Inkinga of ukubekezelelana: ubufakazi kusukela izincwadi. Kuyini ukubekezelelana: definition, omqondofana,

Ngokokuqala ngqá igama elithi "ukubekezelelana" yavela kuyi-1953. immunologist IsiZulu Medawar wayesho ukuthi ngenkulumo ethi ukubekezelelana impahla izivikeli mzimba, lapho umzimba Uyabubona nomzimba angaphandle njengoba yayo futhi akasabeli ke.

Kamuva elithi "ukubekezelelana" zaqala ukusetshenziswa, kanye nezinye yesayensi, ngamunye kuyo atholwe siqu nencazelo yalo ekhethekile. Kulesi sihloko sizohlola lokho okushiwo yile umqondo, omqondofana kwegama elithi "ukubekezelelana", kanye izimpikiswano ezinkulu ukubekezelelana, bethi izitatimende zabo zezincwadi.

Ukubekezelelana - ke ...

Ngakho, liyini ukubekezelelana? Incazelo leli gama uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukubekezelelana ngokuziphatha, isiko kanye nobuhlanga zabantu emhlabeni. Ngo kwabantu, ukubekezelelana kubhekwa njengento nesineke ukuphila ezahlukene. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi leli gama - bekhuluma izwi "ngabandayo". Kungaba kumelwe libhekwe njengelingcwele ithuba lokunikeza abanye ilungelo lokuphila njengoba ubona kufanelekile.

Ifilosofi, igama elithi "ukubekezelelana" ubizwa ngokuthi isineke nezinye izimo zengqondo nemikhuba. Umphakathi luyimfanelo okudingeka ukuze ngokuthula khona nabantu bezinye izinkolo, ukubandakanya zobuzwe nezenkolo.

isayensi Ethical amelela ukubekezelelana nekhono ngomoya ophansi futhi emnene ukuthatha zonke izinhlobo nkulumo lomunye umuntu. Nazi main lahlotshaniswa ukubekezelelana imiqondo onomusa nokubekezela.

Kuchazwa inkinga

Ngokuvamile, emagama lafanako ukubekezelelana kukhona imiqondo ezifana nenhlonipho, ukuqonda nokwamukela.

Ukubekezelelana akakwazi ngokuthi imvume, ukuzehlisa noma ukuba marhamaru, ngaphezu kwalokho, akusho kubekezelela nabulungisa lomunye umuntu noma ukwenqaba zengqondo yabo futhi izici zokuziphatha.

Ungabona okuningi ukubekezelelana izincazelo, kodwa akekho kubo ngeke adalule ngokugcwele incazelo yale nqubo ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi asikwazi ukumboza ngokugcwele zonke izici zokuphila komuntu. Ngakho-ke yini abanye? Inchazelo kweThemu le kungenziwa kanje. Ukubekezelelana - ezazi, ukubekezelelana oqotho, isimo sengqondo ekhethekile ngokwengqondo eligxile bezibona kwenhlonipho amagugu nezinye, izinkolelo, izindlela yokukhuluma kanye nezinye izingxenye ubuntu. Lena isikhundla esebenzayo, esiza ukufeza ukuqonda kwabo bobabili phakathi izimbangi.

Ukubekezelelana ezweni lanamuhla

izinkinga Wanamuhla ukubekezelelana nhlobo ihlukile kuleyo ezisohlwini imisebenzi ebhaliwe zabuna. Lezi kungaba chasiselwe yobuhlanga, nezenhlalo kanye ubulili ukudideka. It uhlala ukuze ufunde koMbuso owodwa kuphela: kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yini ukushintsha izwe, ukubekezelelana njalo kubhekwe enhle.

Kodwa manje, kunanini ngaphambili, umsebenzi kuqala ukuthi okumele kubhekwane nayo zinkinga kumiswa ukubekezelelana. Lokhu kungenxa yezizathu ezilandelayo:

• partitioning ngokuzumayo ashukumisayo lwempucuko kwezomnotho, yobuzwe, ngokwenkolo, ngokwenhlalo nezinye zindlela. Ngokuqondene nalokhu lizinga lelitfutfukile ukungabekezelelani emphakathini.
• Lo rise Abashisekeli benkolo.
• izimpi zendawo baye zaba zimbi ubudlelwane yobuzwe (isibonelo, impi phakathi Ukraine neRussia).
• Inkinga ababaleki.

Ukuze kufundiswe othile ukubekezelelana, kudinga izimo ezithile, lezi zincwadi ezibizwa ngokuthi izimiso eziyisisekelo. Lezi zihlanganisa 5 izikhundla:

• Udlame akufanele neze abe yokufinyelela umgomo othile.
• Inkululeko yokuzikhethela. Umuntu akumelwe uyaqaphela ukuza isinqumo esiqondile.
• Zenze, hhayi ukukufuna ngenkani kwabanye. Isimiso eziyisisekelo ukubekezelelana yikhono womuntu ukuba wena ngaphandle kokwenza ngesikhathi esifanayo abanye ukushintsha umbono wabo.
• Nokwenza ngokuvumelana nemithetho, amasiko nemikhuba kuyisici esibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni of ukubekezelelana.
• Yamukela abanye njengoba kunjalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umehluko.

Ukuphuthuma inkinga of ukubekezelelana ayikwazi ngemibuzo. Phela, njengoba isazi sefilosofi wake wathi Yu A. Shreyder: "Le nhlekelele embi kakhulu okusongelayo impucuko Zomhlaba - ukubhujiswa isintu umuntu.". Ngakho-ke, ukwamukela abanye abantu njengoba bebizwa, ngakho kuye kwalotshwa okuningi futhi wathi.

Ukubekezelelana nezincwadi

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi le nkinga ukujula, kungcono baphendukela agumenti etemibhalo. Esikhathini izindaba, amanoveli kanye nezindaba bachazwa etimeni letehlukene lapho izibonelo ngiswa abasemqoka abazizwa kungabonwa, yini ukubekezelelana empilweni yangempela.

Ukuphuthuma inkinga of ukubekezelelana siqala izincwadi eRussia lasendulo. umbhali abajikelezayo Athanasius Nikitin wachaza ezihlukahlukene ukunyakaza ezinkolo eNdiya. Emibhalweni yakhe, yena touts umfundi ukuba acabange ngawo wonke ukuhlukahluka emhlabeni futhi isimo sengqondo ukubekezela isithwathwa maqondana nabantu abanezinkolelo ezihlukile.

Kodwa ukunakekela okukhethekile kufanele kube imisebenzi ezincwadini zobuciko. Abalobi sikhathi wakhuluma ngezinkinga ukubekezelelana ezazikhona umphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, e-imisebenzi kwekhulu XVIII inkinga of ukubekezelelana ezazivamile sphere yezesayensi nasezinzuzweni zemfundo. Kakade ekhulwini XIX uqala kuphakama inkinga ekilasini ukubekezelelana. Ngokuyinhloko, le show imisebenzi UTolstoy sika "Impi Nokuthula", "Obaba and Sons" Turgenev sika, elichaza tiphakamiso letimcoka inkinga of ukubekezelelana.

Kusukela amazwi zabuna

Kusukela emakhasini izincwadi ezilotshwe ababhali, ungafunda okuningi mayelana impikiswano ukubekezelelana. Izizathu ezavezwa ngemisebenzi, ehambisana ngisho nanamuhla. Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela izinkondlo, indaba "Izingane Underground" (V G. Korolenko). Umbhali utshela indaba ibe njengenyama yomfana omncane Vasya, ababengeke bakwazi ukuthola ukuqonda emndenini wakubo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uyise ngaba nesikhundla esiphakeme emphakathini, wayehlale eyedwa. Ngolunye usuku, ehlangana Valcke futhi Marusya. La madoda babevela stratum aphansi yezenhlalakahle sabantu. Ngakho sasihlekwa kuyizinto ezimbili ezimbi kakhulu kwezenhlalo, okuyinto eduze munye. Bob wakwazi ukuba aqonde futhi amukele ubuhlungu abanye abantu, waqala ukuqonda kangcono omdala futhi ngaleyo ndlela ikwazi ukusungula ubuhlobo noyise siqu.

Lo msebenzi sembula inkinga zokungalingani yomphakathi, inqobo nje uma kuyoba khona ukwehlukana emphakathini ku amakilasi, izohlala usesikhathini.

Esinye isibonelo nezincwadi zakudala ingatholakala umsebenzi UTolstoy sika "Indlela Eya Calvary". Lapha ikakhulukazi uchaza ukubekezelelana ubulili, lapho owesifazane ilingana indoda. Kusukela ngesikhathi sokutjhuguluka XIX-XX eminyaka, inkinga ukulingana sisetshenziswa kabanzi, kwaba ngesisekelo imisebenzi eminingi yobuciko.

Inkinga of ukubekezelelana inter-yobuhlanga kuyadalulwa emsebenzini "Izindaba Sea" (KM Stanyukovich) kahle. amatilosi Russian sezilufundile kanye olwandle nomfana Abansundu eMelika wamphatha zonke isihawu sobuntu, naphezu umbala kwesikhumba.

Le nkinga kwembulwe endabeni L. N. Tolstogo "Prisoner of eCaucasus". Umqondo oyinhloko, lapho umbhali ubezama ukuwudlulisela lalithé: "Akukho izizwe lihle noma libi, kunabantu nje okuhle nokubi bazo zonke izizwe."

agumenti etemibhalo

Ukubekezelelana bekugcwele abalobi ozithandayo izitayela ezahlukene kanye izinhlobo. Hhayi kuphela amanoveli, tindzaba letimfisha, noma amanoveli le nkinga kwenzeka. Ngokwesibonelo, e-inganekwane ebucayini ezijulile obonakalayo phakathi izinhlamvu ukuthola inkinga nge timvo letehlukene. Esikhathini inganekwane "I Swan, umdlavuza kanye Pike" Amaqhawe akukho itiyela ukuhambisa inqola, njengoba yilowo nalowo wenza lokho wayenza: ". Izinto kukhona" Umdlavuza Ngahlehla, nefukezi landizela, futhi Pike wagxuma emanzini, ukuze

Esikhathini inganekwane "The Elephant kanye ithanga-izinja" umdlwane kwesizathu iqala ukukhonkotha buthule uhamba indlovu, esikhundleni nje udlule. Omunye angase athi lokhu nje indaba abantwana bezijabulisa, kodwa, eqinisweni, kukhona enye into afihliwe. Uma acha- ezinye izenzakalo zokuphila kwansuku zonke manje, ungabona ukuthi lo msebenzi kufihliwe okuyisisekelo inkinga ukubekezelelana. Ngokuvamile ungakwazi ukuhlangana nabantu emigwaqweni, okuyizinto ngempela liluhlaza, zidla noma ukungeneliseki Yaveza imibono yayo kwabanye, angamazi nhlobo. Ngokwesibonelo, isimo: inkampani ifikile bangabeki edolobheni resort. Indawo yabo kwakuthandeka esiteshini, ngakho ukuthatha itekisi kwakungekho phuzu, nakuba isikhwama base kanzima. Kodwa lolu shintsho, bakhuluma bodwa mayelana kunzima ukuya nge umthwalo onjalo kanjani. Owesifazane ebesidlula, wezwa la mazwi umbono wakhe, ethi ukuthi babeze "elinamandla" futhi ngeke akwazi ukuthatha ezokuthutha.

Isimo akukalungi kahle ejwayelekile, kodwa uphelele ngokwenza isifaniso ne inganekwane "The Elephant kanye ithanga-izinja."

Wakhe newalabanye

Inkinga of ukubekezelelana izincwadi walungiselela izingoma onhlobonhlobo. Yena ivela ezimnandi Fairy ka Andersen kanye Pushkin, ke kungabonakala nasemkhakheni izindaba mayelana Wini Phu futhi Carlson. Izibonelo ukuziphatha libekezelela izilwane zingakhiqiza imisebenzi Kipling sika "Mowgli".

izinkinga Izimpikiswano ukubekezelelana ingatholakala zonke ezinye umsebenzi wokubhala. Ngisho e izindaba mayelana nempi noma ukucindezelwa zezombusazwe kukhona indawo okuthile okuvela kubantu. Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela izinkondlo, "Alpine Ballad" Bykova. Izigigaba ezenzeka emlandweni ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe. iziboshwa amaNazi ukubaleka ekamu: isosha Russian Ivan noJuliya, intombazane evela e-Italy. Babefanele izinsuku ezintathu kuphela. Ezinsukwini ezintathu eside elindelwe inkululeko, nokuphishekela ukuphila ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima. Lapho amaNazi ezama ukubamba ngababaleki, Ivan wathatha abanye ngesono ukuthi lubekelwe ukuphila kwayo. Julia anakekela impilo yami yonke inkumbulo yamasotja anesibindi. Ngemva kwempi, wayethole eRussia, umndeni wakhe, wawabhala ngokufa Ivan. Wayefuna ukukhuluma mayelana ubuqhawe sesosha elula eyasindisa owezizwe engaziwa. Abazi ngisho bazi ulimi nomunye.

Kukhona kuchazwa inkinga ukubekezelelana YeSizwe. Izimpikiswano ezincwadini ezilotshwe Esebenzisa umfanekiso ofanayo, embule nohlonze ukubekezelelana esintwini. Umfundi kungaba ukuziphatha eqondakalayo protagonist, uma wavikela compatriot yakhe. Kodwa kwakukhona isiNtaliyane, ngawo babengakwazi ngisho ujwayelene. Ngakho kungani enza? I protagonist akuyona ihlukaniswe abantu ku "Russian" futhi "non-Russian" futhi wamane wenza ubengenakwenza uma on-site-Italian kwaba omunye. Umbhali wazama ukubonisa ukuthi ayikho into efana "lakhe 'futhi' alien" kumane umuntu odinga usizo.

uthando umugqa

"Epholile Flows Don" is hhayi ngaphansi elimibalabala echazwe inkinga ukwamukela abanye inoveli Sholokhov sika. Lapha, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima ngenxa yempi yombango, ukubekezelelana kubonakala into engenakwenzeka, kodwa umbhali wethula "variable" ezengeziwe, okuyinto on ezingeni ngenhla netimiso - Uthando lukulokhu.

izinhlamvu Le noveli sika - Dunyashka Melehova kanye Bear Mishka - bethandana. Kodwa ngokuhamba inguquko nemindeni yabo babe ezinhlangothini ezihlukene, futhi lapho bonke saqeda, Mishka Mishka kuyisitha ukuze Dunyasha umndeni. Kodwa uthando, futhi lolo thando ngaphezu kwakho konke neyesigodi. Ukuziphatha uyohlale ume ngenhla izintandokazi ngemibono kanye nezombusazwe.

Emazwini esenzweni

Mayelana ukubekezelelana kulotshiwe kakhulu, yilokho kuphela nje umkhuba, konke akunjalo. izindaba ezinhle mayelana nokuthatha abantu izinto ngendlela ehlukile khona kuphela izincwadi, kodwa hhayi emhlabeni wangempela. Kahle kahle, lokhu kusebenza ngayo esizukulwaneni esisha.

izinkinga ukubekezelelana phakathi intsha sokucasuka, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuziphatha engamukelekile kanye inzuzo ubudlelwane. Ngo-ke isizukulwane esisha endaweni yokuqala kukhona njalo Isobho yesimanje futhi kuphela ke bonke abanye. Sekuyisikhathi eside walahlekelwa ukubaluleka wangaphambili. Nsuku zonke ukudala amaqembu intsha entsha kanye nokunyakaza, inani elikhulayo izinhlangano engamukelekile olukhulu. Ngamafuphi nje, phakathi intsha kanye intsha ukuba abekezelele abanye manje "emfashinini".

Ezikhungweni zemfundo, ezikoleni ikakhulukazi, ukuhlola nomqondo ukubekezelelana. Nokho, incazelo eyengeziwe akayi. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ezingeni ukwamukela ezinye ukuwa. Kwangathi basola ukuntula izibonelo ezinhle ezingase abonise indlela ukuba abekezelele abanye, mhlawumbe, bambalwa kakhulu kubafundi ukufunda zabuna Russian. Noma kunjalo, ngokushesha noma kamuva, ngamunye wabo kuyodingeka ukuba babhale indaba ngesihloko esithi "Inkinga of ukubekezelelana."

Futhi kungaba inkinga engathí sina uma kungekho ukuqonda ngokucacile le nkinga futhi umsebenzi kuyinto ukuhlolwa umsebenzi.

Ukuba babhale indaba, "Inkinga of ukubekezelelana", agumenti ezincwadini kubaluleke kakhulu. Zingasetshenziswa njengesisekelo umdwebo isifaniso nge izenzakalo ezweni lanamuhla. Kungenjalo, ungakwazi ukuchaza kafushane umkhiqizo futhi uchaze ukuthi kungani imibono yakhe iyahlonishwa. Indlela yesibili lula kakhulu, kodwa isibonelo, ukuzama ukuhlanganisa izindlela ezimbili ngokubhala Tindzaba.

Ngokwesibonelo imisebenzi

"Mhlawumbe, ngokushesha kakhulu abantu bayohlala bahlukaniswe ngokuphelele komunye nomunye, ukuze kugcinwe ukuthula yaso encane bangaphandle. Kodwa ngeke kwenzeke maduze, nakuba izimfanelo sina lolu shintsho kakade ayatholakala - ezingeni eliphansi ukubekezelelana emphakathini. Manje sidinga ukufanisa izwi "kuyinsakavukela".

Uma umuntu okungenani okuthile okuhlukile, ke alikwazi ukwamukela ngokuhlanganyela, umphakathi, noma nakakhulu - ukwenza esekhishwa inyumbazane. Thanda Heroine noveli ngu L. Ulitskaia "eBukhara Ndodakazi" Mila. Girl abane-Down syndrome ingane iyagula. Unina ufundisa futhi wenza konke okusemandleni ukuze ntombazane yajabula. Kodwa sengqondo ngabantu abanezidingo ezikhethekile emphakathini nandaba, futhi uma unenhlanhla, uyazehlisa.

"A ezihlukahlukene idiots" futhi "amalungu engenamsebenzi ongcono" - kuphela epithets ezimbalwa, lapho umlobi wachaza indlela emphakathini maqondana 'bezinye "abantu. Ngandlela-thile, kodwa kukholakala ukuthi laba bantu abanjena awufaneleki ukuba aboniswe ububele, nenhlonipho nokuqonda.

Kodwa kukhona abantu abano nezinye izici ehlukile. Kubalulekile nokukhumbula noveli ka uLeo Tolstoy "Impi Nokuthula". I protagonist Per Bezuhov lingatholi umphakathi wokuziphilisa. Futhi lapha sikhuluma hhayi kangaka mayelana ukungakhululeki okuthile yakhe, kodwa mayelana uhlamvu. He is lutho, kalula futhi elula ngokomqondo. Vula emhlabeni ninomusa. Kodwa lapho esivuna ubugovu ubuzenzisi, engumfokazi.

Ezweni lanamuhla, cishe zonke izinyathelo zikhona izimo ezifanayo. Umfana wahileleka engozini futhi baba ekhubazekile, manje usengumfundi kakhulu mancane amathuba okuthi ukuhlanganisa umphakathi uma ekhula. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abangane ubudala jikisa izoliziba futhi ukuyibalekela emhlabeni. Manje useneminyaka engu-- elingavumelekile, ilungu engenamsebenzi emphakathini. Le ntombazane ukuthi uyakuthanda ukufunda izincwadi, musa ukubukela i-TV futhi akuvamile wavakashelwa Inthanethi, nayo ukuzizwa sidelong nhla ontanga.

izimo ezinjalo zingakwenza ucabange, futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abantu bakubize ngokuthi abantu lapho ngaphandle intukuthelo noma ukuzisola ayifakiwe umphakathi kwabo zazo siqu. Ukwethembeka kusho ukubekezela isithwathwa babantu. Futhi wonke umuntu ungaphumelela uma kumane nje ukuba siphathe abanye ngendlela efanayo njengoba ongathanda bakuphathe ngayo kuye. "

Inkinga of ukubekezelelana okunzima ukuyiqonda. Lesi simo singenzeka kunoma sphere ezihlukahlukene zokuphila nezimo. Futhi efingqa ngaphansi bonke ngenhla, siphawula okulandelayo: ukubekezelelana - lena esintwini. Futhi isintu into efana ikhono ukuzwana nabo zontanga, hhayi kancane ukubaluleka kwawo, futhi ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa komuntu ngamunye.