Isazi-mlando saseRashiya uVasily Klyuchevsky: biography, izingcaphuno, ama-aphorisms, izitatimende namaqiniso athakazelisayo

U-Vasily Klyuchevsky (1841-1911 gg.) - omkhulu nomunye wezazi-mlando ezidumile zaseRussia engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XIX. Ngokufanelekile uthathwa njengomsunguli wezomnotho we-bourgeois ku-historiography kazwelonke, ngoba nguye owokuqala ukukhokha ngokucophelela ukutadisha impilo kazwelonke kanye nezisekelo zomnotho zokuphila komphakathi.

Olunye ulwazi mayelana nentsha yesazi-mlando

U-Klyuchevsky Vasily Osipovich, obunikazi bakhe obufushane oboniswe kulesi sigaba, wazalwa ngo-1841 esifundazweni sasePenza. Wayeyindodana yompristi wesigodi. Abazali bakhe ababili kanye nabakhulu-mkhulu nabo babefundisi. Ngakho-ke, imfundiso yesonto yayinethonya elikhulu kuye. Umcwaningi walondoloza isithakazelo emlandweni wama-orthodox ngokuphila: isingeniso sakhe sokuqala sasinikelwe empilweni yabangcwele, futhi kwizifundo zakhe ezidumile emlandweni waseRussia wayelokhu ephendukela ekuthuthukiseni okungokomoya kwabantu kanye nendima ye-Orthodoxy esikhathini esidlule sezwe.

UVasily Klyuchevsky wafunda esikoleni sasePenza nasePenza seminary, kodwa wanquma ukuzinikela kwisayensi yezwe yomlando. Wathandwa yi-faculty ye-history-philological yaseMoscow University, eyayiyinhloko yokuphila kwezenhlalakahle nezombangazwe ngesikhathi esicatshangelwe. Kodwa-ke, imfundo yesonto yayinethonya elikhulu kuye. Isazi-mlando ngokwakhe savuma ukuthi isifundo se-scholasticism senze kuye amandla okucabanga ngendlela efanele.

Iminyaka yokutadisha kanye nezifundo zokuqala

U-Klyuchevsky uVasiliy Osipovich, ophikisayo wakhe oqhubekayo kulesi sigaba, wafunda iminyaka emine eMoscow University. Lesi sikhathi saba yinqaba ekukhetheni umsebenzi wakhe kanye nezifundo zocwaningo. Ithonya elikhulu kuye lanikezwa yizinkulumo zomlando-mlando F. Buslaev. Khona-ke usosayensi wesikhathi esizayo waba nesithakazelo esizindeni sabantu, isiko, izaga, izaga.

UVasily Kliuchevsky wanquma ukuzinikela ekutadisheni izisekelo zokuphila kwabantu, njengoba echaza. Isiqubulo sakhe sokuqala sanikezwa ekutadisheni ngokucophelela izincwadi ze-hagiographic. Ngaphambi kwalo, akekho owazi-mlando wezifuyo oye wabhekana nale ndaba ngokuningiliziwe. Olunye ucwaningo oluyinhloko lunikezelwa ekuhloleni ukubunjwa kwe- Boyar Duma. UVasily Klyuchevsky wahlaziya ngokucophelela lezo zindlela zomphakathi ezaziyingxenye yalesi sigungu eseluleka ngaphansi kwezikhulu namakhosi aseRashiya. Umsebenzi wakhe wavula izindlela ezintsha ze-historiography ekuhloleni isakhiwo senhlalo yomphakathi. Indlela yakhe yayihlanganisa ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwazo zonke izibonakaliso zokuphila nokuphila kwansuku zonke kwabantu abavamile, okwakubaluleke kakhulu eRussia engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XIX ngemuva kokuqedwa kwe-serfdom.

Isebenza emlandweni

U-Vasily Kliuchevsky, owaziwa ngaye okwesikhashana ezigabeni zangaphambilini, waziwa njengomlobi wezinkambo ezidumile zezinkulumo ayekade efunda amashumi eminyaka ambalwa. Ukuba isikhulumi esihle kakhulu, wayekhuluma kahle ngolimi lwezincwadi, okwakwenza izinkulumo zakhe zicacise futhi zicacise. Ngenxa yezimpendulo ezibukhali nezihlakaniphile ahamba nazo ngokucabanga kwakhe ngokwesayensi, izinkulumo zakhe zathola ukuthandwa okukhethekile. U-Vasily Klyuchevsky, umlando wakhe waseRussia waba yindinganiso yangempela hhayi kuphela kubafundi bakhe, kodwa nakwabanye ososayensi abaningi basekhaya, wabizwa nangokuthi ungumbukeli ocabangela ukuphila kwabantu baseRussia. Ngaphambi kwakhe, abacwaningi, njengombuso, banakekele izenzakalo zezombangazwe namaqiniso, ngakho umsebenzi wakhe ngaphandle kokugqwetha ungabizwa ngokuthi yimpumelelo yangempela ku-historiography.

Ulimi lwesosayensi

Isici sesilulumagama sikaKlyuchevsky ukuveza, ukuchithwa nokugqama kwamazwi. Umcwaningi wayekwazi ukuveza imicabango yakhe ngokucacile ngezinkinga ezihlukahlukene kakhulu zanamuhla nezesikhathi esidlule. Isibonelo, unayo isitatimende esilandelayo mayelana nokuguqulwa kombusi wokuqala waseRashiya: "Kukhona njalo inkunkuma eningi ekwakhiweni okukhulu, futhi okuhle okuningi kwanyamalala emsebenzini kaPetru ngokushesha." Isazi-mlando sasivame ukusebenzisa ukufanisa nokufanisa okufanako, okungafani nokho, okwakubonisa kahle kakhulu imicabango yakhe.

Isitatimende sakhe ngoCatherine II, esiyibiza ngokuthi "isenzakalo esisha esihlalweni sobukhosi saseRussia," siyathakazelisa. Usosayensi ngokuvamile wayesebenzisa ukufaniswa okufanayo, okwakwenza ukuba ukwazi ukuqonda kangcono indaba ayeyihlanganise. Iningi lamazwi kaKlyuchevsky aseba uhlobo lwesaga emlandweni wezezimali ezifuywayo. Ngokuvamile, imishwana yakhe ichazwe ukuze inikeze ukucacisa ukucabanga. Amazwi akhe amaningi abe ama-aphorisms. Ngakho-ke, isitatimende esithi "ERussia, isikhungo esiphambanweni" sishesha ngokushesha kubantu: singasitholakala emaphephandabeni, e-symposia, ezinkomfa.

Usosayensi ngomlando nokuphila

Imicabango kaKlyuchevsky ihluke ekuqaleni nasekuqaleni. Ngakho-ke, yena uqobo lwakhe uvuselela lesiLatini esidumile esithi umlando ufundisa ukuphila: "Umlando awufundisi lutho, kepha ujezisa ngokungazi izifundo." Ukunemba, ukucaca nokuhlakanipha kolimi kulethwe ososayensi hhayi kuphela isiRussia, kodwa futhi nodumo lwezwe: abacwaningi abaningi bezinye izizwe, abafundela umlando waseRussia, babhekisela ngqo emisebenzini yakhe. I-aphorisms yesazi-mlando lapho esho khona isimo sakhe sengqondo hhayi nje kuphela emlandweni kodwa futhi nasezinkingeni jikelele zefilosofi ngokuvamile nayo inesithakazelo: "Ukuphila akukhona ngokuphila, kungukuthi uzizwa ukuthi uhlala."

Amanye amaqiniso avela ku-biography

Ekuphetheni, kufanele sikhombise izikhathi ezimbalwa ezithakazelisayo ezivela ekuphileni kwalomcwaningi ovelele. Umcwaningi wesikhathi esizayo wafunda ukufunda eminyakeni emine futhi kusukela ebuntwaneni ebusana wabonisa ikhono elimangalisayo lokutadisha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, wabhekana nokuthungula futhi ngenxa yemizamo emikhulu wakwazi ukunqoba lesi sici futhi waba umkhulumeli ohlakaniphile. Wabamba iqhaza emihlanganweni edumile yasePeterhof ekudaleni iDuma, futhi wagijima njengelungu leCadet Party, kodwa wehluleka. Ngakho-ke, uKliuchevsky Vasiliy Osipovich, owaziwa ngokucwaninga kwakhe, ubuciko bakhe nobuciko bakhe waba yingxenye yalolu cwaningo, ungomunye wabachwepheshe basekhaya abaholayo ekufundeni umlando waseRussia.