Inkontileka ithiyori kwezomnotho zezikhungo: essence, izimiso eziyisisekelo

Inkontileka theory uvele 70s. Yingaleso sikhathi-ke ukuthi kuzisebenzi zomhlaba zezomnotho bodumo aseqalile ukucinga kokuvusayo entsha ukusebenza ngempumelelo emakethe khulula.

Little eyaziwa ohlelweni jikelele inkontileka zomphakathi mbono uye amehlo emhlabeni wonke ngemva ososayensi yayo aphenya Oliver Hart futhi Bengt Holmstrem bathola uMklomelo KaNobel kwezomnotho ngoba 2016. Lo mbono uye zithinteke kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi ezihlobene nawo. Ithonya lawo lasakazekela emnothweni yesimanje zezombusazwe futhi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ezezimali corporate.

inhliziyo

Theory izinkontileka esetshenziswa lokunquma imiholo efanele abasebenzi. isicelo salo jikelele. Imfundiso Kuyathokozisa efanelekayo amabhizinisi nabasebenzi elula lokukhokha esinqunyiwe ucezu-rate noma, futhi kwakuthethwa amacala nge ngokubathembisa imisebenzi eholela kahle labaphathi abaphezulu kanye abaphathi ezinkampani ezahlukene (kodwa isinxephezelo icebo labo okuningi eziyinkimbinkimbi). Ukusebenzisa izindlela ezibekwe ososayensi kanye zezomnotho ehamba phambili emhlabeni, singakwazi ukuthola indlela afanele kakhulu zombili izinhlangothi senkokhelo. Basikisela choice esifanele phakathi amabhonasi ngesimo yemali, ibhizinisi amasheya noma okukhethwa kukho ilungelo ukuthenga kubo.

Basics yesivumelwano theory kungaba wusizo ukulawula umnotho. Ukuze ucwaningo emkhakheni uMklomelo KaNobel ngo-2014 kwaba Zhan Tirol. Esinye isici esibalulekile isicelo - ukulawulwa kwebhizinisi kanye ezezimali corporate. Yokutadisha yabo yakhetha ukusetshenziswa ejensi onobuhle.

Futhi, inkontileka umbono uwukuthi eduze tiyori endalini. Lezi izindawo emnothweni Imininingwane iyafana futhi babe nezici eziningi ezivamile. Namuhla, ukuthuthukiswa endalini ekuholeni wahlanganyela zezomnotho ovelele. Emsebenzini wabo basebenzisa izindlela athuthukile kubandakanya i-theory ka-izinkontileka. Kahle endalini kwenza inzuzo oda ezidlula kunangendlela umcimbi efanayo, uma kuyintando ukuhlela ngendlela slipshod.

Ukungqubuzana emsebenzini

eziyisisekelo Key inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela izivumelwano, amamodeli kanye nezinhloso ze-isiyalo ziyancipha kokwakhiwa ayekhulekela, ezifana model of "inceku-Head" noma "i-ejenti-principal". It babhekana obubili. Bobabili babe zabo okuthandwa siqu kanye nezithakazelo. Inkontileka theory ecubungula isimo lapho kukhona zibangelwa izinjongo zabo ezahlukene kanye nemisebenzi zezimpi Mezhuyev esiphakeme futhi okhonzile.

Umbango akusho ukuthi omunye ufuna ukuzwisa omunye ubuhlungu. It has isikhala ingxabano kanye nokubambisana. Letincenye main inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela izivumelwano ezithinta Isimo esifana naleso, lapho ubasi ufuna kucabangela umsebenzi walo omkhulu, futhi umholo wakhe is ukhulise. Ngesikhathi umsebenzi izifiso iphambene. Uma Esimeni esinjalo, induna livela nenkinga: lokho yisifiso yizikhonzi izenzo zakhe izithakazelo umqashi? Ingqikithi yale theory inkontileka ukuba sihlaziye uphinde unikeze izinketho yokuxazulula izingxabano ezinjalo.

Izimiso eziyisisekelo kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela

Omunye isixazululo ikhanda kungenzeka inketho lapho azithengisayo lowo msebenzi wakhe wokwakha ongaphansi, ngaleyo ndlela ukuhlela Franchise entsha. Umthengi okhokhela ethile futhi iba umzuzi, kusukela okwamanje zithola yonke izindleko nezinzuzo. Le isixazululo ubukeka nenhle futhi ngempumelelo ngemcondvo. Nokho, lokho kuyobe babe nemiphumela ethile engathandeki, kuhlanganise lomqondo. Lesi simo siholela yokuthi induna ukuthathelwa umshuwalense ngokumelene izingozi ezingase zibe khona, futhi le nceku, kunalokho, luwathathe wedwa.

Ngakho-ke, ikhambi elinjalo awukwazi ukusebenza. Futhi into wukuthi ikhono ukuthatha izingozi sici nje ababusi kunokuba abangaphansi. Inkontileka theory, ngamafuphi, uzinikele nje isimo sengqondo esinjalo. Ukuze asebenze ngaphakathi ke, ososayensi ongqondongqondo ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene kubhekwe izixazululo eziningana abstract esimweni ukungqubuzana kwezinhloso zenzuzo.

Ngeke zephule kwangqingetshe futhi ukulawula amabutho okhonzile. Kulokhu induna ngabe iphoqe futhi ukumphoqa ukuba wenze lokho kuphela okuhambelana impahla izithakazelo womqashi. Umfanekiso kobuhlobo obunjalo kungaba emlandweni kusasele amakhulu eminyaka-endala umnotho ngaphansi kohlelo zokuxhashazwa. Empeleni, inceku yesimanje ngokuvamile isinyathelo kuphela uwedwa, ukuthi ine nomthelela obalulekile umphumela.

umvuzo izici

Omunye umbono, alinikela inkontileka ithiyori kwezomnotho yesikhungo - kuyinto eyanele wesibalo theorem. It kungokwalabo sekushiwo uMklomelo KaNobel Bengt Holmstremu. Lokhu theorem inikeza ikhambi ukungqubuzana ngaphakathi "aphakeme-okhonzile" imodeli. Kuyini lokhu? Holmstrem kubhekwe futhi ihlaziye ngokuningiliziwe isimo lapho ikhanda izinkomba esilinganisekayo, limbikela of imiphumela okhonzile. It kuncike kuzo umvuzo olulindelekile noma isijeziso.

Holmstrem wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi induna kufanele ayeke ukuba cabangela la maqiniso ukuthi akuzona yibhece ongaphansi kwakhe. Ithathwe ngenye izixazululo ukudala ezingozini ezingadingekile zivimbele izenzo ukuze sikhuthaze umsebenzi kuphela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo inhloko sidzingo sekugcila lonke ulwazi olutholakala mayelana ukusebenza yomzamo okhonzile.

lula kokuvusayo

Ziningi izimo bengakwamukeli imodeli zakudala. Isibonelo salokhu kungaba ukukhonza njengendlela icala lapho inceku uphathiswe imisebenzi eminingana, futhi kubalulekile ukuba sisebenzise ezihlukahlukene imizamo. Ngokwesibonelo, isisebenzi enakekela umshini, unakekele ukuphepha kwakhe, unezela uwoyela ngesikhathi esifanayo ke igedle ku eminye imininingwane. Ngisho noma inkokhelo ukuze umsebenzi onjalo piercework, kungaholela ezinye izinkinga. Izimiso eziyisisekelo imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwezomnotho izinkontileka zisekelwe lesi sifo nesifiso sokugwema izimo ezinjalo. Isibonelo isinqumo esingesona - isisusa elula futhi enamandla ezokwenza ugqozi lomsebenzi ukuba isebenze kanzima futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo amenze bayakhohlwa eminye imisebenzi yakhe (qikelela ukuthi umshini ukuthi uyosabalala uma ungenawo bawunakekele).

imizamo Multidimensional kukhona luhlale lugcwele izingozi ezengeziwe inhloko. Wadala kulesi senzakalo isisusa isikimu kufanele ikhumbule zonke izici ngazinye isimo. Yokuncishiswa - lena nokuthile ababengambeka enqanda imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinkontileka. Kafushane ke lingachazwa isibonelo uthisha. Uma uthisha esikoleni zidinga ukuhlolwa imiphumela ethize, wena 'uhambisane "izingane ku umphumela: ngikhohlwa into ebaluleke kakhulu - eqinisweni, mayelana nolwazi. Ngo gibe ungase uthole ngisho ochwepheshe ebona, uma zinikwa engalungile, azitholele imali ngendlela engafanele. abafundi yabo ekugcineni abakutholanga amakhono ukhiye, kuhlanganise nalabo abangamkhulekeli ejwayele ukucabanga ngokuhlolisisa ngokuzimela ukuqonda ngale ndaba.

Esinye isibonelo ukungqubuzana - wonke project isiqhema alucacile igunya basakaza futhi umthwalo abasebenzi. Libonisa ukuthi inhloko awukwazi ukuhlola umnikelo ngabanye ukuba umphumela ngamunye ongaphansi kwakhe. Yilokho ezimpini ezinjalo basafunda osomnotho, ogama ucwaningo igxile imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinkontileka. Izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano - ukuthi ufuna lezi ochwepheshe. Bazama ngazo zonke izindlela ukuthola iphuzu lapho izithakazelo futhi ngabe aphambana boss futhi ungaphansi.

inkontileka zingubudlelwane

Uma enze ezinye izinhlobo zomsebenzi indima ebaluleke kakhulu eyadlalwa mshini idumela. Its ifundelwe ikakhulukazi futhi Hart Holmstrem. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinkontileka ezimweni ezinjalo, ukutadisha izinkontileka zingubudlelwane. Kuphakama lapho ikhanda lesigqila futhi basebenze ndawonye u-Adalberto isikhathi eside. Okuhlangenwe nakho okuningi ukuxhumana ngempumelelo, yilapho bezibona khona bayokwazisa ukubambisana kwazo. Kukhona ithemba. Kulokhu, mancane amathuba ukuthi abantu uyokwenza ngokuhambisana izithakazelo zabo kuphela, kodwa ngeke uholwe kunendingeko of inzuzo kithi nakuye. Ngokwesibonelo, induna kuyoba nesandla esivulekile ngakho amabhonasi, futhi inceku akesabi imizamo okuyingozi.

ebaluleke nakakhulu idumela isici lapho alinikezwanga ukuhlolwa Inhloso ngemiphumela. Kungenzeka isithombe umculi noma ezinye izinto umsebenzi wokudala. Ezimweni ezinjalo, kukhona ngokuvamile umuntu wesithathu, okungase kutholakale isixazululo. Ukuze sithole ukuthi isithombe ehloniphekile, ikhasimende Ungakhetha kuphela ukufika siqu, mhlawumbe akukho imibono yabo eyodwa ezingacacile mayelana art. Lapha, inkantolo akanamandla, kodwa kungakusiza imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinkontileka. Izinqubo yesikhungo ukugcina isithunzi emnothweni kufundvwe Ezinhlangothini ahlukahlukene.

inkontileka Ingxenye esigcwele

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, inkontileka theory Oliver Hart, ngoba yena bathola uMklomelo KaNobel, anikezelwe isihloko izinkontileka akuphelele. essence yayo yangempela mqondo ukuthi ukuphila eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ezihlukahlukene isivumelwano sokuqala phakathi kwezinhlangano, babekwazi ukunikeza noma yimuphi izimo ezingalindelekile. Yingakho inqubo, abahlanganyeli ngeke ixoxisane isivele iqhubeka. izingxoxo ezinjalo zenza ukuxazulula izinkinga ezintsha nezinselele ongakaze ezivela okhonzile futhi ephakeme. Bagcwalisa isikhala izikhala ezihambisana zenzeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwinkontileka yokuqala.

Eminye imininingwane ibalulekile. Ubani ilungelo lokwenza izinqumo kanye nomthelela kulezi zingxoxo? Kuze kufike amaqembu banesithakazelo nokubambisana okunye, naphezu kwezinkinga elalibhekene nazo? Konke lokhu kuye uzinikele imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinkontileka Oliver Hart. Yena ukuthonywa izifundo eziningi ezihlobene nawo. imibono Hart bamthinta ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela ezezimali ezinkampani imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinhlangano. izixazululo yakhe ezihlongozwayo ezisetshenziswa osomabhizinisi abaningi futhi abathengisi. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela usosayensi sekuyisikhathi eside bakhonza zimali kanye abahleli capital izinkampani zomphakathi. Ngosizo lwawo ukucacisa Yiqiniso kokuqhutshwa ucabanga osomabhizinisi yimali namabhizinisi.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinkontileka akuphelele siye sasetshenziswa izingxabano mayelana nokusatshalaliswa kwezomnotho phakathi zomphakathi nezizimele. Le ngxoxo siphathelene isiphetho lwezinhlangano ezihlinzeka amasevisi ukwelashwa kanye nemfundo. Ingabe kumelwe isimo noma zihlala ziyingxenye emakethe khulula? Imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinkontileka akuphelele kulokhu sithinta bonke isisusa efanayo ababeholwa. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umphathi ababeqashwe isimo ke isisusa kancane ukutshala, njengoba State kungenzeka, ngokuvamile ngeke umvuzo imizamo lakhe okunguye yedwa ngasese. Ngo emakethe ukuncintisana kanye eziningi izinkampani ezizimele abaphila ngayo ihluke ngokuphelele. Ezimweni ezinjalo, wonke umqashi efuna ekukhiqizeni kwabo noma ukuhlinzekwa kwemisebenzi yinto entsha dlula nabaphikisi. Ngakho-ke, inkampani uyobavuza abaphathi isinyathelo emisha ukuthi nakanjani abe ingxenye yesivumelwano.

Incentives Psychology

Kanye imfundiso yokuziphendukela izivumelwano, kusukela 80s, ezomnotho kokuziphatha uye savela. Phakathi nohlaka yayo, sitadisha ukuziphatha kwabantu ukuthonya ekuthathweni kanye nogqozi lomsebenzi kubasebenzi. Konke lokhu kuhlobene imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinkontileka. Abaningi imibono eziye eliyindilinga postulates zalo eziyisisekelo, ulingene nje kusukela ezomnotho kokuziphatha.

Isibonelo ukuboleka enjalo angase abizwe ngokuthi umqondo wokuthi abantu bashukunyiswa yini kangaka nge ubunjalo imivuzo yezinto ezibonakalayo njengesihluthulelo umqondo omuhle yomphakathi ensimini yabo, ubulungisa, nokunye. D. Phakathi nocwaningo kule ndawo waklonyeliswa uMklomelo KaNobel ngo Ezomnotho (2016). Inkontileka theory ekuthuthukiseni ikakhulukazi ngokushesha kulesi siqondiso kule minyaka 10-15 iminyaka. Phakathi nale nkathi, kwakukhona omningi sina equkethe ekuhlaziyweni ugqozi eziwumgogodla ababeholwa esekelwe ubudlelwano nabanye. Ngalezo zinto zisetshenziswa yakudala imodeli ezimisiwe yesivumelwano theory obuqalene isayensi evulekile imibuzo emisha iphendulwe.

Ngokusebenzisa imfundiso yokuziphendukela izivumelwano kwezomnotho owethulwa nomqondo izindinganiso zomphakathi nobunikazi. Bona usukela izakhi kwabantu kanye psychology. Ngenxa yalokhu nemfundiso yokuziphendukela izinkontileka ongoti emikhakheni ehlukene kwezesayensi. Anikeza izindlela nogqozi ababeholwa, lapho kugxilwa umuzwa walokho esiyikho ube namandla okuqondene (isib, oluthile womphakathi).

Imiholo nemikhicito

Ngo-1979 Bengt Holmstrem ngokufunda enye yezincwadi zayo, mina washayelwa ngomunye wemigomo yesivumelwano elilungile. Kungakuhle tie lomholo nomphumela umsebenzi abangaphansi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umphathi unesibopho intengo isitokwe, umholo wakhe kuzoncishiswa, uma izinga lokushintshisana uyowa. Nokho, ukulahlekelwa kwezimali nethuba kwenzeke kungephutha agent. izimo nezingahlobene nendaba (isibonelo, emakethe izimo) ingangenelela. Inkontileka theory inikeza izixazululo ezahlukene lokhu okubonakala. Ngokwesibonelo, iholo umphathi okungenhla kungenziwa kunqunywa futhi ngokuvumelana nomholo izinkampani ukuncintisana. Uma amasheya avuke ngumuntu izizathu third-party ezithinta yonke umkhakha, ukuthi akukho amasevisi ejenti, bese nokulikhuthaza akufezi lutho.

Ukuhlobana phakathi umsebenzi abangaphansi, kanye nokusebenza inkampani ngokuvamile zonakaliswa izinto eziningi. Lapho lezi zimo, kancane ukuphathwa nomholo kufanele zincike ukusebenza yenkampani. Eceleni inkontileka theory uyazicabangela ezindaweni kubangele izingozi ezinkulu. Lokhu kungaba endaweni entsha ngenxa utshalomali. Kunamandla abathintekayo ezonini isigqila, ukwenza ngcono iholo esinqunyiwe. Kulokhu, lapho kunyakaza (kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unethemba noma engemihle) Amathuba ukushayisana phakathi komsebenzi kanye umqashi abahlukene encishisiwe.

nendlela yokukhuthaza olinganiselayo

ugqozi Employee kungaba amaholo hhayi ephakeme kuphela, kodwa kuyosinika nethemba ukukhula umsebenzi. Abalobi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela izinkontileka ngabuka nokuxhumana zombili lezi zici okwakuthandelene ngokuningiliziwe. Ngo izimo emakethe ukuncintisana, inkampani kumele ukunikela abasebenzi amaholo aphezulu, kungenjalo bazoya izimbangi zakho. Loluhlelo ukucwasana lalo. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona ingozi ukuthi abasebenzi abasha uzobe abasebenza kanzima kakhulu, kuyilapho izazi esinyathelweni uphezulu esitebhisini umsebenzi, kunalokho, baqale ukuba ibalekele imithwalo yabo, njengoba izicelo zabo ngokuvamile wanelisekile.

Kulo mongo, imodeli has elithola iholo yayo engaguquki. Sesivele ncisheka cited bonakaliso hle uthisha edinga ukusebenza eliphezulu labafundi izivivinyo. amathemba anjalo kuholele Ukuhlanekezelwa nokugxila izifundo noma izinkinga ezithile. Uma iholo kuzolungiswa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinkomba, ukusatshalaliswa imizamo phakathi imisebenzi ngeke umuntu akwazi ukulinganisela.

Izici theory

isiqondiso Vala yesivumelwano umbono uwukuthi sezomnotho ulwazi. Ucwaningo kulezi zindawo ayagcinwa kuze kube muva nje. Kuze emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule, ngisho zezomnotho ezimbi kakhulu futhi ovelele musa unake indlela abantu abasabela ngayo ezintweni ezahlukene, kanye ukudalwa okukhuthaza ukuziphatha elilungile, ukulungela inhloso ethize. Isithakazelo izenzakalo ezinjalo ikhuphukile neminyaka engu-70.

I umfutho lokuqala kwezomnotho waqala ukutadisha Dzheyms Mirrlis futhi Uilyam Vikri. Lezi ochwepheshe ziye zathinta ukwakheka elilungile intela theory, okuyinto ezihlobene eduze imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinkontileka. Izincwadi Mirrlees futhi Vickrey kulekelelwa ngemisebenzi enjalo ososayensi ovelele njengoba Zhan Tirol, Eric Maskin, Jean-Zhak Laffon, Rodzher Mayerson. Abaningi babo abangu uMklomelo KaNobel kwezomnotho. Okungenhla Oliver Hart futhi Bengt Holmstrem futhi abangaphansi kwalesi Umthala labacwaningi.

lemmas Okugcwele futhi theorems inkontileka theory usebenza nge imiqondo abstract futhi ngalo mqondo liseduze kakhulu izibalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo wayekubheka njengelungelo imodeli zakhiwe ngokwemigomo yisisusa zangempela. Okutholakele, okwenza imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinkontileka kabanzi umkhuba. Inesisindo ngokucophelela ngobuhle nangobubi bawo yezindaba ezilukhuni impikiswano. Isibonelo kwesicelo kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela singasebenza njengesisekelo esiqinile sokufinyelela impikiswano mayelana yiqiniso kwalesi amaholo aphezulu lwabaphathi phezulu izinkampani Russian angaphandle. Ingabe lezi abasebenzi ngamabomu umvuzo enjalo ephawulekayo ngomsebenzi wabo? Inkontileka theory amazwi ezilula kungenza siphendule lo mbuzo, ngoba arsenal wakhe kukhona agumenti eziningi kwezomnotho.