ImpiloImithi

Inqubo Umqedazwe. Izimpawu inqubo ubhubhane

Ukutheleleka nokucubungula Umqedazwe kukhona okuqhubekayo uhlobo ukuphendula labantu nezinhlobo amazinga. It is ubuhanjelwe heterogeneous ubuhlobo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo-izehlakalo kwamanye lwegciwane ngamunye, amagciwane kanye umzimba womuntu. inqubo ezithathelwanayo kanye ubhubhane avele amafomu asymptomatic nokuzivelelayo. Basuke kwabelwa amaqembu labantu ingozi yokutheleleka noma isifo, isikhathi kanye nendawo.

Imininingwane zomlando

Into enjengale "inqubo ubhubhane", zaqala ukusetshenziswa kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Omunye izethulo bokuqala zalesi simo waba washayelwa Ozanamom ngo-1835. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izazi eziningi wahlanganyela ukuthuthukiswa imibono. Igama elithi "inqubo ubhubhane" olwaqala ngo-1941 Gromashevskiy. Ngaphezu kwalokho Belyakov wathi ekutholeni okuqukethwe. yena ngokwakhe asho kamuva phambili yokuma ukuzithiba enqubeni umqedazwe.

Izigaba

Wazo zontathu. Kukhona izigaba ezilandelayo yenqubo ubhubhane:

  • Imigomo isizathu.
  • Mshini ukuthuthukiswa inqubo umqedazwe.
  • Izenzo.

Ingxenye yokuqala iveza okushiwo inqubo. Iveza izimbangela sangaphakathi kwetinhlavu kanye izimo kwenzeka ngaphansi kwazo. Systematization kolwazi kulesi sigaba kunikeza ithuba Imibandela ukuphendula umbuzo yini izisekelo lwezifo. Kwezokwelapha emitholampilo - endaweni lapho ucwaningo Kwenziwa izimo zokucabanga okubangelwa isifo ezingeni organismal - kwesigaba efanayo ibizwa ngokuthi i- "omsakazo". Isixhumanisi yesibili ikhombisa intuthuko kwetinhlavu lomkhuba. Kule ngxenye, sibe siphendula umbuzo kuthathela kanjani. Kwezokwelapha yomtholampilo, ngendawo efanayo ibizwa ngokuthi "pathogenesis". Ingxenye yesithathu kudalulwe ukubonakaliswa ezihambisana inqubo ubhubhane; Imininingwane systematised sibonakalisa izici lomkhuba. Kwezokwelapha yomtholampilo, isigaba efanayo nalena ebizwa ngokuthi semiotics. Ngokulandelako, cabangela imikhakha kabanzi.

Imibandela nezizathu

Ukuxhumana kwe-lwegciwane kanye umzimba womuntu kwenzeka emkhathini nesikhathi njalo. Kunezici ezihlukahlukene inqubo umqedazwe. Lezi zihlanganisa, isibonelo, begazi. Lezi zici yakha ubhubhane inqubo izizathu ukuthi iqala nokuxhumana sokugembula. Kukhona isigaba sesibili. yizici zemvelo kanye nezenhlalo zamanje nazo zinikeza ukulawulwa izimo inqubo ithatha ngaphansi kwazo endaweni. Ukuxhumana kungenzeka kuphela khona izimbangela nemibandela.

Amabutho ukushayela of imvelo yemvelo

Lokhu isici - uhlelo yisinanakazana lapho kukhona ukuxhumana ethize. ohlangothini lwaKhe inezici ezithile ehlukile. Ngakho, izimuncagazi abonise pathogenicity, aphethe - ezifweni.

ezenhlalo

Lezi zinto zibandakanya isakhiwo izimo ezinhle zomphakathi ekhuthaza noma zithiye ngayo inkambo inqubo umqedazwe. Phakathi kwabo kukhona:

  • nezindlu zangasese zokuhlala.
  • izakhamizi asebenzayo.
  • yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle.

labantu abasebenzayo

It ngokungaqondile ngqo kuthinta izinga ukugeleza inqubo umqedazwe. Kunamandla umsebenzi womphakathi, le evelele nokuxhumana yizilwanyana eziwuhlupho bese umzimba. Ngokomlando, isiqongo izinguquko kanye sempi. umsebenzi sabantu kungaba ukuzibonakalisa ezingeni wonke umphakathi noma umndeni othize.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezempilo

ezingeni layo kuthinta ngqo izinga lapho inqubo ubhubhane ageleza. Igama elithi kuhlanganisa imvamisa ngcono sanitary iqoqo nokulahlwa ukudla udoti futhi eliqinile. Futhi yena iphathwa isimo isimiso sokuthutha indle namanzi ompompi.

inqubekelaphambili yomphakathi

Izinga ukuthuthukiswa kwamabubulo yezenhlalakahle ine ithonya izindlela izimo lapho inqubo ubhubhane ageleza. Kulokhu, kungaba nemiphumela kokubili emihle nemibi. Izibonelo ayengaphansi kubhekwe njengento umsoco ngcono nezinga lempilo futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukwandisa abakhileyo amasosha omzimba, kanye nezinguquko kule isiko lokuziphatha, nokufundiswa kwabantu ngenhlanzeko, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe. Ithonya elibi kubonakala likwazi ukuhlalisa inani elandayo yezidakamizwa futhi notshwala izinguquko isiko ngokocansi (nokusakazeka kwesifo sokusha kwesibindi ezibangelwa amagciwane,-HIV), Ukuwohloka kwezimo zemvelo, buthaka umzimba ozivikela.

izimo zemvelo

zihlanganisa izingxenye abiotic futhi biotic Ngaphandle kwalezi zici. Lesi sakamuva kukhona izakhi bemvelo. Njengoba isibonelo, umthelela zokulawula izingxenye biotic kungabangela ushintsho ukushuba inqubo ubhubhane egijima ku ngemuva kweenomboro ezihlukahlukeneko namagundane izifo uhlobo zemvelo eqondile. Uma zoonoses ezithwalwa yizinambuzane ukufuduka kanye nenani eyisinambuzane nethonya umqondo kobukhulu lomkhuba. Ngu izingxenye abiotic zihlanganisa landscaped izimo yendawo sezulu. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho esondela yenkabazwe kwandisa ezininginingi izinhlangano nosological pathologies.

Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases

Umthetho wokuqala Gromashevskiy inquma Yiqiniso nokuxhumana phakathi amagciwane futhi umzimba womuntu ngenxa triad. Ngakho, kukhona izixhumanisi ezilandelayo yenqubo ubhubhane:

  • Umthombo ejenti.
  • I ukuhamba indlela.
  • umzimba singangena.

Isixhumanisi lokugcina inqubo ubhubhane babe ngezigaba zabo.

Umthombo ejenti

Kuyinto umuntu, isilwane noma isitshalo umzimba elinegciwane. ukutheleleka abantu singangena kungenziwa etholakala kulo. imithombo Inxanxathela yakha kwesigubhu. Ukuze anthroponoses e umuntu aze enze njengoba ejenti causative, okuyinto izinhlobo samanje asymptomatic noma manifest zokugula ngoba zoonoses - isilwane (zasendle, synanthropic noma ekhaya). Futhi ukuthi kuyoba sapronoses izakhi abiotic imvelo.

Ukudluliswa pathogen

I lwezifo lesi sifo ihilela indlela eqondile ezihambayo izimuncagazi emzimbeni enempilo kusukela ethintekile. Ngokusho umthetho Gromashevskiy yesibili, lwegciwane ukudluliswa kuye kwasendaweni ngezingxenye zalo eziyinhloko. Lokhu kungase kube yigazi, isikhumba ishq, isikhwehlela, ubulongwe. Njengoba indlela ezokuthutha ukhonza ukulandelana kanye sebuningini ukudluliswa isici, lapho indlela lolu luyasetshenziswa.

Izimuncagazi izindlela Ukungena

1. Umzila aerosol. Kuhlanganisa ngezindlela ezilandelayo:

- emoyeni uyadedela (njengoba SARS ngocansi, ukutheleleka meningococcal);

- uthuli emoyeni (mzila kukhona isifo sofuba Mycobacterium, scarlet fever).

2. fecal ngayiphi indlela. Kuhlanganisa izindlela ezifana:

- contact-yasendlini;

- amanzi;

- ukudla.

3. Imininingwane indlela. Kuhlanganisa izindlela nenkhulumombiko yokudlulisela.

4. Indlela athathelwana. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa izindlela ezifana:

- yokufakelwa (elihlobene ne manipulations wezokwelapha: elihlobene ne ukuhlinzwa, umjovo, ukufakelwa igazi, ngenxa izindlela zokuxilonga);

- yemvelo (excreted indle Transporter, nge inoculation nohlobo lwegciwane kontaminatsionnom - siqala ngala ngamathe).

ngezigaba Jikelele

Kunezici eziningana yokudlulisela. Ikakhulu, i-esibulalayo elingalodwa, kokuqala futhi Lesisemkhatsini. Dlulisa izici kunemibandela ihlukaniswe eziyisisekelo futhi ezengeziwe. Ukuyisa izigaba amagciwane zihlanganisa:

  • Kwemihlambi umzimba yenethiwekhi.
  • Hlala imvelo bangaphandle.
  • Penetration beyizidlova umzimba isifo.

ezifweni

Umzimba womuntu ungakwazi zokuthelela a pathologies aphethe cuphuluza izimuncagazi. Lokhu kubonakala ngendlela sokugembula futhi uyavikela impendulo eqondile (izivikeli mzimba) kanye nonspecific (ukuzinza) ukusabela. Hlukanisa lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo ukuzwela:

  • Ngamunye (phenotypic futhi genotypic).
  • Species.

Amasosha omzimba izenzo njengempendulo ethize ukuze Ukungena ejenti angaphandle. Ukumelana (ukumelana) kuyinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ukusabela ukuvikela uhlobo nonspecific.

Izimpawu inqubo ubhubhane

Ukuxhumana kwe-amagciwane kanye womuntu kuzibonakalisa ifomu ukungcoliswa lakamuva. Ngemva kwalokho, uquqaba singangena kungenzeka sigule sibangwe noma abe othwala lwegciwane. On labantu eqondene ezingeni ukubonakaliswa esichazwa ngokuthi isifo oqabukelayo, khona umqedazwe (epifitoticheskogo, epizootic) noma focus zemvelo, flash, ubhubhane noma bhubhane.

umfutho

ukusatshalaliswa okungatheni eziyizici ethile ithimba, inkathi, indawo. isifo Umqedazwe kuwukwanda yesikhashana ezingeni KWAMAGUNDANE. ngezigaba okwalandela Kulokhu kwenziwe ngokuhambisana imingcele yesikhashana futhi zesifunda. Umqedazwe kokugqashuka kuyinzuzo yesikhashana isifo ngaphakathi eqenjini elithile. Uyaqhubeka ngenxa yesizathu esisodwa noma ezimbili bayashintshana ekufukameleni nezikhathi. Ubhubhane liyakhula izigameko endaweni noma esifundeni. Njengomthetho, ihlanganisa inkathi ethile onyakeni. Bhubhane ephawula ezingeni ukutheleleka ihlala iminyaka embalwa noma kusekude ngamashumi eminyaka. Okusatshalalisiwe zokugula kulokhu kulelivekati.

Bokungafani isibonisi

Kungase ezihlobene izindawo sikhathi, amaqembu. Esimweni sokuqala, ngezigaba kusekelwe ukusabalala endaweni ethangini. Ikakhulukazi, ahlukanisa

  • endaweni Global. Kulokhu, ukusabela wenziwa phakathi komuntu kanye anthroponoses kwesigubhu.
  • Lesifunda kwendawo yemvelo - a zoonoses yemvelo eqondile.

Ukuzwe isikhathi:

  • Cyclicity.
  • Seasonality.
  • Ukuzwe ups ukutheleleka.

Non-ukufana ezifundwa amaqembu abantu abahlala oluthathwa by izici epidemiologically abalulekile nalokuhlelekile. Lezi zingozi zihlanganisa ama iqembu:

  • Ubudala.
  • Professional.
  • Kuye yokuhlala (ezisemadolobheni noma yasemaphandleni).
  • Angahlelekile futhi ihlelwe.

Distribution ngokuhambisana izici epidemiologically ezibalulekile Kwenziwa ngesisekelo okunengqondo nikhuluma Ochwepheshe. Lungase luhlanganise ezahlukahlukene, ezifana kuwo.

umqondo Socio-emvelweni

Kusekelwe izikhundla indlela uhlelo. Esebenzisa lo mqondo ithuluzi adalule inqubo ye isakhiwo phezulu. Lembula nokuxhumana obusebenzayo phakathi imihlola eziyizici ezingeni ngalinye. Ngokuhambisana nomqondo inqubo ubhubhane uvezwa uhlobo isakhiwo uhlelo multi-esiteji. Liqinisekisa ukuthi ukhona, ukukhiqiza kabusha nokusakazwa nezilwanyana ezincane yisinanakazana yakha phakathi kwabantu. Level 2 sabiwe isakhiwo: eco- futhi sotsekosistemny.

uhlelo yisinanakazana

It ahluke ziyakhula. Lokhu kusho ukuthi-ke yakhiwa abantu abathile emphakathini host. Ngo i umzimba iqhubeka inqubo ezithathelwanayo, ivezwa ngendlela inqola noma kobukhulu zokugula emtholampilo. Lapho ukuqaliswa indlela yokudlulisela kanye nokuxhumana of the lwegciwane ngendlela umzimba singangena interpopulation zishintshe. Mayelana nalesi simiso yisinanakazana iqukethe isigaba sabefundisi izinqubo eziningi ezithathelwanayo. Umqondo inqubo ubhubhane iba abstract, ngaphandle nokuqonda injongo mshini yokudlulisela.

isakhiwo phezulu

It is zihlukaniswa uhlamvu multi-level futhi kuhlanganisa izingqimba eziningana okhonzile:

  • Organismic. Inkulumo kulokhu ku inqubo ezithathelwanayo ngqo. It izinhlelo uxhumana ethulwa ngesimo subpopulation organismic we lwegciwane kanye nenhlangano esele begazi lesi silwanyana.
  • Cell. Kulelizinga kukhona uhlelo ehlanganisa nomuntu ngamunye we amagciwane futhi amaseli umzimba target.
  • Izicubu-sitho. Kulelizinga, isethi engezansi endawo amagciwane baxhumana inhlangano ethile kwezicubu ezithile kanye nezinhlaka umninikhaya.
  • Subcellular (yamangqamuzana). Lapha ama-apharathasi zofuzo uxhumana molecule begazi amagciwane kanye aphethe.

Ephakeme e isakhiwo sotsekosistemny kubhekwe ubhubhane inqubo ezingeni, lapho semvelo ifakiwe njengoba omunye Izigaba yangaphakathi. Eyesibili umelwe ngesimo inhlangano emphakathini. Njengoba izimbangela ukuthuthukiswa futhi eminye inqubo ubhubhane wenza ngokunembile nokuxhumana of the subsystems ezimbili. Ngesikhathi Lomkhuba efanayo e ekostrukture kulawulwa abahlukaniswa ezenhlalo.

Ngokwesibonelo

Ngo-February, 2014 e Guinea (West Africa), kwaqubuka Ebola. Uyaqhubeka kuze kube yilolu suku. Kulokhu, lo mqedazwe Ebola uye wathuthela ngaphesheya isimo futhi lasakazekela nakwamanye amazwe. Le ndawo ethintekile kuhlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, eSierra Leone, eLiberia, e-United States, Senegal, Mali, Spain, Nigeria. Leli cala uhlukile ngoba isifo uqalile okokuqala eNtshonalanga Afrika. Odokotela emazweni lapho zokugula ukusabalala, akudingeki isipiliyoni zokubhekana nayo. Lesi simo yashubisa amathuba netwetwe labantu ngenxa nokwaziswa okunganembile. Ukusiza uhulumeni Guinean bathunyelwa izindawo nezabasebenzi zezinhlangano zamazwe omhlaba kanye kazwelonke. Ikakhulukazi, usizo olunikezwa: United States i-Centre for Epidemiology, Russia, Rospotrebnadzor, i-European Commission. Siza wathumela ne-Economic Community of States of Western Europe. Ngo Guinea wasebenza Epidemiology Laboratory. Ochwepheshe siqoqe futhi sihlaziye ukwaziswa ngalesi sifo. Epidemiology Centre basekela lalolo, behlukene abantu abayimiqemane elinegciwane. Njengoba kuphawuliwe umqondisi jikelele WHO Keiji Fukuda, okwenzeka kokugqashuka baba anamandla kakhulu kunazo zonke e umkhuba.

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