Ubuningi be-molybdenum, izakhiwo zayo zomzimba nezomzimba, izinhlanganisela, isicelo

Igama lensimbi ye-molybdenum libangelwa ukufana kwangaphandle kwe-molybdenum disulphide ne-ore-galena (igama lesiGriki lokuhola yi-molybdos).

Into yomlando wokuthola

Phakathi neMinyaka Ephakathi eYurophu molybdenum yayibizwa ngokuthi ihluke ezintathu, kodwa cishe ifana nombala kanye nesakhiwo samaminerali - galena (Pbs), i-molybdenite (i-MoS ₂ ) ne-graphite (C). Ngendlela, amaminerali "i-molybdenum shine" (elinye igama le-molybdenite) lisetshenziselwa ukuholela amapensela ashiye umkhondo ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka kushidi.

Indawo ye-molybdenum yensimbi, izakhi ezingu-42 ze-system periodic of Mendeleyev, ithathwa njengeSweden. Ngo-1758, isazi samakhemikhali kanye ne-mineralogist kuleli zwe, umtholi we-nickel u-Axel Kronstedt waphakamisa ukuthi amaminerali angenhla ahlukile ngokuphelele. Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili kamuva, umakhelwane wakhe waseKhoping Karl Scheele wathola i-molybdenum acid njenge-white precipitate ("umhlaba omhlophe"), abilayo i-molybdenite e-nitric acid egxile kakhulu. Usosayensi wakuqonda ngokucacile ukuthi uma i-molybdenic acid ibalwa ngamalahle, kungenzeka ukuthi ukuhlukanisa insimbi. Ngaphandle kwesithando somlilo esifanele, wathumela ama-sampuli kuPeter Guelma, owathi ngonyaka ka-1782 wabeka insimbi entsha ngenani elikhulu le-carbide. Ozakwethu ababizwa ngokuthi yi-element "molybdenum" (ifomula etafuleni lezinombolo yiMo).

Insimbi ehlanzekile ngokulinganayo yamukelwa ngo-1817 kuphela nguMongameli weSweden Academy of Sciences Jens Berzelius.

Izici zezinto ezilula

Indlela yokulungiselela inethonya elikhulu ezindaweni zomzimba ze-molybdenum nokubonakala kwayo. Insimbi yamapayipi, preforms kanye namabhuloki ngaphambi kokukhipha - umbala omnyama omnyama. I-pallette isetshenziselwe ukugcwala okugcwele kakhulu - kusuka ekumnyama kuya esikhwameni esincane. Ubuningi be-molybdenum ngu-10.28 t / m ³ . Insimbi iyancibilika ekushiseni kuka-2623 ° C, naku-4639 ° C - amathumba. I-molybdenum ehlanzekile ngokuphelele ine-ductility ephawulekayo ne-ductility, eqinisekisa ukuthi kulula ukugoqa nokugxila. I-workpiece enobubanzi obufinyelela ku-12 mm, ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo zegumbi, ingafakwa ngokungahambisani noma ifakwe epholiseni elincane. Insimbi ine-conductivity enhle kagesi. Ukuba khona kokungcola kukwandisa ubulukhuni nokukhukhumeza futhi ngokuyinhloko kunquma izakhi zomshini we-molybdenum.

Amakhemikhali abaluleke kakhulu

Ekubunjweni kwezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi, le nto ibonisa izinga elihlukile le-oxidation ukusuka ku-+2 kuya phezulu (izinhlanganisela zokugcina zizinzile kakhulu), ezenza izici zamakhemikhali ze-molybdenum. Kule nsimbi, ihlanganiswa ne-oksijeni nama-halogen (MoO ₃ , MoCl 5) nama-molybdates (i-molybdic acid salts) yizici. Ukusabela kokuxhuma kungenzeka kuphela emazingeni okushisa aphezulu (kusuka ku-600 ° C). Ukwanda okunye kuzokwenza ukuthi i-molybdenum ixhumane ne-carbon, i-phosphorus, isulfure. Ihlakazeka kahle nge-nitric noma i-sulfuric acid.

I-phosphorus, i-arsenic, i-boric ne-asilicic acid ifomu eliyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganiswe ne-molybdenum. Usawoti owaziwa kakhulu futhi owasakazwa kakhulu yi-ammonium phosphomolybdate. Izinto eziqukethe i-molybdenum zihlukaniswa nge-palette enkulu yombala ne-shades ehlukahlukene.

Ubuchwepheshe bokucebisa ama-molybdenum ores

Ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni ze-molybdenum ngokuphelele ihlanzekile kuphela ekhulwini lama-20. Ukucubungula ngamakhemikhali we-molybdenum ore kulandelwa ukucebisa kwayo: emva kokugaya ama-crushers nama-ball mills, indlela eyinhloko i-flotation emihlanu noma eyisithupha. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuhlushwa okuphezulu (kuze kufike kuma-95%) we-molybdenum disulphide ku-feedstock kufezwa.

Isigaba esilandelayo nesibaluleke kakhulu ukugcoba. Lapha, ukungcola okungathandeki kwamanzi, isulfure, izinsalela ze-flotation reagents kanye ne-molybdenum disulphide zisuswe, zihlanganiswe ne-trioxide. Ukuhlanza okuqhubekayo kungenzeka ngezindlela eziningana, kodwa okuthandwa kakhulu yilokhu okulandelayo:

• Indlela ye-Ammonia, lapho izinhlanganisela ze-molybdenum ziqedwa ngokuphelele, futhi ukungcola kususwa;
• Ukunciphisa amandla ekushiseni kuka 900 kuya ku-1100 ° C. Umphumela wukuthi ukuhlushwa kwe-MoO ₃ kuphakama kuya ku 90-95%.

Ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni zensimbi molybdenum

Ukudlula i-molybdenum i-trioxide hydrogen ehlanjulisiwe (emabhakatheni wokubuyiselwa ngokuvamile isebenzisa i-carbon noma i-carbon-containing containing gas, aluminium, i-silicon) ithola i-powder metal. Le nqubo iqhutshwa emanzini amathubhu akhethekile okunyuka kancane ekushiseni kusuka ku 500 kuya ku-1000 ° C.

Ukwenziwa kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza kwe-compact metallic molybdenum kuhlanganisa:

• Ukucindezela. Le nqubo iyenzeka ezinkungweni zensimbi ngaphansi kwengcindezi ye-MPa engama-300. I-component binder iyisisombululo sokuphuza i-glycerin. Isigaba esinqunyiwe esiphambanweni sezingqimba (ukusika) ngaleyo ndlela asidluli ku-16 cm ² , nobude - 600 cm. Ngaphezulu, sebenzisa i-rubber noma isikhunta se-polymer. Ukucindezela kwenzeka emakamelweni okusebenza, lapho amanzi ejojelwa khona ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu.
• Ukudubula. Kwenzeka ngezigaba ezimbili. Owokuqala yi-low-temperature one, ehlala njalo emaminithi angu-30-180 (kuye ngobukhulu be-billet), eyenziwa ngama-muffle emoyeni wama-hydrogen ku-1200 ° C. Esigabeni sesibili (welding), umsebenzi wokushisa uphethwe izinga lokushisa eliseduze ne-melting point (2400-2500 ° C). Ngenxa yalokho, i-porosity iyancipha futhi inani le-molybdenum landa.

Amabheletshi amakhulu anesisindo esingama-3 amathani ahlanganiswa ekufakweni, i-electron ibha noma ama-arc. Le nqubo isuqedile ngokusungulwa kwemikhiqizo ehlanganisiwe.

Imali ecebile kakhulu

I-Molybdenum iyinto engavamile kakhulu emhlabathini nasemhlabathini yonke njengento yonke. Ezimayini ezimbili zamaminerali ezikhona emvelweni, i-molybdenite kuphela (i-MoS ₂ ) ibaluleke kakhulu embonini yezimboni. Imithombo yayo ayinakuphela futhi ubuchwepheshe buye kwasungulwa ukukhipha insimbi ezihloniphekile, ama-molybdates. Ngokuya kokubunjwa kwamaminerali kanye nokwakhiwa kwemizimba ye-ore, idiphozi ihlukaniswe ibe yi-vein, i-vein-disseminated kanye ne-skarn.

Izwe lihlolisise izimpahla ze-element liyizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-19, cishe ingxenye yalo evela eChina. Idiphozi enkulu kunazo zonke ye-molybdenum kusukela ngo-1924 yiMayini yaseKlimax (i-USA, Colorado) enokuqukethwe okuphakathi kuka-0.4%. Ngokuvamile, ukukhipha ama-molybdenum ores kwenziwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ne-extraction yethusi ne-tungsten.

E-Russia, i-molybdenum igcina ibe ngamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingu-360. Ezingxenyeni ezi-10 ezihlolwe, ama-7 kuphela asethuthukiswe ngokuzimboni:

• I-Sorsk ne-Agaskyr (iKhakassia);
• IBugdain neZhireken (Eastern Transbaikalia);
• I-Orekitkanskoe (i-Buryatia);
• I-Labashi (Karelia);
• ITyrnyauz (eNyakatho Caucasus).

Isizinda senziwa ngendlela evulekile nevaliwe.

The Mystery of Samurai Swords

Emakhulwini eminyaka ambalwa, izikhali zaseYurophu nezososayensi ziye zalwa phezu kwemfihlakalo yobunzima namandla wezinkemba zakudala zaseJapan kusukela ekuqaleni kweyesibili leminyaka, ezama ukuphumelela ukukhiqiza izikhali ezibandayo ezifanayo. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-10, emva kokuthola ukungcola kwe-molybdenum ensimbi yaseJapane, kwakungenzeka ukuxazulula le mfumbe.

Isikhathi sokuqala, ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni ze-molybdenum njenge-alloying eyengeziwe ekuthuthukiseni izinga lezinsimbi (ukunikeza ubukhuni nokuqina) kwaziwa ngo-1891 nguSchneider & Co waseFrance.

Isisusa esibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni imitha ye-molybdenum kwakuyiMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ubukhulu bezembatho zangaphambili zama-Anglo-French amathangi, afakwa kalula ngamagobolondo aseJalimane ofanayo, wehliswa kusuka ku-75 mm kuya ku-25 mm, wanezela i-1.5-2% molybdenum ensimbi yezigcawu zempi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amandla omshini uye wanda kakhulu.

Isicelo se-molybdenum

Amaphesenti angaba ngu-80 azo zonke i-molybdenum esetshenzisiwe embonini i-metallurgy ferrous. Ngaphandle kwalo, ukukhiqizwa kwe-iron resistant resist cast iron, izakhi kanye nezinsimbi zamathuluzi akunakucabangeki. Esinye isisindo ngesisindo se-element sithuthukisa izinga lensimbi elilingana nezingxenye ezimbili ngesisindo se-tungsten. Njengoba ubuningi be-molybdenum buyingxenye, ama-alloys alo aphakeme kakhulu kumgangatho we-tungsten kumazinga okushisa angaphansi kuka-1370 ° C. Amaseli aseMolybdenum angcono kakhulu ekudleni.

I-Molybdenum iyadingeka kumsakazo we-electronic, amakhemikhali kanye nopende kanye nezimboni ze-varnish. Ngobunjiniyela bemishini lusetshenziswa njengempahla engenawo ukushisa. Ezolimo, izixazululo ezibuthakathaka zama-compounds we-element zithuthukisa ngokuphawulekayo ukufaniswa kwezakhi ngezitshalo. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi uma udoti oluphezulu lwe-molybdenum unomthelela onobuthi eziphilayo nezimila, kuthinta kabi imvelo.

Ukubaluleka kwezinto eziphilayo

Ekudleni kwabantu nezilwane, i-molybdenum ingenye yamakhemikhali amaningi kakhulu. Ngendlela ye-biological esebenzayo-i-molybdenum coenzyme - (i-Moco) kuyadingeka ukuba kutholakale ngezicubu eziphilayo zezinqubo zokuphila.

Izifundo emkhakheni wokulwa nomdlavuza we-molybdenum zithemba kakhulu. Isibalo esiphezulu somdlavuza we-digestive tract phakathi kwabantu baseLin Xian (esifundazweni sase-Honan, iProC) sanciphisa kakhulu emva kokufakwa kwamaminerali amaminerali aqukethe i-molybdenum enhlabathini.

Ezimweni ezingavamile zokuntuleka kwesitho emzimbeni womuntu, ukuthuthukiswa kokuphazanyiswa emkhathini, ukukhubazeka kwengqondo, ukungaqondakali kwengqondo kanye nezinye izifo ezinzima zesifo kungenzeka. Umthamo wansuku zonke we-molybdenum kumuntu omdala uvela ku-100 ukuya ku-300 μg. Uma ukwandisa ibe ngu-5-15 mg, ubuthi obuyingozi bungenakugwemeka, kufika ku-50 mg umphumela obulalayo. Ocebile kakhulu ku-molybdenum kukhona imifino emifino, okusanhlamvu, ama-legumes kanye nebheki (ama-black currant, i-jumelberry) amasiko, imikhiqizo yobisi, amaqanda, isibindi nezinso zezilwane.

Izici zezinto eziphilayo

Izici eziphilayo ze-molybdenum ziphakamisa izidingo zokusetshenziswa kwemfucuza kusuka ekusetshenzisweni kwempahla, ukunamathela ngokuqinile enkambisweni yezobuchwepheshe emabhizinisini ukuvimbela umthelela omubi emisebenzini yabasebenzi kanye nemvelo.

Zonke izinyathelo ezivimbela ukufakwa kwemikhiqizo ehlongozwe emanzini angaphansi komhlaba kufanele kucatshangelwe. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi izitshalo zinempahla yokwenza kanye nokuqoqa i-molybdenum, ngakho okuqukethwe kwayo kuhlumela futhi amaqabunga angadlula ukugcwala okungamukelekile. Lesi silwane esiluhlaza singaba yingozi ezilwaneni. Ukuvimbela ukusakazeka kwemimoya ngedwala elisetshenzisiwe, lezi zindwangu zimbozwe ngqimba lomhlaba.

Izindlela zezimakethe zomhlaba we-molybdenum

Lapho kuqala ukuhlukunyezwa kwezezimali emhlabeni wonke, ukusetshenziswa komhlaba wonke kwe-molybdenum kwehle ngo-9%. Okuhlukile kwakuyi-China, lapho ukukhula kubonakala ku-5%. Impendulo ekunciphiseni okubukhali kokufuna komthengi ngo-2009 kwaba ukwehla kwenani lokukhiqiza. Ezingeni langaphambilini lokukhishwa kwakungenzeka ukuthi lifinyelele eminyakeni emine nje kuphela, futhi ngo-2014 ukubeka ukuphakama okusha kumathani angu-245 000. Umthengi oyinhloko nomkhiqizi we-molybdenum nemikhiqizo yayo kuseyi-China.

Ubukhulu be-molybdenum nezindawo zalo ezimangalisayo kwenza kube yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ngensimbi nangama-alloys ezakhiweni lapho kudingeke khona ukuhlanganiswa kwesisindo esiphansi, amandla aphezulu nokuqina kwamakhambi okushisa. Ukukhula okuhloswe ngenani lezimboni zamandla enyukliya, ezinye izitshalo zamandla nezimboni, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinsimu ezintsha zamafutha kanye negesi ezimweni ezinzima zaseMpumalanga Ekude kanti i-Arctic iyoholela ngokungazelelwe ekudleni okukhudlwana kwe-molybdenum kanye neziqephu zayo.