KumiswaIndaba

Insika noblewoman - ubani lo? Umsuka futhi lisho ukuthini igama elithi

Abaningi amazwi yezinganekwane ubudala ezinganeni zanamuhla ezibangela kuphela badideke kanye nabantu abadala Akucaci ngokuphelele indlela ukuchaza lokhu noma lokhuya umqondo. Ngokwesibonelo, lokho kusho "insika yizicukuthwane" ka Pushkin sika inganekwane? Kwahamba kusuka izwi? Zama ukuqonda.

Izikhulu eRussia

Ngo Kievan Rus welithi "izikhulu" akukenzeki. Ngokwemvelo, lokhu kusho izindlu kwesikhulu sase sikhona kakade, kodwa ukuba zijoyine we boyars Amakhosi ayephelezelwa, isimiso, kungenzeka noma iyiphi indoda. Njengoba ikilasi, izikhulu wathatha ijamo usuvele xv ekhulwini XIII-Moscow eRussia. Ukuvela lesi sigaba atehlukaniseki nezimiso ngokuphathelene namalungelo okusebenzisa umhlaba pereosmotreniem.

Estates futhi izigodi

Ngo Muscovy babengamakhulu amabili izinhlobo umhlaba wangasese - patrimony futhi izindlu. Fiefdom ngokuthi umhlaba wangasese, okuyinto kudlule izizukulwane ngezizukulwane. Manor - leli zwe ukusetshenziswa okwesikhashana, onikelwa isevisi eside e- inkonzo yasobala. Mayelana ukunwetshwa ensimini eMoscow neRussia, ngenxa anyuswe komhlaba eningizimu empumalanga yeSiberia, yokulima waba ngaphezulu, kodwa kungenziwa kuphela atholakala e-service yenkosi.

amakholomu

Umhlaba, esihlinzeka abantu servicemen abangu ehlotshisiwe ngokuvumelana nemithetho sikhathi izinqumo ezikhethekile - amakholomu. Bona umsebenzi ngamunye ungathola ukuthi kwakukhona izwe lakhe, futhi bayoba nelungelo lokhu uma engayifezi kahle ukuzihlakulela. Izinhlu abadonsekela up sasivumela kaningi, futhi kuhlolwa futhi ugunyazwe yinkosi. Ngakho Emperor of All Russia nakancane mayelana nenani labantu abaqotho kuye, eyayinawo izigodi. Ukuze uthole kulolu hlu - iphupho zonke servitor, ngoba kwakusho hhayi kuphela izwe lasemhlabeni, kodwa futhi ukunakwa kungenzeka futhi umusa wenkosi.

Kunikezwa uhlu amagama abanikazi izigodi zalotshwa kusukela phezulu kuya phansi - "kukholamu." Ngakho indoda, ogama lakhe lalingu-ku "amakholomu" waqamba "okusezingeni eliphezulu yizicukuthwane" futhi "insika noblewoman." Ilungelo, ekhuluma khona ezweni Holdings, futhi umusa okhethekile zenkosi. Singene ezithandwayo zezingoma "amakholomu" Kwakungelula.

abesifazane noblewoman

Ekuqaleni kuphela amadoda behlelwa "amakholomu". Kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uhlu abangu amazisayo amagama zesifazane. Futhi inkolelo yokungafi 'ayenengqondo okusezingeni eliphezulu ". Okwakushiwo "enhle" kusho imvelaphi ezinhle noma umshado ezisizayo. Igama elithi "okusezingeni eliphezulu" kubonisa khona inkanyezi enomsila futhi umhlaba ithuba elihle.

Ngakho, noblewoman insika - ungowesifazane omkhaya ezinhle, umfazi noma umfelokazi inceku yomphakathi, umnikazi we-izindlu. Ngemva kokufa isisebenzi sikahulumeni, kusho umfelokazi wakhe wayenelungelo lokuthola kubuyise Land Local "lokuhlala", ngemva kokufa kwakhe, ifa waphindiselwa Treasury, futhi angase adluliselwe kwezinye Izicukuthwane zalo-insika. Ezimweni lapho unkosikazi noma indodakazi ukuphiwa indawo ephethwe mathupha, zazinzima ezingavamile. Njengomthetho, lelilungelo kwadingeka kuphela noblewoman insika. Le mpahla ngokuvamile atholakala ngaphansi ukuvikelwa ngokukhethekile kombuso, futhi adayise, pawn noma yedlule owesifazane akanakuba nomhlaba.

kwekuhlela kabusha Land

Ukudideka phakathi abanikazi bomhlaba patrimonial nowasekhaya babevamile ngakho, ukudala eziningi ngokuphazamisa nezahlulelo okungalungile. Kumele sicacise ukuthi izahlulelo ngalezo zinsuku ikakhulu okwenzekileyo umthetho icala, futhi uchungechunge emthethweni izinqumo zenkantolo ku ukudluliswa izigodi wendawo ngofuzo, irenti noma ukuthengisa, ukusakaza kulo lonke izwe. Ukuze semthethweni isimo esikhona manje, kuhlelwa kabusha kwemhlaba kwenziwa.

kwekuhlela kabusha Land Isiqalo XVI ekhulwini equalized abanikazi isikhundla ezweni patrimonial nowasekhaya. Endaweni eyayithengwe imikhaya ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, nezwe, okuyinto ephethwe omunye umnumzana noma insika gentlewoman - leli zwe, kuncike imithetho efanayo. Lesi sinqumo sathathwa ukuze livumele ngokomthetho omkhulukazi ezweni Endaweni lapho, ukukhuluma kuqhathaniswa, akazange basonta zabanikazi abafanele. Ngakho, okwamanje la mandla-izicukuthwane, nezikhulu lezinceku waqala - ilungelo labo umhlaba bewungeke kuphela bachithe ngokwabo. Njengoba kulindelekile, leyo minyaka lwakhula waqinisa autocracy negunya imperial iyaligodla ilungelo ukuthatha izwe futhi ukudicilela phansi wohlanga olukhulu.

Imiphumela

Ngakho asebenzelana ngayo elithi "insika noblewoman." Okwakushiwo amanga phezu - kummeleli kwamadoda asebukhosini, egama layo linguJehova ku "pole uhlu" imithetho yombusi. Mhlawumbe uyindodakazi izinceku zenkosi okuzisholo noma umkakhe, ngemuva eyayibonakala oluthunyelwe eZweni Local "sesondlo". Kodwa ngemva ukwamukelwa kwenarha, izwi iqala ukuphuma ukusetshenziswa, futhi cishe ilahlekelwa nencazelo yalo. A. S. Pushkin e indaba yakhe ukusebenzisa leli gama libhekisela hhayi kuphela ukuhaha ka isalukazi, kodwa isifiso sakhe ukwaziwa elikhethekile yenkosi uqobo. Kodwa yaphela njani isikhathi sokuba lona wesifazane abahahayo, yibo bonke abantu.

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