Isigamu-ukuphendula indlela: algorithm

Abaningi yezinqubo zamakhemikhali yahlolwa ushintsho lamadigri namachibi ukuzulazula kwama-athomu akha enkompolo esisheshayo. Ukubhala zibalo ukusabela redox uhlobo uvame ukuhambisana nobunzima ekulungiseni le okuza phambi ifomula ngamunye izinto. Ngenxa yale njongo, izindlela zenzelwe eziphathelene ngogesi noma nge-elektroniki ionic icala ukusatshalaliswa ibhalansi. Isihloko esichaza indlela yesibili i-zibalo.

isigamu-ukuphendula indlela, ngokuyisisekelo

Washayela electron-ion ukusatshalaliswa ibhalansi Coefficient multipliers. Kususelwa indlela ukushintshisana izinhlayiya omubi icala phakathi anions noma cations e medium nokonakala nge ezahlukene pH value.

Ngo ukusabela oxidative futhi reductive electrolyte uhlobo bahilelekile ion angemahle noma icala omuhle. Izibalo zinhlobo ion yamangqamuzana, ngokusekelwe isigamu ukuphendula indlela ehilelekile, ngokucacile okushiwo iyiphi inqubo.

Ukuze wakhe owakho ibhalansi electrolyte usebenzisa notation iisxhumanisi eqinile njengoba izinhlayiya ionic nokuxhumana okuxekethile, futhi kuyo igesi ngesimo molecule undissociated. Ukwakheka kumele akhombise izifunda izinhlayiya okuyinto ushintshe degree kwabo namachibi. Ukuze sithole naphakathi nokonakala e ibhalansi selisho esidi (H ^+), alikhali (OH ^-) futhi singathathi hlangothi (H ₂ O) izimo.

Ukuze lokho ukusetshenziswa?

I WRA indlela siqondiswe isigamu-yokusabela zibalo ngokubhala ionic ngokuhlukile namachibi nokwehlisa izinqubo. Ibhalansi yokugcina iyoba isamba yabo.

izigaba ukuqaliswa

Ukubhala has izici yayo ukuphendula isigamu indlela. I-algorithm yakhiwa izinyathelo ezilandelayo:

- Isinyathelo sokuqala ukuba uthole ukuthi ukubhala phansi amafomula kubo bonke reactants. Ngokwesibonelo:

H ₂ S + KMnO ₄ + HCl

- Khona-ke udinga ukufaka isici iphuzu amakhemikhali buka, ingxenye yenqubo ngayinye. Kulesi ukuphendula, KMnO ₄ izenzo njengoba oxidizer, H ₂ S eyisidalwa esinenkululeko ekunciphiseni futhi HCl ichaza isimo asidi.

- Isinyathelo sesithathu kufanele kubhalwe ku umugqa omusha ifomula compounds ionic ukusabela nge oqinile electrolyte okunamandla athomu zazo kukhona ushintsho lamadigri namachibi. Kulesi ukuphendula MNO ₄ ^- izenzo njengenhlangano agent oxidizing, H ₂ S iyona reagent ekunciphiseni futhi H ⁺ oxonium seka noma H ₃ O ⁺ ichaza isimo asidi. I gaseous, okuqinile noma babuthakathaka kwakwakhe electrolytic uzwakalise amafomula yamangqamuzana njengoba yayinjalo.

Ukwazi yezingxenye kokuqala, ukuzama ukucacisa onjani oxidizing kanye nokunciphisa ejenti kuzoncishiswa futhi ifomu oxidized, ngokulandelana. Ngezinye izikhathi izinto lokugcina kakade elicacisiwe izimo, okuyinto kusiza umsebenzi. I zibalo ezilandelayo zibonisa ushintsho H ₂ S (hydrogen sulfide) ukuze S (sulphur), kanye anion MNO ₄ ^- at MN ²⁺ seka.

Ukuze ibhalansi zama-athomu engxenyeni kwesokunxele nokulungile imvelo esidi sengezwe hydrogen seka H ⁺ noma amanzi yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Isixazululo ane-alikhali ingezwe ion hydroxide OH ^- noma H ₂ O.

MNO ₄ ^- → MN ²⁺

Ngo isixazululo athomu-mpilo kanye ion manganatnyh H ⁺ ifomu molecule yamanzi. Nokulinganisa enanini lama-elementi kulotshiwe njengoba kwesibalo: 8H ⁺ MNO ₄ ^- → 4H ₂ O + MN ^2+.

Khona-ke, sekulinganisa wenziwa ugesi. Ukuze wenze lokhu, cabangela isamba kwenkokhiso kwesokunxele endaweni, kuvela eziyisikhombisa, bese ngakwesokudla, zokuphuma ezimbili. Ukuqikelela inqubo sengezwe izinto sokuqala izinhlayiya ezinhlanu ezimbi: 8H ⁺ MNO ₄ ^- + 5e ^- → 4H ₂ O + MN ^2+. It kuvela isigamu-yokusabela alulame.

Manje alinganayo-athomu ukuba inqubo namachibi. Ukuze lokhu ukungezwa ngasohlangothini lwesokunene hydrogen cations: H ₂ S → 2H ⁺ S.

Ngemva nokulingana icala wenziwa: H ₂ S -2e ^- → 2H ⁺ S. Lubonakala ukuthi isiqalo compounds oqothulayo izinhlayiya ezimbili ezimbi. It kuvela isigamu ukusabela inqubo namachibi.

Qopha zibalo ezimbili ikholomu futhi agudle cast amacala yamukelwe. Ngokusho umthetho ukuzimisela okuncane kuyakhethwa ngayinye isigamu-ukuphendula Okuphindaphinda wakho. It is iphindwe oxidative futhi kwesibalo reductive.

Manje kungenzeka ukuba sifeze summation we amashidi ezimbili, eligoqiwe izinhlangothi kwesokunxele nakwesokudla ndawonye ukwehlisa isibalo sezinye izinhlobo electronic.

8H ⁺ MNO ₄ ^- + 5e ^- → 4H ₂ O + MN ²⁺ | 2

H ₂ ^{S -2e - → 2H + S} | 5

16H ⁺ 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5H ₂ S → 8H ₂ ^{O + 2Mn 2+ + 10H +} 5S

I kwesibalo kungase ukunciphisa inani H ⁺ 10: 6H ⁺ 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5H ₂ S → 8H ₂ O + 2Mn ²⁺ + 5S.

Sibheka ngokunemba ibhalansi ion ngokubala kuma-athomu e-oksijini ukuze imicibisholo futhi ngemva kwaso, okuyinto ilingana 8. Kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa amacala okokugcina, futhi ingxenye yokuqala ibhalansi: (+6) + (-2) = +4. Uma konke kuyahambisana, kulotshiwe ngendlela efanele.

isigamu-ukuphendula indlela iphela ushintsho kusukela yamangqamuzana ion okuqoshiwe kuya equation. Ukuze kuyizinhlayiyana ngasinye anion futhi seka ingxenye esele kwesokunxele ngecala okuphambene ion ekhethiwe. Base zidluliselwa ngakwesokudla, e esilinganayo. Manje, kungaba athomu exhunywe kwi lonke i-molecule.

6H ⁺ 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5H ₂ S → 8H ₂ O + 2Mn ²⁺ + 5S

^{6Cl - + 2K + → 6Cl -} + 2K +

H ₂ S + KMnO ₄ + 6HCl → 8H ₂ O + 2MnCl ₂ + 5S + 2KCl.

Sebenzisa indlela isigamu-ukusabela, algorithm okuyinto ukubhala kwesibalo yamangqamuzana, it can kanye uhlobo lokubhala ezilinganisweni electronic.

Ukunqunywa oxidizing ejenti

ungenza okufanayo udlalwa kwalabo ionic, e-athomu noma yamangqamuzana ukuthola ama-electron omubi icala. izinto Oxidising ibhekane wokubuyisela ukusabela. Sinenkosi ethile electronic, okungase kalula egcwele. izinqubo ezinjalo zihlanganisa redox isigamu ukuphendula.

Akubona bonke izinto unekhono unamathisele ama-electron. Ngu eqinile oxidizing reagents zihlanganisa:

• abameleli Halogen;
• acid ezifana nitric, sulfuric kanye selenium;
• potassium permanganate, dichromate, manganatny, chromate;
• manganese tetravalent futhi oxides phambili;
• isiliva negolide ion;
• kwakwakhe-mpilo gaseous;
• divalent oxides yethusi monovalent esiliva;
• chlorine-aqukethe izakhi usawoti;
• vodka wasebukhosini;
• i-hydrogen peroxide.

Ukunqunywa ekunciphiseni

Lokho indima kungokwalabo ionic, zama-athomu, noma yamangqamuzana, okuyinto ukunikeza icala ezimbi. Esikhathini ukusabela ukunciphisa izinto ibhekane umphumela oxidative phezu cleavage ka-electron.

Have izakhiwo ekunciphiseni :

• Abamele izinsimbi eziningi;
• tetravalent sulphur compounds kanye hydrogen sulfide;
• acid Halogen;
• yensimbi, i-chromium, futhi sulfate manganese;
• chloride stannous;
• nitrogen-oqukethe ejenti ezifana oxide acid, i-nitrous stannous, hydrazine kanye ammonia;
• carbon yemvelo kanye oxide divalent;
• hydrogen-molecule;
• phosphorous acid.

Izinzuzo indlela electron-ion

Ukubhala yokusabela redox, nengxenye-ukuphendula indlela isetshenziswa kaningi kunohlobo ibhalansi ye-elekthronikhi.

Lokhu kungenxa izinzuzo electron-ion indlela :

1. Ngesikhathi sokubhala le ndaba ucabangela athomu langempela futhi izakhi ezikhona njengoba kuyingxenye yekhambi.
2. Awukwazi ekuqaleni ulwazi mayelana nokwamukela enkompolo, bazimisele e wokwenziwa kweengaba zokugcina.
3. Akukhona njalo idatha ezidingekayo ngezinga of namachibi.
4. Ngenxa indlela kungenzeka ukwazi inani electron ehilelekile nenxenye ukuphendula njengoba kokushintsha inani pH yesixazululo.
5. By zibalo encishisiwe zinhlobo ionic wafunda isici izinqubo kanye nesakhiwo zezakhi okuholela.

Isigamu-ukusabela isixazululo acid

Kuphethe izibalo nge ngokweqile hydrogen ion owulalelayo algorithm eziyisisekelo. Indlela isigamu-ukusabela naphakathi acid ne ukurekhoda ukuqala yinoma yimuphi inqubo. Base obonakaliswe ngesimo zibalo kwezinhlobo ion kuhambisana ibhalansi kwenkokhelo atomic electronic. Eceleni eqoshiwe izinqubo oxidative nobunjalo reductive.

Ukuqondanisa umoya-mpilo-athomu kuya kolunye ukusabela nge ngokweqile ukuletha hydrogen yayo cations. Imali ye-H ⁺ kumelwe lizwakale ngokwanele ukuthola amanzi yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Ngaphandle ukuntuleka komoya-mpilo okuthiwa ashiwo H ₂ O.

Khona-ke eyenziwa ibhalansi zama-athomu ye-hydrogen ne-electron.

Yenza summation of zibalo ngaphambi nangemva umcibisholo nge ilungiselelo okuza.

Yenza nokwehla efanayo ion kanye nama-molecule. Ngu reagents kakade kulotshwe kwalokho Imininingwane olungekho kwesibalo usebenze anionic nezinhlobo cationic. Inombolo yabo ngaphambi nangemva umcibisholo kufanele uhambisane.

Isibalo OVR (isigamu-ukuphendula indlela) kubhekwa ukugcwaliseka lapho ubhala inkulumo siphelile kwezinhlobo yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Eceleni ingxenye ngayinye kufanele kube isici esithile.

Izibonelo izimo esidi

Ukusabela sodium nitrite nge chloric acid kuholela ekwakhekeni kwama-sodium nitrate kanye hydrochloric acid. Ukuze ilungiselelo okuza usebenzisa indlela ye isigamu-ukusabela, izibonelo lokubhala zibalo kuhlotshaniswa inkomba imvelo ene-asidi.

Nano ₂ + HClO ₃ → nano ₃ + HCl

ClO ₃ ^{- + 6H + 6e - →} 3H ₂ O + Cl ^- | 1

CHA ₂ ^- + H ₂ O ^- 2e - → CHA ₃ ^{- +} 2H + | 3

ClO ₃ ^{- +} 6H + 3H ₂ O + 3NO ₂ ^- → 3H ₂ O + Cl ^- + 3NO ₃ ^{- +} 6H +

ClO ₃ ^- + 3NO ₂ ^- → Cl ^- + 3NO ₃ ^-

^{3Na + H + → 3Na +} + H +

3NaNO ₂ + HClO ₃ → 3NaNO ₃ + HCl.

Kule nqubo, i-nitrite sodium nitrate etholwe, futhi kusukela chloric acid akha usawoti. izinguquko namachibi degree ne-nitrogen eningi 3 kuya 5, kanti icala chlorine 5 iba -1. Zombili imikhiqizo musa yakha kwenze.

Isigamu-asabela ngayo isimo ane-alikhali

Ukuqhuba izibalo lapho ngokweqile hydroxide ion oluhambisana izibalo izixazululo ene-asidi. Indlela isigamu ukusabela naphakathi ane-alikhali futhi baqala ukuveza izingxenye inqubo ngesimo zibalo ionic. Umehluko waphawula phakathi ukuqondanisa umoya-mpilo-atomic clock. Ngakho, ngaphandle ukuphendula yayo nge yamangqamuzana ngokweqile ukuletha amanzi, futhi uhlangothi appends anions hydroxide.

Coefficient we-molecule H ₂ O kubonisa umehluko, umoyampilo ngaphambi nangemva umcibisholo, futhi ion OH ^- ke kabili. Phakathi namachibi ejenti esebenza njengoba ekunciphiseni ejenti kuthatha O ama-athomu ngu hydroxyl anions.

Indlela isigamu ukuphendula iqede kokwenza izinyathelo ezisele ye-algorithm, okuyinto uqondane izinqubo ezithinta ngokweqile acid. Umphumela wokugcina iyona kwesibalo kwezinhlobo yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.

Izibonelo kokuphakathi ane-alikhali

Lapho ukuxuba iodine ne-sodium hydroxide kwakhiwa sodium iodide futhi iodate, zishintshe amanzi. Ukuze inqubo ibhalansi usebenzisa isigamu indlela yokusabela. Izibonelo izixazululo alikhali babe imininingwane yabo ezihlobene zokulinganiswa umoya-mpilo-atomic clock.

NaOH + mina ₂ → NAI + NaIO ₃ + H ₂ O

Mina + e ^- → I ^- | 5

^{6OH - + Mina - 5e - →} I - + 3H ₂ O + IO ₃ ^- | 1

Mina + 5I + 6OH ^- → 3H ₂ O + 5I ^- + IO ₃ ^-

6Na ⁺ → Na ⁺ 5Na ⁺

6NaOH + 3i ₂ → 5NaI + NaIO ₃ + 3H ₂ O.

Umphumela we-yokusabela ukunyamalala coloration violet iodine yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Kukhona isimo ushintsho namachibi timphawu kusuka 0 kuya 1 no-5 ukwakha iodide kanye sodium iodate.

Ukusabela endaweni engenawo

Ngokuvamile libhekisela izinqubo ezenzeka esikhathini hydrolysis ukwakha asidi nosawoti (nge pH value phakathi kuka 6 no 7) noma kancane eyisisekelo (pH 7 kuya kwezingu-8) isixazululo.

isigamu ukuphendula indlela e konemimoya kokungathathi hlangothi kulotshwe izinguqulo eziningana.

Ngo indlela yokuqala akusho acabangele hydrolysis usawoti. Lesi sangoma esithathwayo njengoba hlangothi futhi kwesokunxele umcibisholo attribute amanzi yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Kulesi samuntu, nengxenye-ukusabela uyithathele acid, futhi enye - I-ane-alikhali.

Eyesibili indlela efanelekayo izinqubo lapho kungenzeka ukusungula eseduze pH value. Khona-ke ukusabela indlela ion-electron uyobhekwa i solution ane-alikhali noma ene-asidi.

ISIBONELO naphakathi kokungathathi hlangothi

Lapho-hydrogen sulfide kwakwakhe ne-sodium dichromate emanzini eyatholakala kwenze sulphur, sodium ne trivalent chromium hydroxide. Lena yindlela ejwayelekile isixazululo hlangothi.

Na ₂ Kr ₂ O ₇ + H ₂ S + H2O → NaOH + S + Kr (OH) ₃

H ₂ ^{S - 2e - → S + H} + | 3

7H ₂ O + Kr ₂ O ₇ ^{2- + 6e - → 8OH - +} 2Cr (OH) ₃ | 1

7H ₂ O + 3H ₂ S + Kr ₂ O ₇ ^{2- → 3H + bo-3 + 2Cr} (OH) ₃ + 8OH ^-. Hydrogen cations futhi anions hydroxide lapho kuhlangene, akha 6 molecule yamanzi. Abakwazi sikhishwe esikhathini sokunene nesobunxele, kokushiya ngokweqile umcibisholo.

H ₂ O + 3H ₂ S + Kr ₂ O ₇ ^2- → bo-3 + 2Cr (OH) ₃ + 2OH ^-

2Na ⁺ → 2Na ⁺

Na ₂ Kr ₂ O ₇ + 3H ₂ S + H ₂ O → 2NaOH + bo-3 + 2Cr ( OH) ₃

Ekupheleni ukusabela a kwenze ka chromium hydroxide imibala sulphur blue and yellow in ikhambi ane-alikhali kanye sodium hydroxide. Amandla oxidative we S isici kuba -2-0, futhi icala chromium +6 iguqulwe ukuze 3.