Ground-emoyeni ophansi: izici of imvelo kanye nezici zayo

Zonke izidalwa eziphilayo ezihlala yethu, iplanethi ukuphila ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, okuyinto zivumelana ezingeni yentuthuko, izici inhlangano nomsebenzi eziphilayo. Ubani owakhiwe umhlaba emoyeni imvelo? Izici imvelo, okuyinto emaningi, nokuningi kuzoxoxwa ngakho esihlokweni sethu.

Kuyini engokwemvelo

Habitat ukuze izilwanyana ngokuthi konke ebazungezile. Futhi akusiyo izinto zemvelo kuphela, kodwa lokho adalwe indoda.

Zemvelo ukukhomba izindawo eziningana. Lokhu phansi-umoya, amanzi, inhlabathi. Izinto eziphilayo abangaba njengoba ndawo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Amapayipi emathunjini ezincelisayo parasitize ezithile izibungu flat and nxazonke.

Isiqalo nesigcino zonke olwenzeka endaweni ye uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Lokhu igobolondo Zomhlaba, lapho ukuphila kungenzeka. Kodwa umuntu wokuqonda yilowo imisebenzi yabo ukuze siguqulwe ke ukuthi izazi ziye ukhombe iqhubekisele phambili imfundo yayo. Ibizwa ngokuthi noosphere. Lokhu igobolondo le planethi adalwe umsebenzi womuntu.

amaqembu ayinhloko yizici zemvelo

Zonke ngokuya imvelo, okuyinto ngezinga umphumela ngokwezinga emzimbeni, okukhulunywe izici njengoba kwemvelo. Ziyakwazi ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Kodwa ngo ubunjalo umthelela bona zihlukaniswe amaqembu amaningana.

• Eyokuqala ihlanganisa zonke izici bemvelo ezingaphili. Zibizwa ngokuthi abiotic. Le mali kwelanga, izinga lokushisa emoyeni, umswakama kanye emisebeni enemisebe, ovunguzayo isiqondiso kanye nohlobo sezwe. Ukuze izilwane zasemanzini lolu hlobo usawoti nemisinga.
• izici biotic kuhlanganiswe ithonya zonke izinhlobo eziphilayo kanye nobuhlobo babo omunye nomunye. Zingaba letihlomulisa, hlangothi et okuzingela al.
• Izinto ezenziwa abantu, eshintsha indawo, limelela iqembu ezibangelwe umuntu.

Habitat eziphilayo

Indawo yokuhlala ngayinye inezici ayo azifani. Ngokwesibonelo, amanzi kangcono kunamanye izinto azigcina ukushisa, ngakho oscillations lokushisa ezikulo ziyiziqondiso azinakwa. A nomphumela inhlabathi futhi ukukhanya nokushisa ngokuvamile lincane. Ingxenye umzimba kuyindlela yisinanakazana wokuphila, abahlala kweminye imizimba. Isenzo nokubaluleka yizici zemvelo endaweni enjalo nalo zigcinwe zimbalwa.

Izici olwenzeka endaweni phansi emoyeni itholakala lokuthi ukuthi iyona ezihlukahlukene futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Leli qiniso has athole incazelo enengqondo.

Izici emhlabathini emoyeni ephilayo imvelo

Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kwayo isakhiwo nemibandela imvelo ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi itholakala eslphambanweni ulwelwesi eziningana womhlaba - Hydro, Litho - kanye nomkhathi. Ngakho-ke, izinto eziphilayo ezihlala kuwo okukhulumisana nabanye kuthonywa izici ngamunye wabo. izici zabo kwesakhiwo ubavumele ukumelana izinguquko okungazelelwe lokushisa, izinguquko chemical ukubunjwa emoyeni futhi umswakama.

izici Abiotic kukhona imvelo phansi emoyeni

Izici izindawo phansi emoyeni zihlanganisa ezicini eziningana. Okokuqala, kungcono kwabantu aphansi emoyeni. I kwabantu eliphansi mass umoya ivumela abagibeli bayo ukuhambisa kalula emhlabathini noma ngendiza.

Esinye isici ukuthi emoyeni siyahamba njalo. Lokhu "ukugeleza" inikeza ezenzakalelayo ukunyakaza abantu bakhona abaningi futhi imikhiqizo yabo umzimba. Lokhu imbewu plant, ezinhlamvu isikhunta namagciwane, izinambuzane ezincane futhi arachnids. Kulesi simo umfutho womoya kule mvelo has a Inkomba ongaphakeme okuyinto evamile kuyinto 760 mm HG. Guqula lokhu ezidlula kuholela ukuhlukumeza izinqubo bokuphila izakhamuzi zendawo. Ngakho, lapho ingcindezi incipha nge kokuwa ikhono chaza ukuthi umoya-mpilo oketshezini olungenambala lwegazi. Ngenxa yalokho, kuba ukuphefumula kancane iba njalo, okuholela ekulahlekeni ngokweqile umswakama.

Organisms phansi emoyeni imvelo

Omunye izici zonke izinto eziphilayo nekhono ukuzivumelanisa. Ikakhulukazi isilwane-cum-air imvelo, kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo, itholakala lokuthi ukuthi they are bonke inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo lithathelwe abalufundile lokushisa ngokuphazima kweso, isimo sezulu nezinkathi kokushintsha.

Ngokwesibonelo, izitshalo eziningi ukuzwa nesomiso kanye elibuhlungu ukushintshwa izimpande futhi amahlumela. Anyanisi bese leek Tulip izimpande isanqante kanye beetroot amaqabunga amanzi Aloe lilondolozwe futhi izinto ezidingekayo. Lezinhlamvu-bacterium nezitshalo, ezincane isilwane amaseli zidluliselwa kwezimo ezinzima esifundazweni izinhlumba. Noma kunjalo, imbozwe igobolondo obukhulu, futhi zonke izinqubo umzimba kuthiwa kuyehla kube sezingeni eliphansi. Lapho isikhathi okungekuhle usuphothuliwe, amaseli bahlukene futhi sidluliselwe khona asebenzayo.

Ezilwaneni eziningi, medium phansi emoyeni ezakhiwe uhlelo eyinkimbinkimbi thermoregulation nokushisa exchange nge imvelo, ngenxa okuyinto izinga lokushisa lomzimba wazo alushintshi kungakhathaliseki isizini.

Umthelela isici yabantu

umsebenzi womuntu ushintshe kakhulu imvelo phansi emoyeni. Izici imvelo okwakusendlini zemvelo lokuqala, uhlala enjalo, mhlawumbe, kuphela ezingwadule zase-arctic. okushisa aphansi ukwenza kule ndawo yemvelo ungahlalwa muntu. Ngakho-ke, ikakhulukazi eziphilayo phansi emoyeni imvelo itholakala lokuthi ukuthi nethonya enkulu ezibangelwe umuntu uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye abebehlala niches emvelweni.

Man iguqula namathafa zemvelo ebesingesihle, ukushintsha ukwakheka igesi ebangelwa umkhathi, chemical ngesisekelo inhlabathi kuthinta ubumsulwa amanzi. Akubona bonke eziphilayo isikhathi ukuzivumelanisa eziguquka ngesivinini izimo kubangelwa ithonya izici yabantu. Ngeshwa, umthelela womuntu omubi kwezemvelo umhlaba emoyeni okwamanje lanqoba zonke imizamo ukuze kusindiswe ukuphila.

Global ngokongiwa kwemvelo phansi emoyeni olwenzeka endaweni

Njengoba ehlaselwe ezenziwe umuntu ezweni emoyeni imvelo? Izici imvelo, izinkomba main ngokomzimba ezindaweni eziningi zemvelo efanelekayo ukuphila, washintsha. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ukuvela izinkinga zamazwe omhlaba onke kwemvelo emhlabeni. Industrial umsebenzi ebangele ushintsho olungaka lichaza ekwakheni igesi umkhathi. Ngenxa yalokho, umoya kudala enkulu, uma kuqhathaniswa evamile lokuhlushwa carbon dioxide buthelela oxides sulphur ne-nitrogen, freons. Umphumela - global ukufudumala, kwamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini, lapho kubhidlizwa i-ungqimba lwe-ozone, nemvula ene-asidi, ngentuthu phezu emadolobheni amakhulu.

Ngenxa yalokho abampofu ukuphathwa kwemvelo kunciphisa endaweni Imininingwane kwamahlathi, okuyizinto "amaphaphu" iplanethi yethu, ukuhlinzeka zonke oxygen bukhoma. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izidubedube kukhona siyingcuba futhi ekunqabeni inhlabathi lokuzala.

Ngakho, kuba onhlobonhlobo phansi emoyeni imvelo. Izici Imvelo lalala indawo yayo eslphambanweni ezimvilophini eziningana zemvelo kwendawo. izici zako ezisemqoka iyona ongaphakeme ukuminyana, ingcindezi kanye nokunyakaza emoyeni uquqaba, ukuqinisela igesi asemkhathini Ukwakheka, simo esishubile of the mode ukushisa, nezimo zezulu eziguqukayo nezinkathi. Okubaluleke kakhulu ngoba ukusebenza evamile emhlabathini emoyeni imvelo has umswakama lokushisa ukusebenza.