Izigaba eyinhloko nokwenza amathuluzi obuchwepheshe kanye nokwaziswa izinsiza

Ngo ukuthuthukiswa lwesintu zanamuhla njalo ziyaphuma ezihlukahlukene izinguquko emkhakheni ulwazi, futhi abanye kungenziwa ngokuthi revolution kweqiniso. Nokho, abantu abaningi abazi nokwazi amazinga ayisisekelo ukuthuthukiswa amathuluzi obuchwepheshe kanye nokwaziswa imithombo.

Zaziyini lezi linemibhikisho?

Inguquko lokuqala ingashiwo ukwethulwa lokubhala, ngoba uye wavumela abantu ukuba buthelela futhi kamuva ukusabalalisa ulwazi wathola. Izigaba nokwenza amathuluzi obuchwepheshe kanye ulwazi izinsiza zivela ke ngokubhala, njengoba ngaphandle kwalo, ngeke kwenzeke ukufeza into esaziyo ukuthi namuhla.

Inguquko yesibili ezenzeka esikhathini Maphakathi nekhulu XVI futhi nemidwebo. Kubantu, kwaba khona isidingo sezisebenzi bakwazi ukunikeza ulwazi mass-kufinyeleleke, hhayi nje abagcine ngandlela-thile. Literacy laliya mkhuba kakhudlwana futhi ebanzi ngaphezulu, okuyinto lamboza uquqaba ezibanzi zabantu. Futhi, kwakukhona ukusheshisa abalulekile ukukhula intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe nesayensi, okwagcina kwaholela ukufohla zezimboni, futhi benza umnikelo ngokuthi izigaba nokwenza amathuluzi obuchwepheshe kanye nokwaziswa imithombo. Izincwadi sawela ngokuphelele neyobuzwe ukuthi kwagcina kuholele ekubeni ukuqala kumiswa impucuko womuntu.

revolution Okwesithathu - kuyaphawuleka intuthuko kwezokuxhumana ezikhethekile. Lezi izigaba nokwenza amathuluzi obuchwepheshe kanye nokwaziswa izinsiza, njengoba ukubukeka ifoni, umsakazo kanye yocingo kwenza ukuba ngokushesha adlulisele ulwazi oluthile kunoma ibanga, ukuze zaqala ukusetshenziswa cishe kuyo yonke indawo.

Wesine Revolution - kuyinto ukuvela-computer abantu ngabanye microprocessors. Nge kwesikhathi engimbumbile ephelele computer ezokuxhumana, lapho kwaba nethonya eliphawulekayo yosesho kanye isitoreji izinhlelo. Izigaba eyinhloko ekwakhiweni kwamathuluzi lobuchwepheshe kanye nolwazi imithombo omcasule izinguquko eziphawulekayo ukuthuthukiswa emphakathini wanamuhla, ukuze uthome ngokuthi "ulwazi."

Kuyini umphakathi ukwaziswa?

Kuyinto umphakathi lapho iningi labantu emsebenzini wabo ezihlobene isitoreji, ukukhiqizwa, ukucubungula ethengisa ezihlukahlukene ulwazi, kufaka phakathi ulwazi njengoba oluphakeme kakhulu ke. Imininingwane namuhla kuyindaba ukusetshenziswa jikelele, futhi umphakathi wanamuhla ivumela noma iyiphi inhlangano ukufinyelela okugcwele yimuphi umthombo idatha. Nge isikhathi oqala ukuvela ezingasho zindlela ezintsha ekuhloleni ezingeni ekukhuleni komphakathi, okufana nenombolo yokuxhumana kwi-Inthanethi, amakhompyutha, fixed kanye omakhalekhukhwini, kanye nabanye abaningi.

ihluke kanjani?

Kuyaphawuleka a umehluko ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo ukuthi wathola umphakathi ukwaziswa ngemva wadlula izigaba eyinhloko ekwakhiweni kwamathuluzi lobuchwepheshe kanye nolwazi izinsiza:

• khudlwana indima ulwazi kanye nobuchwepheshe efanele ekuphileni;
• anda isibalo sabantu umsebenzi wabo kuhlobane ngokuqondile ulwazi kabanzi kwezobuchwepheshe, kwezokuxhumana, futhi izinsizakalo kanye nemikhiqizo yabo yokukhiqiza ezihlobene, kanye okwandisa ingxenye ababa nayo omkhiqizo emazweni asethuthukile;
• kwandisa okuthiwa informatization emphakathini ngenxa yokuthi bayanda sebeqala amakhompyhutha asetshenziswa kabanzi, izingcingo, kanye netinsita letisebentisa gezi kanye yendabuko;
• kwakukhona global ulwazi isikhala, lapho waqinisekisa ukutholakala ukufinyelela izinsiza ezahlukene, kwakukhona lokukhulumisana okuphumelelayo, nanakekela ngokuphelele izidingo emphakathini wanamuhla ezihlukahlukene izinsizakalo kanye nemikhiqizo yabo;
• kancane kancane elokhu ivela Imininingwane umnotho, e-intando yeningi, kanye emakethe digital, amanethiwekhi umnotfo kanye nesakhiwonchanti setenhlalo.

Umqondo "ulwazi umphakathi" yasungulwa ngawo-80s. Ezokuxhumana revolution has kwaqala kwaba maphakathi nawo-70s kanye kancane kancane okuhlanganisiwe ne-computer, okuyilokho, eqinisweni, waqala ngisemncane kakhulu futhi waqhubeka ngezigaba eziningana.

kwaba kanjani inguquko khompyutha?

Ukuthuthukiswa amathuluzi obuchwepheshe kanye nokwaziswa izinsiza emkhakheni ubuchwepheshe bama-computer has kwaqala emuva ngo-30 leminyaka elidlule, futhi kulesi sigaba ubizwa ngokuthi "zero umjikelezo". ekuqaleni yalo iwukuba ukuthuthukisa amakhompyutha lokuqala electronic, lapho esikhundleni izingxenye ejwayelekile mechanical, baqala ukusebenzisa ezikhethekile electron amashubhu.

Eyesibili esiteji - ukudalwa amakhompyutha wokuqala siqu, ezisetshenziswa njengengxenye izifunda ehlangene, kanye umkhiqizo wabo phambili.

Ezokuxhumana revolution

Kunzima ukusho ukuthi izigaba nokwenza amathuluzi obuchwepheshe kanye nokwaziswa imithombo sewenze nomthelela kakhulu, kodwa endaweni ekhethekile kunikezwa ezokuxhumana revolution okwenzeka ngemva ukuvela satellite fiber-optic ubuchwepheshe.

Symbiosis lwekhompuyutha kanye ezokuxhumana ubuchwepheshe ubumbe emakethe eziningana izinhlelo kanye nemikhiqizo emisha, futhi namuhla zingabantu omunye imikhakha ezisemqoka iminotho amaningi asethuthukile. Abaningi bebona kudingekile ngokuqhubekayo ukuletha ezidayiswayo ahlukahlukene, futhi esikhundleni athathe ezihlukahlukene imikhiqizo ulwazi sale wathola Umcebo kazwelonke.

Kuze kube manje, izindleko kolwazi nobuchwepheshe iphezulu kakhulu njengoba kuqhathaniswa ezidayiswayo, ukuze amazwe athuthukile Siphumelele indinganiso enjalo ephakeme eziphilayo. Abaningi namuhla abaqapheli ukuthi lokuphuma phambili okumisiwe kwabaholi bezombangazwe emhlabeni namuhla incike lokho izigaba eyinhloko ekwakhiweni kwamathuluzi lobuchwepheshe kanye nolwazi imithombo waphasisa State nokuthi asebenzayo lisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ezikhethekile.

Okwanika inyunyana ubuchwepheshe?

Ngenxa yokuthi ezokuxhumana nekhompyutha revolution ahlanganisiwe nomunye, baqala ukwakha inethiwekhi enkulu ezinkulu, kuhlanganise njengoba global. Ngalezi amanethiwekhi Imininingwane inikeza search isheshe, ukuwudlulisa ukucutshungulwa yonke idatha efanele.

Ngaphansi izinsiza ulwazi kuleli cala inikeza ulwazi okuyinto kulotshwe esithwalini ukhulumele ukwaziswa okuthile futhi kamuva elondolozwe ku izinhlelo ezikhethekile, ezifana namabhange ezahlukene, izimali, zomlando kanye imitapo. Umnikazi yithuluzi ulwazi umuntu oyedwa noma iqembu elithile labantu, inkampani, isifunda, idolobha, ezweni noma ngisho naphakathi emhlabeni wonke. Le imithombo liwumkhiqizo imisebenzi ingxenye afanelekayo kakhulu emphakathini wanamuhla.

Uyini umehluko?

kukhona omunye umehluko onohlonze phakathi ulwazi kanye nezinye izinsiza - zonke izinsiza zinyamalale ngokuphelele ngemva ukusetshenziswa, ngenkathi esingenamkhawulo kuphelele futhi akupheli izikhathi, noma uma kunesidingo, ukukopishwa ngaphandle kwemingcele singasetshenziswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenziwa kulezi yanda, ngoba usebenzisa idatha akuvamile kuyinto yokwenziwa ngokuphelele semvelo iningi labantu amacala kuholela ukwaziswa okwengeziwe.

Yiziphi?

Izigaba nokwenza amathuluzi obuchwepheshe kanye nokwaziswa imithombo emlandweni zohlobo ezimbili zama-imithombo yedatha - kwasobala nokwabantu ngabanye. Kuye idatha ukufinyelela isigaba ngokwalo ngesikhathi esifanayo zihlukaniswe ovulekile futhi kuvinjelwe. Futhi, isigaba yokugcina luhlukaniswe ulwazi izimfihlo zombuso kanye nolwazi lwangasese nje.

Yini kwaholela ekwakhekeni?

Abaningi namuhla Angazi ukuthi yini kunezigaba e ekwakhiweni kwamathuluzi lobuchwepheshe kanye nolwazi imithombo. Umlando uthi kwencazelo kokusungulwa isayensi zisithonye sinamandla kakhulu ngcono nokwakheka kwalo impucuko jikelele. Ikakhulukazi, sihlobana ukuthuthukiswa isondo, injini umusi, ngokusobala ukuvulwa kwaleyo ugesi, amandla enuzi nabanye namanje abaningi. Izinqubo izinguquko eziphawulekayo ubunjalo ukukhiqizwa, okwaphumela okutholakele okuthile emkhakheni wesayensi, ngokuthi inguquko kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe.

izigaba

Ngemva kwesigamu kwekhulu elidlule kwakukhona ubunjiniyela computer yesibili, kuye kwaba isici esibaluleke kunazo zonke kuleli lapho kugumbuqelwa umbuso. Ngakho, nathi singakwethemba uqaphele izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• Ukudalwa computer yokuqala ngo-1945. Cishe iminyaka engu-30, ama-computer ziye zasetshenziswa inombolo elincane labantu, futhi ngokuyisisekelo lapho babengase batholakale khona kuphela ekukhiqizeni isayensi.
• Njengoba sekunama-computer siqu 70s. PC kakhulukazi, kabanzi kakhulu isetshenziswe kuphela ensimini ezimbonini kanye yesayensi, kodwa futhi enkonzweni, imfundo kanye nokuphila kwansuku zonke. Ngakho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amakhompyutha babé kuncike zokuphila kwansuku zonke ezifana ejwayelekile zasendlini ezifana amathelevishini noma tape abalobi.
• Ukufika kwe-intanethi - inethiwekhi yekhompyutha global. Ngemva ukubonakala "Isilinganiswa Sokwakho Sezintambo" ikhompyutha, okuyinto ibekwe phezu edeskini encane umuntu ngamunye baba ewindini ezweni elikhulu kolwazi. Nale sigaba saqala ukuvela imiqondo ezifana "zingosi" noma "ulwazi isikhala embulungeni yonke." Kuyinto abantu ngemva kokusungulwa kwe-Inthanethi angaqala cabanga yokuthi umlando impucuko kuye kwasilethela kuya esigabeni "umphakathi ulwazi ngamakhasimende."

Abaningi bathi kunezigaba ezine nokwenza amathuluzi obuchwepheshe kanye nokwaziswa izinsiza, kodwa osebenza kuyo ngezinga elikhulu ekwakhekeni Computing yesimanje.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bama-computer uye savela?

I computer ithuluzi eyinhloko computerization. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, zikhona 4 izigaba nokwenza amathuluzi obuchwepheshe kanye nokwaziswa imithombo, kuhlobane ngokuqondile Computing:

• Manual. Lesi sigaba kusekelwe ukusetshenziswa iminwe yakhe nezinzwani zakhe. yesondlo-Akhawunti usebenzisa eshintshashintshayo izifundo kanye namaqembu ahlukahlukene Ubala ku eyandulela abhakhasi - ukuthuthukiswa kudivayisi nokubala lasendulo. Njengoba isifaniso, leli thuluzi kungaholela izikolo, ezisetshenziswa abanye abantu namuhla.
• Ezamakhompiyutha kanye namadivayisi. Amadivayisi anjalo avele ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa abalulekile Mechanics ekhulwini XVII, eyaqala ukuvelela ngenxa a mechanical ukubala indlela. Ngakho, kwakungekho umshini mechanical ukungeza, Pascal owasungula le ayisishiyagalombili-imodeli umshini nokubala summation, kuyilapho Leibniz kwakhiwa okuthiwa lokuqala ngokungeza mshini ngalo ungakwazi enze yonke imisebenzi emine izibalo.
• Electromechanical. Lesi sinyathelo iyona okungenani nje eyathatha iminyaka engu-60, kusukela ukuvela imishini lokuqala electromechanical ziphethe ukwakheka izakhiwo Kubalwa-kohlaziyo lokuqala eliqukethe e oyiyo a ukuhlunga umshini, tabulator kanye Punch mathupha. Ikakhulu, i-umkhiqizo wokugcina isetjentiswe ukucutshungulwa Imiphumela yokubala abantu emazweni ahlukahlukene, kuhlanganise naseRussia.
• Electronic. Lihlobene nokubhekana ubuso kusungulwa yekhompuyutha, ngokuthi ENIAC ngo-1945. Emlandweni ukuqhubeka computer isinqumo ukwaba izizukulwane eziningana, ngayinye yaba has izici zayo siqu esiyingqayizivele kanye nezici.

Ngakho, ngaso sonke olulodwa wenza umnikelo ayo ukuba ukuthuthukiswa kolwazi nobuchwepheshe besimanje futhi kumiswa umphakathi esikwaziyo namuhla.