Imvelo kanye nezinhlobo ezomhlaba e izibalo kanye nezindlela ukubala kwabo. Izinhlobo ezomhlaba ezibalweni efingqiwe: izibonelo Ithebula

Kusukela ezifundwa isayensi, izibalo, kufanele aqondwe abaqukethwe (kanye nanoma yikuphi isayensi), eziningi magama ukuthi udinga ukwazi nokuqonda. Namuhla sizobheka into ezifana nenani isilinganiso, futhi ukuthola ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo abelana kanjani ukubala kwabo. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba siqale, asikhulume kancane ngomlando mayelana kanjani futhi kungani kwakukhona isayensi ezinjalo, njengoba izibalo.

indaba

Igama elithi "izibalo" eqhuba ivelaphi olimini Latin. Lisuselwa igama elithi "isimo" kanye izindlela "zinto" noma "isimo". Lenchazelo esifushane futhi ibonisa, eqinisweni, wonke iphuzu futhi injongo izibalo. Iqoqa idatha ngesimo izinto futhi kusivumela ukuthi sihlaziye kunoma isiphi isimo. Sebenza izibalo abathintekayo eRoma sidilizwa. Kube kwenziwa ezimali yezakhamuzi khulula, okwabo impahla. Ngokuvamile ekuqaleni izibalo yasetshenziswa ukuze bathole idatha isibalo sabantu nezimpahla zabo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-England, ukubalwa kwabantu emhlabeni wokuqala lwalwenziwa 1061. Khans owayebusa Russia ekhulwini le-13, futhi kwenziwa umbiko wokubalwa kwabantu ukuthatha inkokhiso evela emazweni ayenqotshiwe.

Ngalinye ukusebenzisa izibalo izinjongo zabo, futhi ezimweni eziningi uye wasondeza yi olulindelekile. Uma abantu bebona ukuthi lokhu akulona nje izibalo nesayensi elehlukile, kumele okucwaningwe ngokuphelele, saqala ukuvela ososayensi lokuqala abathanda sokugcwaliseka kwaso. Abantu ababeka wokuqala waba nesithakazelo kule ndawo futhi waqala ngenkuthalo wokuliqonda, babe abasekeli izikole ezimbili eziyinhloko: esikoleni British yesayensi izibalo zezombusazwe kanye lelandzisako German lesikole. Okokuqala kwavela phakathi nekhulu le-17 futhi yayihloselwe ukwethula ga tetenhlalo letibalulekile usebenzisa izibonisi zezinombolo. Babefuna ukuhlonza namaphetheni ga tetenhlalo letibalulekile ngokutadisha izibalo. Abagqugquzeli esikoleni achazayo futhi kuchazwe izinqubo nomphakathi, kodwa usebenzisa amazwi kuphela. Babengakucabangi nakukucabanga Dynamics izenzakalo, ukuze uqonde kangcono kuso.

Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu le-19, lapho Kwakungesinye, isiqondiso kwesithathu kwale isayensi: izibalo nezibalo. umnikelo Kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni le ndawo wenza usosayensi odumile u-, noSozibalo Adolf Ketle eBelgium. Nguye ezikhonjwe izinhlobo kumanani esilinganiso ezibalweni, futhi congresses international baqala ozoba ngomhlaka isinyathelo sakhe, elalinikezelwe isayensi. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ezibalweni zaqala ukusetshenziswa amasu eyinkimbinkimbi ngaphezulu zezibalo, ezifana imfundiso yokuziphendukela okungenzeka.

Namuhla, isayensi nezibalo is eliqhutshwa computerization. Ukusebenzisa ngamunye izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene ukwakha igrafu esekelwe idatha eziphakanyisiwe. Kuyi-Internet kukhona inala izinsiza ukunikeza noma iyiphi idatha kwezibalo labantu kanye nje kuphela.

Esigabeni esilandelayo kwethulwa sizobheka ukuthi kusho ukuthini amagama anjengelithi izibalo, izinhlobo ezomhlaba kanye okungenzeka. Ngokulandelayo, sitshelwa ngo silithinte umbuzo kanjani futhi kuphi singasebenzisa lolu lwazi.

Kuyini izibalo?

Kuyinto isayensi injongo yakho eyinhloko kuyinto ukucubungula ulwazi lapho kutadishwa imithetho izinqubo ezenzeka emphakathini. Ngakho, nathi singakwethemba lokwakha esiphethweni sokuthi izibalo etadisha umphakathi kanye izenzakalo ezenzeka kuwo.

Kunezinhlobo eziningana kwezibalo isayensi eyala:

1) General Theory of Statistics. Ukuthuthukisa izindlela seqoqo idatha izibalo isisekelo zonke ezinye izindawo.

2) Social nezibalo kwezomnotho. It etadisha imihlola macroeconomic ngokuya isiyalo odlule futhi quantifies izinqubo nomphakathi.

3) Mathematical Izibalo. Akusiyona yonke into kuleli zwe ingahlolwa. Okuthile has sikulindele. Izibalo Mathematical ukutadisha eziguquguqukayo okungahleliwe nemithetho ukusatshalaliswa okungenzeka e izibalo.

4) Industry and showgirl ngamazwe. Le nkambu ewumngcingo abatadisha isici ambalwa imihlola emazweni athile noma imikhakha yomphakathi.

Futhi manje sizobheka izinhlobo kumanani esilinganiso ezibalweni, sicabanga kafushane isicelo nangezinye, ezindaweni ezingabalulekile eziwubala njengoba izibalo.

Izinhlobo ezomhlaba e izibalo

Lapha-ke sifika ezibaluleke kakhulu, eqinisweni, isihloko sihloko. Yiqiniso, sokuthuthukisa zezinto ezibonakalayo nezingokomoya yokufunda imiqondo ezifana uhlobo izinhlobo ezomhlaba ezibalweni edingekayo selimazi wezibalo. Ukuze uqale, masikhumbule ukuthi le izibalo kusho, harmonic, be-Jomethri quadratic.

I izibalo kusho, sasisebasha esikoleni. Kulinganiselwa kakhulu ukumane: sithatha a izinombolo ambalwa phakathi ukuthi isidingo ukuthola. Engeza labo izinombolo bese ehlukana isamba ngenani. Izibalo, lokhu kungenziwa elabekwa kanje. Sine uchungechunge lwezinombolo, njengesibonelo, inombolo elula: 1,2,3,4. Sekukonke esinalo amadijithi 4. Sithola isilinganiso wabo ngendlela elandelayo: (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) / 4 = 2,5. Kulula. Siqala nalokhu, ngoba kulula ukuqonda imibono kumanani esilinganiso ezibalweni.

Sitshele kafushane naye weJiyomethri kusho. Thatha uchungechunge lwezinombolo, njengoba esikhathini esidlule. Kodwa manje, ukuze ukubala weJiyomethri kusho sidinga ukususa impande okuyinto ilingana nenani lezi zinombolo, emisebenzini yabo. Ngakho, ukuze uthole isibonelo odlule: (1 * 2 * 3 * 4 ) 1/4 ~ 2.21.

Egcizelela umcabango we harmonic kusho. Ungakwenza kanjani khumbula mathematics esikoleni ukubala lolu hlobo amaphakathi, sidinga kuqala ukuthola inombolo, hlola inombolo yochungechunge. Lokhu kusho ukuthi bahlukanise unit ngaleyo nombolo. Ngakho ukubuyela inombolo. Isilinganiso namanani azo futhi isamba kuyoba harmonic kusho. Thatha isibonelo inani elifanayo 1, 2, 3, 4. Inombolo obuyela emuva ngabe unjani: 1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4. Khona-ke harmonic kusho ingabalwa kanje: 4 / (1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4) ~ 1,92.

Zonke lezi zinhlobo kumanani esilinganiso ezibalweni, izibonelo esesiye sacabangela ukuba yingxenye yeqembu elibizwa ngokuthi amandla. Kukhona futhi naphakathi kwesakhiwo, okuyinto sizobheka kamuva. Manje thina ukugxila ifomu kuqala.

Amanani Amandla isilinganiso

Sesixoxile kakade ngemibhalo arithmetic, be-Jomethri harmonic. Kukhona futhi uhlobo more xaka, ngokuthi RMS. Nakuba-ke futhi musa ukuya esikoleni, kulula ngempela ukubala. Kuyinto kudingekile kuphela, lapho ingacamelisa khona eziningi izigcawu izinombolo ke ukwehlukana yi ngenani, futhi nifunde konke lokhu impande square. Ukuze uchungechunge esizithandayo zaziyoba ibukeke lokhu: ^{((1 2 2 2 3 2} 4 2) / 4) = ^1/2 (30/4) ^1/2 ~ 2.74.

Eqinisweni, kungcono zonke izimo nje olukhethekile amandla isilinganiso. Nakubukwa jikelele, lokhu kungachazwa kanje: degree of oda n-Nogo degree n ilingana impande yesamba iinomboro degrees n-hydrochloric ihlukaniswe ngenani lezi zinombolo. Ngesikhathi kungekho nzima kakhulu kubonakala.

Nokho, ngisho degree of isilinganiso icala olukhethekile uhlobo olulodwa - medium Kolmogorov. Empeleni, zonke izindlela ukuthi siye sathola namanani ahlukene okulinganiselwa ku ngaphambili, kungaba imelelwa ^{ifomula: y -1 * ((y (} x ₁₎ + y (x ₂₎ + y (x ₃₎ + ... + _{y (x n)) / n} ). Lapha zonke eziguquguqukayo x - inombolo lemigqa y (x) - umsebenzi othile, okuyiwona sikholelwa isilinganiso. Endabeni, bathi, nge umsebenzi isilinganiso quadratic kuyinto y = x ^2, kanye isilinganiso y = x. Yilokho bayamangala ngezinye izikhathi nathi inikeza izibalo. Izinhlobo ezomhlaba asizange okwamanje zixazululwe ngaphambi kokuba ukuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona isakhiwo yesibili. Ake sixoxe ngabo.

ezomhlaba Bezakhiwe kwezibalo. imfashini

Konke kancane nzima. Ahlukanisa lezi izinhlobo ezomhlaba e izibalo kanye nezindlela ukubala kwabo, kudingeka ucabangisise. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko kwesakhiwo Okumaphakathi mode futhi aphansi namaphakathi. Sizokwenza ukuqonda kuqala.

Fashion yisona esikhulunywa abantu abaningi. Isetshenziselwa avame ukucacisa ukufunwa lokhu noma lokhuya into. Ukuze uthole inani layo, udinga kuqala ukuthola isikhawu eyisibonelo. Kuyini lokhu? Modal ububanzi - uhla amagugu lapho iyiphi ingxenye has imvamisa eliphezulu kakhulu. ukubonakala kudingekile ukuze uqonde kangcono izinhlobo fashion kanye kumanani esilinganiso ezibalweni. Ithebula, okuyinto sixoxa ngezansi, ingxenye yenkinga, isimo okuyinto:

Nquma imodi ngokokusebenza zalesi sihlahla okukhipha nsuku zonke.

Esimweni sethu, labo uhla eyisibonelo - ingxenye Inkomba okukhipha nsuku zonke ne abantu abaningi kakhulu, okusho 40-44. umkhawulo wayo engezansi - 44.

Futhi manje sixoxe ngendlela ukubala ngale ndlela efanayo. Ifomula akuyona ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ke singatlolwa bunjesi: M = x _{+ 1 n * (f M -F M} -1) / ((f M -F M -1) + (f M -F M + _1)). Lapha f _M - eyisibonelo imvamisa isikhawu, f _M-1 - isikhawu phambi imvamisa eyisibonelo (kuleli cala 36-40), f _{M + 1} - emva eyisibonelo imvamisa isikhawu (kithi - 44-48), n - ukubaluleka isikhawu ( okusho umehluko phakathi ephansi kanye engenhla lesibopho)? x ₁ - umkhawulo ephansi value (kulesi sibonelo 40). Ukwazi konke lokhu idatha, singayeka kalula ukubala imfashini ngenani okukhipha nsuku zonke: M = 40 + 4 * (24-20) / ((24-20) + (24-19)) = 40 + 16/9 = 41 ( 7).

Bezakhiwe ezomhlaba izibalo. lesemkhatsini

Ake sihlole kabanzi lolu hlobo eziguquguqukayo kwesakhiwo, imidiyeni. Yekuchumana kuso ngeke siyeke, tshela kuphela mayelana nomehluko nohlobo odlule. Imidiyeni geometry bisects engela. Hhayi lutho ezibalweni yalolu hlobo naphakathi ngakho okuthiwa. Uma inombolo isikhundla (isibonelo, kwi labantu isisindo ethile in inyuka oda inombolo), imidiyeni kuyinto ukubaluleka lapho sihlukanisa uchungechunge zibe izingxenye ezimbili alinganayo ngesibalo.

Ezinye izinhlobo ezomhlaba e izibalo

izinhlobo wezakhiwo, kuhambisana namandla isivuno akukhona konke kuyadingeka ukuze izibalo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. Ukwaba kanye nezinye izinhlobo zedatha. Ngakho, kukhona ezomhlaba kwesamba. Lolu hlobo isetshenziswa lapho eziningana abe ehlukile "isisindo sangempela". Lokhu zingachazwa ngezinqubo isibonelo esilula. Thatha imoto. Ihamba ngesivinini ezahlukene ezahlukene zinkathi. Kulokhu ihluke nomunye futhi amagugu yalezi ngezikhawu isikhathi velocities. Manje, lezi izikhala futhi ngeke kube izinsimbi yangempela. Kumisiwe ungenza yiluphi uhlobo kwamandla ezomhlaba.

Ngo ukushisa ubuchwepheshe liyasetshenziswa kolunye uhlobo lokuhlola ezomhlaba - log isilinganiso. Lubonakaliswa ifomula kunalokho xaka, imbangela ngeke senze njalo.

kusetshenziswa kuphi?

Izibalo - isayensi ungaboshwa yimuphi umkhakha owodwa. Nakuba-ke yadalwa njengengxenye sphere izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho, kodwa namuhla izindlela zayo nemithetho zisetshenziswa kuyi-physics, i-chemistry, i-biology futhi. Ukuba nolwazi kule ndawo, singayeka kalula ukuhlonza Amathrendi somphakathi ukuvimbela usongo esikhathini. Ngokuvamile sizwa ibinzana "okusongelayo izibalo", futhi lawa akuwona amazwi angasho lutho. Lokhu isayensi isitshela ngathi, kanye cwaningo ngenxa ke uyakwazi ukuxwayisa ngalokho okungase kwenzeke.

kanjani izinhlobo ezomhlaba ezibalweni?

Ubudlelwano phakathi kwawo njalo lapho, lapha, isibonelo, izinhlobo kwesakhiwo njengoba ungahlobene nalo muntu nganoma iyiphi amafomula. Kodwa ngamandla konke ezithakazelisayo nokunye okuningi. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona impahla kusho izibalo izinombolo ezimbili njalo okungaphezulu kophawu noma elilingana weJiyomethri kuncazelo yawo. Izibalo bunjesi: (a b +) / ^{2> = (a b *) 1/2} . Sisuke sibonisa ukungalingani kokudluliselwa ilungelo Ukubuthelela kwesokunxele bese okunye. Ngenxa yalokho, sithola izimpande umehluko, elalizokwakhiwa e isikwele. Njengoba iyiphi inombolo yisikwele uthambekele kokuhle, ngokulandelana, ukungalingani iba kweqiniso.

Ngaphezu kwalokho kukhona jikelele ukuhlanganisa amanani. It kuvela ukuthi harmonic kusho uhlale esingaphansi kusho weJiyomethri, okuyinto esingaphansi arithmetic kusho. Futhi wesibili, esikhundleni salokho, ngaphansi kuka isikwele kusho. Ungakwazi ngokuzimela ukuqinisekisa lezi ubudlelwane esibonelweni izinombolo ezimbili - 10 kanye no-6.

Yini kule ezithakazelisayo?

Kazi izinhlobo ezomhlaba e izibalo okwakubonakala ukukhombisa nje ezingeni ezinye Ngokwesilinganiso, ungase empeleni uthi indoda owazi okuningi. Uma sibukele izindaba, akekho ecabanga mayelana nencazelo yezinombolo, futhi kanjani ukuthola bonke.

Yini ngaphezulu, ungakwazi ukufunda?

Ukuze ukuqhubeka indaba ephathwayo, sincoma ukuthi ufunde (noma ulalele) Inkambo izibalo tibalo ephakeme. Ngempela, kulesi sihloko, sakhuluma kuphela mayelana Ucezwana equkethe lokhu isayensi, futhi ngokwalo kuyathakazelisa ezingaphezu kuka kubonakala efika kuqala.

Njengoba lolu lwazi iyongisiza?

Zingase kube usizo kuwe empilweni. Kodwa uma unentshisekelo ubunjalo ga tetenhlalo letibalulekile, indlela yabo futhi nomthelela empilweni yakho, ngakho-ke izibalo kuzokusiza ukuwaqonda ngokujule kakhudlwana kulezi zindaba. Ngokuvamile, kungaba ukuchaza cishe kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwethu, uma idatha yayo kulahlwa ayatholakala. Khona-ke, lapho futhi kanjani ukuthola ulwazi ukuhlaziywa - ngesihloko for esinye isihloko.

isiphetho

Manje siyazi ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ezomhlaba ezibalweni: ngokwezinga takhi. Ukuqonda kwethu izindlela ukubala kwabo, futhi singasetshenziswa kanjani futhi kuphi.