Isikhathi zesikhashana isimo: Izinkinga, Ezombusazwe, Umphakathi

Emil Dyurkgeym kuchazwe welithi "nezinxushunxushu" njengoba ukungabakhathaleli nhlobo amandla ngaphakathi esimweni esithile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abanye abacwaningi abathi ngokwezinga aseqalile kufanisa nezinxushunxushu ekutheni ajwayele ushintsho esimweni. Yiqiniso, kukhona abanye iqiniso, kodwa akuyona yonke, nalokho umphakathi ubhekene kule nkathi.

Kuchazwa inkinga

Ngaphansi isimo ayiswe kusho inhlangano yomphakathi, okuyinto ilawulwa ibhodi ekhethekile izindlela, ukuyohlala sendawo ethile. Nokho, namanje akukho definition olulodwa lesifanele owawuzoba bamukeleke wezesayensi futhi umthetho wamazwe omhlaba. Njengoba i-UN akanayo ilungelo beka ezingu ngokuthi iyini isimo, kuphela bodokotela ukumemezela ezithile ukuthi lalisetshenziswa Montevideo Convention (1933).

Sinjani isimo?

Ngokuphathelene definition yesimanje ukuthini igama elithi "umbuso", angafakwa ohlwini kanje:

• State - iyinhlangano elithile lezombusazwe, wanika amandla ukuthi siveza izimfuno zabantu (VV Lazarev).
• Ngaphansi isimo kungaqondakala njengoba inhlangano yezombangazwe ngokuthi ivikela futhi ilawula takhiwo tesive zezomnotho nezenhlalo (SI Ozhegov).

Kodwa, noma yini incazelo, isimo sinezici esitebeleni, lapho ngokuvamile ukushintsha phakathi kwenkathi yenguquko.

Izici isimo

Ngokuvamile ungase uhlangane ukudideka ngokoMthetho "izwe" futhi "isimo" avame ukusetshenziswa ngomqondo ofanayo. Okwamanje, banalo umehluko omkhulu: igama elithi "izwe" lisetshenziswa uma kuziwa izici zamasiko noma kwendawo esimweni esithile, kuyilapho langempela "isimo" wenzeka kanjani kunqunywa isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezombusazwe onalezizimpawu edingekayo:

• Ukutholakala kwemibhalo ukuthi ngazimemezela Izinjongo kunenzuzo kanye nemisebenzi isimo (imithetho, umthethosisekelo, imfundiso, njll).
• ukuphathwa inkampani Yethula. Lezi Iziphathimandla futhi tikhungo tetenhlalo akunakubangelwa.
• Uhulumeni indawo yalo (isb. E. Resources).
• It has endaweni yayo, elinabantu inani elithile labantu.
• isimo ngasinye has dolobha yayo nezinhlangano okhonzile (amaphoyisa, amabutho empi, ibhodi zokuphatha phansi).
• Ukutholakala izimpawu isimo kanye nolimi.
• Ubukhosi (ie, State kufanele zinakwe abanye ukuba nabo benze enkundleni ngamazwe.)

Esondela kwenkathi yenguquko

UMbuso ubhekwa luhlelo oluhlanganisiwe oqine, Injongo ogama main - ukuze bavikele izithakazelo izakhamuzi. Le nqubo Kwenziwa ukwamukelwa kwemithetho kanye unswinyo, futhi ngokuvumelana isenzo tesifundvo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi zonke izinkambiso wamukela ukusekela umthetho, isiko kanye ubuqotho umphakathi kanye nesibalo sabantu ehilelekile imisebenzi yomphakathi ngokuhambisana nezivumelwano. Uma sikubeka kalula, inhlangano yezombangazwe kumele aqinisekise khona ivumelane ne ogcwele yonke lomphakathi.

Kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi lokhu kwanele, ziba khona izikhathi lapho wamanje isimo apharathasi akakwazi ukuhlangabezana zonke izidingo zezakhamizi. Khona-ke bamiswa, uqala ibutho elisha lezombusazwe, okuyinto ephula isakhiwo komphakathi omdala futhi kudala izindlela olusha lukahulumeni futhi indlela ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla. Lona isimo ushintsho.

definition

Ngaphansi kwesikhathi zesikhashana ziyabonisa futhi izinhlelo isimo-lomthetho kukhona in a state of ukuguqulwa, ukushintsha uhlelo lukahulumeni futhi umthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, it is umlando Ezimweni eziningi eyaziwa lapho slaveholding zohulumeni ukuguqulelwa amakhosi asendulo. Esikhundleni amandla izinduna weza capitalism kanye esikhundleni salo - socialism.

Inqubo iye yaba nzima futhi impikiswano njalo. It kushintsha hhayi kuphela amandla kodwa izici kanye nemithetho ekilasini. Isibonelo okuphawuleka uhulumeni wamaSoviet zesikhashana ngo-1991. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa nje republic aseSoviet 15, ithola uzibuse egcwele, kwakufanele yakha siqu isimo amalungiselelo ayo ukuthi ngokugcwele izidingo sabantu futhi bahlangabezane nezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe.

Ikakhulukazi iyaguquka uthi

Phakathi nenkathi yenguquko kufaka deconstruction olunzulu zonke izakhi isimo. Intuthuko:

1. It kuvela kusukela izinxushunxushu kwezenhlalo (amasu okugumbuqela imibuso, ekuvukeleni izimpi, kuhlulekile kwekuhlela kabusha).
2. Lisikisela zimo eziningana ukuthuthukiswa isimo, enikeza iqembu elibusayo ukuba sikhethe indlela sizoqhubeka ukuthuthukisa ngokuvumelana izinguquko zomlando, ukwehlukana ngokwamasiko, ngokobuzwe, zenkolo futhi izici kwezomnotho.
3. Izinguquko ezisheshayo angaphansi lobudlelwano bangaphandle, isimiso somthetho futhi isisekelo somnotho kubonisa isimo esibuthaka soMbuso. Ngakho, izinga lokuphila futhi siba aphansi.
4. Buthaka izisekelo kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe. Emphakathini ukwanda kanye voltage ezingeni yokungaqiniseki ngenxa yalokho, kungenzeka ukuba bagcine isimo sezinxushunxushu esinqunyiwe.
5. Ngo ezombusazwe, kwenkathi yenguquko ubuswa mphathi iziphathimandla zokuphatha.

isikhathi esingakanani kanti ushintsho apharathasi zezombusazwe?

Esikhathini ushintsho esimweni lwaludlula konke amazinga systemically, futhi, njengoba umkhuba imibukiso, le nqubo ithatha isikhathi esithile. Ningeze yoshintsho leso kohlelo. Inkinga akuyona kuphela yinkimbinkimbi ekuguquleni uhulumeni, kodwa futhi ukuqwashisa futhi ukwamukela ushintsho izakhamizi.

Uma abantu ekugcineni ukujwayela ngokweyame kunoma yimiphi imibandela, kumiswa imithetho emisha ka tikhungo tetenhlalo kuthatha isikhathi. Kungase kwenzeke ukuthi izikhungo ezintsha hhayi singagxila ohlelweni olusha, futhi elidala ukulingana kahle kuwo. Phakathi nale nkathi, i-viral load ekhethekile kuyinto isimiso somthetho sangaleso ukulawulwa apharathasi isimo, okuyinto kufanele uhlinzeke inqubomgomo entsha idinga ukushintsha conductivity. Futhi uma isimo akezi isitayela esisha uhulumeni esikhathini esifushane yesikhathi, lingasho kuphela ukuthi ukuthi izinguquko cuphuluza subjective (yokufakelwa) izici.

Uma sikhuluma isikhathi kwenkathi yenguquko, ngokuvamile, igcina emva kweminyaka 5. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, isikhathi yakha futhi kutawucala kusebenta isimo apharathasi entsha. Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela izinkondlo, eCrimea. Isakhiwo Russia wangena 2014, futhi ososayensi wezwe ehamba phambili zezombusazwe zithi kwenkathi yenguquko izophela 2019.

izinkinga

Izinkinga main kwenkathi yenguquko kuleli zwe zihlanganisa isimo engazinzile kwezomnotho kanye bokuqonda imithetho emisha, okuyinto kakhulu kubambezela inqubo ukuguqulwa. angakwazi ukuhlonza lezo nkinga ezinkulu kanje:

1. ukuguqulwa kwabaphoqelela eziyinselele. Ngamafuphi nje, ngabanye nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho kunzima ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha emakethe.
2. Ukungaqiniseki kanye nokungathuthuki kwengqalasizinda emakethe.
3. Inkinga yentengo ukuxegiswa.
4. Izinkinga kuqiniswa we macroeconomy.
5. Inkinga yokucabanga.
6. Izinkinga sokulungisa izikhundla ezintsha enkundleni ngamazwe.

Isimo umphakathi

Kucatshangwa ngakho konke lokhu endaweni ingozi yemvelo uhlala umphakathi iyaguquka. Kulesi sigaba, ngenkuthalo ethula izinguquko ezintsha, kodwa kungasho lutho kumuntu ovamile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinguquko ezinhle. Leli zwe ngokushesha uqala ukuba bawe ukusebenza, inzuzo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa lizinga lekuphila, bese emagugu emasiko okungaphansi kwenkululeko izakhi ozikhethela.

It hhayi kanye ezishiwo indatshana, ukuthi ngisho isimo ezolile isihlobo, isimo on the esengozini izingozi ezimbili: izinguquko ezintsha noma ngokuphelele ukucindezela kokuqala zokudala futhi izimele izakhamuzi, noma labo bantu zinenkululeko eyengeziwe futhi usebenzisa ke, ukuphazamisa ngokuphelele apharathasi zezombusazwe. Phakathi nenkathi yenguquko, lezi izingozi kakhulu anda, njengoba yinye kwaqina ka namasosha kahulumeni eziyisisekelo ubuzwe, Abashisekeli, babuye bacale kutfutfukisa izinqubo lokubola. izinkinga ezinjalo zijwayelekile kuwo wonke amazwe, ikakhulukazi, esivela e kwenkathi yenguquko eRussia.

Ngakho-ke, isimo iyaguquka izindleko imisebenzi eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuyinto kufanele amboze zonke izici zokuphila kwakhe, ukuhlinzeka hhayi kuphela ukwethulwa izinguquko ezintsha, kodwa futhi ukuze bavikele izithakazelo izakhamuzi. Sihlale sizinzile, ukuze kulondolozwe ngokuzijamela zangaphandle, ukuqinisekisa nokwaneliswa nokuzimela izakhamuzi zakhona - la, lawo ngamaphuzu ayinhloko ku egxile uhulumeni sezinguquko. Futhi uma ingxenye okungenani abanye ukuba ezingabanjwanga, kungenzeka ukuthi kwakunezinxushunxushu izwe esashiwo Durkheim.