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Coulomb nokuxhumana elandayo lalezi zinhlobo ne-athomu isikhungo kuhambisana ukudalwa nephumayo amandla ukuze silondoloze ngekwendzawo ensimini kagesi ezivela motion electron. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, izinhlayiya omubi icala kufanele nanini wa-nucleus. Kodwa akusho ukuthi lokhu kwenzeke, okubonisa ukuthi ukuzinza okukhulu ngama-athomu njengoba izinhlelo. Niels Bohr waqaphela ukuthi imithetho wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto classical, esichazwa zibalo uMaxwell sika azisebenzi ezimweni subatomic. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi ebekwe ukuletha imithetho emisha esasingafaka izinhlayiya aphansi emhlabeni.

postulates Bohr sika

Ikakhulu ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi kukhona eyisibonelo 'uRutherford, athomu futhi izingxenye zalo ziye wafunda kahle, Niels Bohr wakwazi ukuya ukudalwa postulates yayo. Eyokuqala yalezi lithi athomu has a isimo umile lapho akaguquki amandla alo futhi kanjalo electron ukuhambisa omise ngaphandle kokushintsha trajectory yayo. Ngokwenhlolo-postulate yesibili, ukwedlulela i-electron komunye orbit kwenye kwenzeka ngabodwa noma zokuncishiswa kwamandla. Kuyinto elilingana umehluko wamandla phakathi uthi esandulele nasekuphumeleleni ye-athomu. Kulokhu, uma electron ngendaba eduze umnyombo orbit, it is sasikhipha amandla (izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya), futhi okuphambene nalokho. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukuhamba electron neze ufana trajectory esemkhathini ngokufanele ngokuqinile circumferential ukuvulwa Bohr kungenzeka ukuthola incazelo enhle kakhulu sokuba khona emgqeni spectrum kuyi-athomu ye-hydrogen. Ngesikhathi, izazi zesayensi Hertz noFrank, owayehlala eJalimane, waqinisekisa usosayensi Niels Bohr mayelana nokuba khona kwamakamu umile, uthi esitebeleni ye-athomu kanye nokwenzeka izinguquko e-athomu amandla amagugu.

Cooperation phakathi ososayensi ababili

By the way, uRutherford isikhathi eside ayikwazanga ukunquma ophethe kuyi-nucleus. Ososayensi Marsden futhi Geiger wazama afeze engu- ukuhlolwa izimangalo Ernest 'uRutherford, futhi ngenxa yalokho zokuhlolwa ngokucophelela futhi enemininingwane futhi izibalo baye bafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi umnyombo isici enkulu ye-athomu, futhi igxila zonke ukushaja. Kamuva kwakutholakala ukuthi icala yenuzi anda elingana nenani we neenomborosikhundla kwalesi sakhi ishadi lesikhathi D. I. Mendeleeva. Ngokuthakazelisayo, Niels Bohr ngokushesha wahlangana Rutherford bavumelana ngokugcwele nemibono yakhe. Ngemva kwalokho, ososayensi baye eside basebenza ndawonye endaweni yokucwaninga efanayo. imodeli Rutherford ye-athomu njengoba uhlelo ehlanganisa aphansi icala izinhlayiya - konke Niels Bohr njengokufanele futhi zonke wabeka eceleni imodeli wabo electronic. imisebenzi Joint ucwaningo lososayensi ube yimpumelelo kakhulu futhi uzele izithelo. Ngamunye wabo waphonseka Ukutadisha izakhiwo izinhlayiya aphansi etholakale enkulu kwezesayensi. Kamuva, uRutherford wathola futhi wafakazela ukuthi kungenzeka wokwandisa nengaphakathi, kodwa lokho nesihloko esinye isihloko.