Isazi sezinto eziphila kuleli British yamangqamuzana, futhi kwezinzwa biophysicist Frensis Krik: Biography, izimpumelelo, okwatholwa amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Francis Crick Harri Compton wayengomunye walaba izazi zezinto eziphilayo ezimbili yamangqamuzana ngubani zembulwe imfihlo isakhiwo othwala ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo -deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ngaleyo ndlela eziqalisa molecular biology yesimanje. Ngemva kwalokho eliyisisekelo esesithathile neqhaza elikhulu esivumelwaneni ukuqonda isimiso sezakhi zofuzo futhi umsebenzi zezakhi zofuzo, kanye Neurobiology. Waxoxela uMklomelo KaNobel kwezokwelapha ngo-1962 ne James Watson no Maurice Wilkins ngokuba elucidation isakhiwo DNA.

Frensis Krik: Biography

Umdala kwamadodana, uFrancis, wazalelwa emndenini Harry Crick futhi Elizabeth Ann Wilkins 8 Juni 1916 e Northampton, eNgilandi. Waba khona lolimi esikoleni sendawo futhi kusukela zisencane waba nesithakazelo ucwaningo, ngokuvamile obuhambisana nokuthanda ukuqhuma kwamakhemikhali. Esikoleni, wathola umklomelo lokuqoqa izimbali zasendle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba behlanyiswa ithenisi, kodwa hhayi ezithandela nezinye imidlalo kanye nemidlalo. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-14, uFrancis Uthole isikole scholarship Hill, enyakatho yeLondon. Ngemva kweminyaka emine, lapho eseneminyaka engu-18, wabhalisa e-University College. Ukuze abazali bakhe zokuba umuntu omdala lisuswe kusuka Northampton Hill, futhi bavunyelwe Francis ukuphila uma ngitadisha ekhaya. Wathweswa iziqu nge-honours e Physics.

Ngemva undergraduate Frensis Krik eholwa da Costa Andrade at University College wenza ucwaningo viscosity amanzi ngaphansi kwengcindezi futhi ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu. Ngo-1940, uFrancis wathola ihhovisi yombango Admiralty, lapho ayesebenza khona phezu design kwezimayini anti-umkhumbi. Ngasekuqaleni kwalo nyaka, Crick washada noRuthe Doreen Dodd. Indodana yabo, uMichael wazalwa ngesikhathi epequlula emoyeni ku London Novemba 25, 1940. Ekupheleni kwempi, uFrancis wabelwa kwehlwaywe yesayensi yindlunkulu British Admiralty e Whitehall, lapho egxila ukwakhiwa kwezikhali.

On the esengozini eziphilayo nezingaphili

Njengoba siqaphela ukuthi ngabe ukuthi ngidinga ukuqeqeshwa okwengeziwe ukuze anelise isifiso sabo bahlanganyele ucwaningo eziyisisekelo, Crick wanquma ukusebenza ngezinga eziphambili. Ngokusho kwakhe, yena umxhwele izindawo ezimbili biology - umngcele phakathi kwabaphilayo nezingaphili futhi umsebenzi ubuchopho. Creek wakhetha ngowokuqala, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi wayazi okuncane mayelana nale ndaba. Ngemva kwezifundo kwesikhashana University College ngo-1947, wafike wama uhlelo endaweni yokucwaninga e Cambridge ngaphansi kokuqondisa Artura Hyuza, eziphathelene ukusebenza Izakhiwo zanoma cytoplasm nesiko inkukhu fibroblasts.

Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, Crick wajoyina iqembu loMkhandlu Wezocwaningo ngesikhathi Cavendish Laboratory. Lalihlanganisa izifundiswa Maks Peruts futhi Dzhon Kendryu (Nobel Prize esizayo) British. Francis waqala babambisane nabo, ayethi uzokwenza ngazo ukufunda isakhiwo amaprotheni, kodwa empeleni ukusebenza Watson ku isakhiwo DNA ekwambulweni.

Helix double

Ngo-1947, Frensis Krik ohlukanisile Doreen futhi ngo-1949 washada Odile Speed, umfundi, umculi, ayehlangana nabo lapho edumisa lemikhumbi yempi lapho ekhonza Admiralty. Umshado kwaqondana ekuqaleni ngubuso umsebenzi-X-ray diffractometry amaprotheni. Le ndlela yokutadisha isakhiwo crystal yezinhlayiya, okuvumela ukuchaza izakhi isakhiwo zabo ezintathu-ntathu.

Ngo-1941 i-Cavendish laboratory eliholwa uSir William Lawrence Bragg, owayeyilungu iphayona-X-ray umumo womsebenzi indlela, iminyaka engamashumi amane edlule. Ngo-1951, Crick bajoyine Dzheyms Uotson, a ngokuvakashela American owayemfundela udokotela Italian Salvador Edward Luria futhi wayeyilungu leqembu zesayensi ezazini eziye zahlola ngokuhlanganyela amagciwane webhaktheriya, eyaziwa ngokuthi bacteriophages.

Njengoba ozakwabo Watson babenesithakazelo ukuvezwa Ukwakheka zezakhi zofuzo wacabanga ukuthi isakhiwo isixazululo DNA ikhambi ethembisayo. ubambiswano lokungakahleleki phakathi Crick futhi Watson ethuthukiswe ngokusebenzisa izifiso ezifanayo futhi efanayo ukucabanga izinqubo. nobuchwepheshe babo sigcwalisa nomunye. Lapho eqala ukuhlangana Crick wayazi okuningi mayelana umumo womsebenzi-X-ray kanye nesakhiwo amaprotheni, futhi Watson kwaba kahle bacteriophages nofuzo virus.

Lezi Franklin

Frensis Krik futhi Dzheyms Uotson babeyazi umsebenzi biochemists Maurice Wilkins futhi URosalind Franklin eKholiji King BakaJehova owawuseLondon, ngubani ngosizo-X-ray umumo womsebenzi uphenyo isakhiwo DNA. Creek, ikakhulukazi, ngokuthi i-London Iqembu ukwakha amamodeli, njengalezo kwenziwe Laynus Poling e-United States ukuze ngixazulule inkinga yokuntuleka kwezinto le Helix amaprotheni-alpha. Pauling, umqondo uyise isibopho chemical yabonisa ukuthi amaprotheni akheke ngakuthathu akuzona nje komugqa acid acid chain.

Wilkins futhi Franklin, esebenza ngokuzimela, ayethanda baqaphela ngokwengeziwe indlela yokulinga theory simulating indlela Pauling, okuyinto banamathela uFrancis. Njengoba iqembu College YeNkosi awaphendulanga isiphakamiso, Crick futhi Watson babe yingxenye esetshenziselwa we esiyiminyaka emibili yezingxoxo nokuphikisana. Ekuqaleni kuka-1953 baqala ukwakha imodeli ze-DNA.

isakhiwo DNA

Ukusebenzisa idatha kusuka-X-ray umumo womsebenzi Franklin, ngo eziningi amaphutha, baye wadala umfuziselo deoxyribonucleic acid molecule okuyinto uhambisane iziphetho London Iqembu nedatha ezinto Erwin Chargaff. Ngo-1950 kwakhululwa yokugcina wabonisa ukuthi inani eyisihlobo nucleotide ezine ze-DNA, kulandela imithetho ethile, omunye okuyinto ukufanisa inani adenine ihambisane (A) inani thymine (T) kanye nenani-guanine (G) isibalo cytosine (C). ukuxhumana okunjalo kuhilela ukuqhathwa A ne-T kanye C no-G, okuchitha umbono wokuthi DNA - akulutho ngaphezu tetranucleotide, okungukuthi i-molecule elula ehlanganisa zonke kwezisekelo ezine.

Entwasahlobo futhi ehlobo lika-1953, Watson Crick wabhala izihloko ezine mayelana isakhiwo deoxyribonucleic acid kanye nezici kwakulindelekile, lokuqala esavela Umagazini i-Nature ngo-25 Ephreli. Publications kulandele imisebenzi Wilkins, Franklin, nabasebenza nabo nganikeza ubufakazi zokuhlola model. Watson iwine i-toss futhi ubeke isibongo kuqala, ngaleyo ndlela kuze kube phakade ngokuxhumanisa impumelelo eliyisisekelo yesayensi nge pair of Watson-Crick.

isimiso sezakhi zofuzo

Eminyakeni embalwa ezayo, Frensis Krik wayetadisha ubuhlobo phakathi kwe-DNA futhi isimiso sezakhi zofuzo. ukusebenzisana wakhe nge Vernon Ingram kuye kwaholela imiboniso ngo-1956, indlela yokwakheka umehluko elithwala umoya-mpilo ka isikela-cell anemia kusukela evamile kwelinye acid acid. Lolu cwaningo wanikeza ubufakazi bokuthi kungenzeka isifo esidluliselwa ngofuzo elihlobene ne-DNA-amaprotheni isilinganiso.

Ngesikhathi ukuba Crick ngesikhathi Cavendish Laboratory bajoyine Genetics Yamamolekhula Biology of South African Sydney Brenner. Baqala ukubhekana "inkinga yokuthi kwase esephepheni" - kwencazelo ukulandelana elisekela DNA esakha ukulandelana amino acid ku amaprotheni. Lo msebenzi wawubhekwa eyokuqala ngo-1957 ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "On the zamagama wamaprotheni." It Crick zavela le postulate eyisisekelo we-molecular biology, owawuthi, ulwazi kudluliselwe amaprotheni emuva manje. Kubikezelwa ukuthi bangaba amaprotheni zamagama imishini ngo ngokudlulisa ulwazi kusuka DNA RNA nokusuka RNA ukuze amaprotheni.

Salk Institute

Ngo-1976, ngesikhathi iholide Crick wanikezwa isikhundla esiphakeme emsebenzini ngokugcwele Institute of Biological Research Salk e La Jolla, California. Wavuma futhi ukuphila kwakhe konke wayesebenza esikhumulweni Salk Institute, kuhlanganise umqondisi. Kube Creek waqala ukutadisha ukusebenza kwengqondo, okuyinto nesithakazelo kuyo kusukela ukuqala umsebenzi ngokwesayensi. It is ikakhulukazi wahlanganyela ukwazi futhi wazama ukuhlasela inkinga ngokutadisha umbono. Creek ishicilele amaphepha amaningana phezu izindlela zokucabangela amaphupho nokunakwa, kodwa, njengoba eloba incwadi ekhuluma ngaye, kwakusadingeka ukuba azale iyiphi ithiyori, okwakuyoholela ngesikhathi esifanayo kwaba entsha bekhombisa ukuchaza amaqiniso amaningi zokuhlola.

"Panspermia Kuqondiswe" Kuvele isiqephu ezithakazelisayo womsebenzi in the Salk Institute kwaba ukuthuthukiswa imibono yakhe. Kanye Leslie Orgel, wanyathelisa incwadi lapho wasikisela ukuba amagciwane ayanda emkhathini, ukuze ekugcineni sifinyelele umhlaba futhi ukuhlwanyela ke, nokuthi kwenziwa ngenxa yesenzo, "umuntu." Ngakho Frensis Krik waphikisa imfundiso yokuziphendukela endalweni, obonisa ukuthi kungenzeka kanjani ukwethula imibono zokucabangela.

usosayensi Imiklomelo

Phakathi nenkonzo yakhe yokuba umhlaziyi lisebenza wezinto eziphilayo yesimanje Frensis Krik babuthana, kuhlelwe futhi ngcono umsebenzi yokulinga abanye futhi alethe abakutholile engavamile ukubhekana nezinkinga eyisisekelo isayensi. imizamo kwakhe okungavamile, ngaphezu uMklomelo KaNobel, iwine kuye imiklomelo eminingi. Lezi zinto zihlanganisa Lasker Award, umklomelo we-French Academy of Sciences of Charles Mayer futhi wasebusika yi-Royal Society Copley. Ngo-1991, abantu bangamukela njengomuntu ilungu Order of Merit.

Crick wafa Julayi 28, 2004 e-San Diego eneminyaka engu-engu-88. Ngo-2016, uFrancis Crick Institute Yakhiwa enyakatho yeLondon. Isakhiwo izindleko amakhilogremu ayizigidi ezingu 660 laliyisikhungo ngobukhulu ucwaningo bezokwelapha eYurophu.