Isikhathi Devonian kwenkathi Paleozoic

Geological isikhathi Devonian (420 - 358 kuphela ngemva kweminyaka eyisigidi edlule) kuyinto ekuqaleni Paleozoic Late. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona izenzakalo eziningi biotic babeba nethonya elikhulu kubantu ukuqhubeka lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. uhlelo Devonian wamiswa ngo-1839 ososayensi Adamu Sedgwick futhi Roderick Murchison kule County English Devonshire, ngemva kuso okuthiwa.

Biota

Ngobusuku obandulela le Devonian nokuqothulwa iphutha emhlabeni organic. Ezinye izinhlobo zayo eziningi, kwandile ikakhulukazi emhlabeni, umane ubunile futhi wanyamalala. Endaweni yabo kukhona amaqembu amasha kwezilwane izitshalo. Is they ukunquma okwakubonakala kunjengezimpephelezi izimila nezilwane kwesikhathi Devonian.

Kube revolution yangempela. Manje ukuphila isungule hhayi kuphela ezilwandle nakuzo emizimbeni angenasawoti, kodwa futhi ezweni. Yande umhlaba ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo nohlaza eliwumhlaba. isikhathi Devonian, izimila nezilwane leyachubeka ziphenduke, kuphawulwa ukuvela labantwana bakwa-Amoni lokuqala (cephalopods). It wazibonela usadlondlobele bryozoans yayo, rugosa, ezinye izinhlobo uyiqaphuqaphu brachiopods.

Ukuphila kolwandle

On the ukuthuthukiswa emhlabeni organic uye wathonya hhayi kuphela kwemvelo engokwemvelo, kodwa futhi isimo salo sezulu isikhathi Devonian, kanye ukunyakaza okukhulu zomhlaba kanye nomthelela isikhala (iyonke) izinguquko nemibandela ndawo. Impilo yasolwandle isibe wehlukile njengoba kuqhathaniswa Silurian. isikhathi Devonian kwenkathi Paleozoic libhekene ukuthuthukiswa eyinhloko ezihlukahlukene zezinhlanzi izinhlanzi (abanye ososayensi benza basibiza ngokuthi "yisikhathi isikhathi sokudoba"). Ngesikhathi esifanayo yaqala lantambama tsistoidey, Nautiloidea, trilobite futhi graptolites.

Isibalo esiphezulu ukubeletha safinyelela uyiqaphuqaphu brachiopods. ezihlukahlukene ngokukhethekile spiriferidy, atripidy, rinhonellidy futhi terebratulidy. Lesitshalo ukujula kokuhlukana okusheshayo ngesikhathi kwahluka brachiopods. Leli qembu yilona ebaluleke kakhulu kwezazi futhi izazi zokuma komhlaba ebandakanyeke asike izidumbu zabantu enemininingwane imali.

isikhathi Devonian, okuyinto izilwane kanye nezitshalo zihlukaniswa ukwehluka okukhulu, uma kulinganiswa nokwenu nangenkathi esidlule, ekugcineni kwahlaluka ukuthi kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni coral. Bekanye bryozoans stromatoporoideyami baqala iqhaza ukwakhiwa zamakhorali. Bakhandwa esizwa ezihlukahlukene ulwelwe calcareous, okuyinto kwakwakhiwe ngasolwandle Devonian.

Ezingenamgogodla futhi ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo

Phakathi ezingenamgogodla savela ostracods, merostomes, tentaculites, blastoids, ulwandle lily, sea urchin zidla, izipanji, gastropods futhi Conodonts. Ngokusho izinsalela ochwepheshe zokugcina namuhla ukucacisa yobudala rocks sedimentary.

isikhathi Devonian kuphawulwa ukubaluleka okwandisa yezilwane ezinomgogodla. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, kwaba "inhlanzi Century" - armored, emathanjeni nokudleka izinhlanzi cartilaginous esesikhundleni evelele. Kule Pheqela mass ku Iqembu elisha. Kwakumelwe jawless eziphilayo inhlanzi-like. Kungani lezi ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo yaqhakaza? Ngokwesibonelo, plastinokozhih kanye nezinhlanzi armored phambi esifubeni nasekhanda zambozwa igobolondo obukhulu zokuzivikela - i-agumenti esibalulekile wokulwela ukuphila. Lezi zidalwa kwahluka ukuphila umzimba. Ngo phakathi Devonian kwakungafanele uqwanga kuphela, kodwa Akulovo. Isikhundla evelele athatha futhi kamuva - ku Mesozoic.

izimila

Ekuqaleni kwawo-, ahlukaniswa Silurian isikhathi Devonian, kwaqina ukufinyelela isitshalo ukuze umhlaba. Yaqala Izindawo zabo ngokushesha futhi lithathelwe impilo entsha eliwumhlaba. Ukutholakala kwesifo ekuqaleni kanye Sredniy Devon lidlule ngaphansi kokubusa phansi ka bakudala izitshalo semithambo Rhyniophyta okhule ezindaweni izimbuku. Ekupheleni kwesikhathi bona seziqothuliwe yonke indawo. Esikhathini Devonian Ephakathi esase sikhona kakade izitshalo spore (chlenistostebelnye, Lycopodiaceae futhi Izinhlobo).

uvele gymnosperms kuqala. Shrub savela zibe isihlahla. Ikakhulukazi ngamandla ukusakaza Izinhlobo heterosporous. Ngokuyinhloko kutsho izimila ithuthukiswe ezindaweni ezingasogwini, lapho kwakukhona khona isimo sezulu esifudumele, omnene futhi kunomswakama. Ibanga ukusuka izilwandle eMhlabeni ngaleso sikhathi isesekhona ngaphandle kwezimila.

Isimo sezulu

Isikhathi Devonian elinesimo zonation ecacile sezulu kuqhathaniswa ne ekuqaleni Paleozoic. East Evopeyskaya platform kanye Ural babe ezonini enkabazwe (lokushisa 28 - 31 ° C), eCaucasus - ibhande ezishisayo (23 - 28 ° C). Namuhla kunesimo esithi asifane eliseNtshonalanga Australia.

sezulu eyomile (ezomile ehlane sezulu) elisungulwe Canada. Ngalesi sikhathi endaweni ezifundazweni Saskatchewan futhi Alberta, kanye kule Mackenzie soMfula kwaba inqubo esebenzayo kasawoti ekuqongeleleni. Lokhu uphawu ehlukile eNyakatho neMelika uyasala kwesikhathi Devonian. Minerals zanqwabelana kwezinye izifunda. On Platform laseSiberia iyiphi amapayipi kimberlite babé ezinkulu idayimane imali.

izifunda ezimanzi

Esikhathini Devonian kwephuze Eastern eSiberia ukwanda humidification uqalise, ngenxa okuyinto kwabonakala izingqimba baceba oxides manganese nensimbi hydroxides. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kunomswakama kwaba isici ezinye izindawo Gondwana (Uruguay, Argentina, eNingizimu Australia). Wayelethwa zihlukaniswa umswakama high, olungena imvula enkulu kwalezo ababengazisebenzisa seep enhlabathini shabalala.

Kulezi zifunda (kanye enyakatho-mpumalanga nangaseningizimu-Asia) ixazululwe zamakhorali afanayo zanqwabelana zamakhorali limestones. Ngo Belarus, Kazakhstan naseSiberia ukusetha umswakama onhlobonhlobo. Ekuqaleni kuka Devonian akha inqwaba amachibi semi sikude futhi ezikude lapho izakhiwo lalihlukene nezilwane. Ngu ekupheleni inkathi umehluko phakathi ekuqaleni ukufiphaza.

amaminerali

I Devonian ezifundeni kanye sezulu zinomswakama engimbumbile endala kakhulu emhlabeni amalahle ezivuzayo. Lezi ezifakwa zihlanganisa ezifakwa eNorway, futhi Timan. Ngu khathizwe Devonian uwoyela negesi nithela kukhona Pechora futhi iVolga-Urals izifunda. Kungashiwo okufanayo wathi imali efanayo eU.S., eCanada, eSahara futhi esifundeni sase-Amazon.

Ngalesi sikhathi, esise-Ural, e Tatarstan waqala ukwakha izinqolobane of nsimbi. Ezindaweni nge sezulu eyomile kwakhiwa kwezakhi obukhulu umanyolo (Canada kanye Belarus). ukubonakaliswa Volcanic sezishiye ekuqongeleleni imikhando zethusi pyrite eNorth Caucasus futhi phezu emithambekeni esempumalanga Urals. Noma yimuphi nomthofu-zinc ne-iron-manganese idiphozi e Central Kazakhstan.

ephathelene nokunyakaza kwezingqimba zomhlaba

Ngu ekuqaleni Devonian esifundeni eNyakatho Atlantic, nokuba waqala silibangise enkangala izakhiwo entabeni (Northern Greenland, Northern Tien Shan, e-Altai). Euramerica ngaleso sikhathi wawusegunjini zindawo bhé, eSiberia, Korea China - in the ezindaweni ezinezinga lokushisa elithokomele. Gondwana kwaba ngokuphelele Nenkabazwe oseningizimu.

Euramerica kwakhiwa ekuqaleni we Devonian. Isizathu sokuba ivela khona kwaba Ukungqubuzana eMpumalanga Yurophu naseNyakatho Melika. Leli zwekazi wazibonela ukukhuliswa olujulile (ngezinga elikhulu sokuhlukanisa yokhalo). Imikhiqizo ka ukuguguleka yayo (ngesimo obomvu inhlabathi clastic) zanqwabelana eBrithani, Greenland, Spitsbergen futhi eScandinavia. Nge entsha eligoqiwe izakhiwo entabeni (uhlelo emphethweni Northern Appalachians futhi Newfoundland), enyakatho-entshonalanga naseningizimu Euramerica zizungezwé.

Iningi East European Ipulatifomu kuyinto ongaphakeme ezincane watersheds elinamagquma. Kuphela ntshonalanga eduze British-zaseScandinavia ibhande mobile ibekwe ezintabeni ongaphakeme namagquma amakhulu. Engxenyeni kwesikhathi Devonian yesibili, izingxenye kunabo bonke platform East European ayehlala kuyo yayigcwele amanzi ngasolwandle. On emathafeni asogwini ukusakaza elinombala obomvu. Ngaphansi nemibandela usawoti okusezingeni eliphezulu abahlala engxenyeni ephakathi kolwandle umcengezi zanqwabelana ezifakwa dolomite, Gypsum, idwala usawoti.