IbhizinisiUmkhakha

Ithonya alloying izakhi ezindaweni ensimbi. Izinhlobo, brand kanye nokuqokwa kwaba

Steel - yezinto likufuna kakhulu emhlabeni namuhla. Ngaphandle-ke Kunzima ukucabanga noma yimuphi ukwakhiwa indawo ekhona, umshini wokwakha amabhizinisi, nakwezinye izindawo eziningi, nezinto ezisizungezile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingxubevange zensimbi carbon abaphila ngayo ihluke ngokuphelele, ngoba lesi sihloko sihlola umphumela izakhi alloying phezu izakhiwo steel, kanye nezinhlobo zalo, izinhlobo nezindawo.

ulwazi olujwayelekile

Namuhla, abaningi brand babé ezisetshenziswa kakhulu cishe kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwethu womuntu. Lokhu kungenxa yokungabikho yokuthi kulesi ingxubevange ngokufanele ihlanganisa lahlukene mechanical, ephathelene nomzimba namakhemikhali awo nezobuchwepheshe izakhiwo, okuyinto Awunawo nezinye izinto. inqubo steelmaking is njalo ngcono futhi ngenxa impahla yayo futhi izinga avumele ukuthola ukusebenza wayefisa okuholela ngenxa izindlela, izingxenye kanye nemishini.

Ukwahlukanisa injongo

steel ngamunye, kuye ngokuthi inhloso idaliwe, nsuku saziso kungenziwa zibalwa kwelinye kule mikhakha elandelayo:

  • Wezakhiwo.
  • Instrumental.
  • injongo Special anezakhi ezikhethekile.

Ezinye zezinto eziningi kakhulu ekilasini - steel kwesakhiwo, eyenzelwe ezihlukahlukene izakhiwo esakhiweni, amadivaysi, imishini. Ukwakhiwa brand ihlukaniswe ekuthuthukiseni, carburized, entwasahlobo-entwasahlobo, amandla aphezulu.

Ithuluzi lezinsimbi umahluko kuye ngokuthi ekhiqizwa ithuluzi: ahlabayo, ukumeda njll Nakanjani ukuthi umphumela izakhi alloying ku izakhiwo steel yaleli qembu futhi ezinkulu ...

lezinsimbi Special babe division yabo, ehlanganisa amaqembu ezilandelayo:

  • Insimbi engagqwali (owaziwa nangokuthi ukugqwala).
  • Ukushisa ukumelana.
  • Ukushisa ukumelana.
  • Kagesi.

steel iqembu ukubunjwa amakhemikhali

Lizwakalise ngezigaba steel kuncike abamelwe yizici zamakhemikhali:

  • amamaki Carbon steel.
  • Doped.

Ngakho la maqembu amabili iphinde ihlukaniswe ngenani ngisho ne-carbon ezikuyo ukuze:

  • carbon okuphansi (esingaphansi 0.3% carbon).
  • Medium (lokuhlushwa carbon kuyinto 0.3 - 0.7%).
  • High-carbon (ngaphezu kuka-0.7% carbon).

Uyini steel ingxubevange?

Ngaphansi le ncazelo, kufanele aqondwe steel equkethe, parallel ukungcola ophikelelayo, ngisho izithasiselo yethulwa kuleli isakhiwo ingxubevange ukwandisa izakhiwo mechanical of the kwaphumela ekugcineni omama.

A amazwi ambalwa mayelana nekhwalithi steel

Lokhu ipharamitha kunikezwa ingxubevange wayesho ukuthi ngenkulumo ethi iqoqo izakhiwo, nakho zibangelwa inqubo yayo ukukhiqizwa ngokwaso. Ukuze izici ezinjalo, okuyinto angaphansi futhi elixutshiwe ithuluzi lezinsimbi yilezi:

  • Ukwakheka Chemical.
  • Ukufana isakhiwo.
  • Processability.
  • izakhiwo Mechanical.

Ikhwalithi iyiphi steel ekutheni yimalini mpilo okumunyethwe kuwo, i-hydrogen, nitrogen, isibabule ne phosphorus. Kuyinto futhi indima yokugcina eyadlalwa indlela yokukhiqiza steel. The ningi ngesikhathi ngokoMthetho oyifunayo okuphothula popadniya ububanzi soposob e steelmaking amaziko.

Ingxubevange steel futhi ushintshe izakhiwo zalo

Ingxubevange steel equkethe brand wokugubha yayo incwadi namagama iqondiswa ngenkani isici eshintsha impahla yayo, hhayi kuphela kusuka kulawa ejenti zangaphandle, kodwa futhi wezenzo zazo mutual phakathi kwabo.

Uma sicabanga ngokuqondile carbon, izakhi alloying phezu ukuxhumana nabo zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu:

  • Izakhi akha kwakwakhe ikhemikhali carbon (Carbide) - molybdenum, i-chromium, vanadium, tungsten manganese.
  • Izakhi ungawakhi Carbide - Silicon, aluminium kanye ne-nickel.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi steel, okuyinto doped karbidobrazuyuschimi izinto abe ubulukhuni eliphezulu kakhulu futhi ngakhula bafake ukumelana.

I ongaphakeme ingxubevange steel (brand: 20HGS2, 09G2, 12G2SMF, 12HGN2MFBAYU nabanye). It usesikhundleni esikhethekile endaweni ingxubevange 13X, okuyinto okunzima ngokwanele ukwenziwa ahlinzwe oqoshiwe, imishini ubucwebe, izinsingo zokushefa ezilahlwayo.

okulotshiweyo

Okuqukethwe izakhi alloying ku steel kungaba azimisele kulebula yayo. Ngayinye yalezi izingxenye busuka ingxubevange has incwadi yayo umazisi. Ngokwesibonelo:

  • I-Chromium - Kr.
  • Vanadium -V.
  • Manganese -Mn.
  • Niobium - NB.
  • Tungsten -W.
  • Titanium - Ti.

Ngezinye izikhathi ekuqaleni we Inkomba steel grade zincwadi. Ngamunye wabo athwala nencazelo ekhethekile. Ikakhulu, i-incwadi "P" kusho ukuthi steel kuyinto ngesivinini, "W" ibonisa ukuthi ensimbi ball esindayo, "A" - automaton, "E" - .. Electrotechnical njll High izinga lezinsimbi ube e ukuqokwa kwabo nezinombolo ekugcineni incwadi "a" kanye mfanelo aqukethe incwadi "W" ekupheleni nekukumakwa.

Umthelela izakhi alloying

Okokuqala kumelwe kuthiwe eliyisisekelo umthelela carbon ine phezu izakhiwo steel. Kuyinto lesi sici inikeza ukwanda okuhlushwa yayo nge ukwanda amandla kanye ubulukhuni at viscosity ephansi futhi plasticity. Ngaphezu kwalokho, anda carbon lokuhlushwa kuqinisekisa Ukuwohloka machinability.

Okuqukethwe chromium ku steel zikuthinta ngokuqondile ukugqwala yayo ukumelana. Lokhu chemical isici amafomu phezu ingxubevange endaweni enobudlova oxidizing, nomzimba omncane zokuzivikela oxide ifilimu. Nokho, ukuze sifinyelele lo mphumela e steel chromium kufanele okungenani 11.7%.

ngokukhethekile kufanele kube aluminium. It is lisetshenziswe steel alloying inqubo zokususa oxygen ne-nitrogen, ngemva isisu, ukuze abe neqhaza Ukwehla ingxubevange ukuguga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-aluminiyamu Ithuthukisa kakhulu ukuqina kanye fluidity uphulukisa deleterious kakhulu umphumela phosphorus.

Vanadium - kuyinto alloying elibalulekile, lapho ingxubevange ithuluzi lensimbi uthole ubulukhuni okusezingeni eliphezulu namandla. Esikhathini ingxubevange okusanhlamvu liyancipha futhi ukwanda kwabantu.

Ingxubevange steel, okuyinto izimpawu aqukethe tungsten benawo ubulukhuni okusezingeni eliphezulu kanye ubulukhuni abomvu. Tungsten futhi okuhle ukuthi aqede brittleness we ingxubevange ngesikhathi iholide ehleliwe.

Ukuze wandise ukushisa ukumelana, izakhiwo kazibuthe kanye ukumelana abalulekile ukuze umthelela imithwalo steel elixutshiwe nge ayibe. Kodwa omunye letotintfo engaveli ukuba alinake nomthelela kwi steel, kuyinto silicon. Nokho, labo lezinsimbi, okuyinto zenzelwe metal eziphothene, lokuhlushwa Silicon kumelwe nakanjani babe ngaphakathi 0.12-0.25%.

Kuyaphawuleka ngcono izakhiwo mechanical steel kanye magnesium. Iphinde isetshenziselwe njenge-ejenti desulfurization endabeni usebenzisa vnedomennoy desulphurization.

I ongaphakeme ingxubevange steel (uphawu iqukethe izakhi alloying esingaphansi kuka 2.5%) ngokuvamile iqukethe manganese, esinikela ngayo ukwanda adingekayo ubulukhuni, nemihuzuko ukumelana, ngenkathi sigcina plasticity elilungile. Kodwa lokuhlushwa lesi sici kufanele kube ngaphezulu kuka-1%, noma ngeke akwazi ukufeza lezi izakhiwo.

Carbon steel grade fusible nganoma yisiphi emikhulu yokwakha izakhiwo aqukethe zethusi, esinikela esiphezulu anticorrosion izakhiwo.

Ukuze kwandiswe ubulukhuni obomvu, kuyaqina, amandla eqine nokuzabalazela eqine ukugqwala e steel molybdenum ngempela iqondiswa, nakho okwengeziwe kwandisa ukumelana namachibi nensimbi lapho ukufuthelana lokushisa high izici. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, cerium futhi neodymium, asetshenziselwa ukunciphisa porosity we ingxubevange.

Uma ucabangela umphumela izakhi alloying ku izakhiwo steel akunakugwenywa kanye ne-nickel. Lokhu kuvumela uhlelo metal ukwamukela steel hardenability namandla kakhulu, ductility nomthelela ukumelana ukwandisa futhi umkhawulo engezansi brittleness abandayo.

kabanzi kakhulu lisetshenziswa njengedivaysi dopant, futhi niobium. okuhlushwa yayo ngezikhathi 6-10 zokwandisa edingekayo carbon prisutsvtuyuschego e ingxubevange, aqede ukugqwala intergranular ka lezinsimbi engagqwali futhi ivikela emalungeni weld ekubhujisweni engathandeki kakhulu.

Titanium ikuvumela ukuba uthole lusebenze wamandla ductility, kanye ukuthuthukisa ukumelana ukugqwala. Labo steel, equkethe okufakiwe, wadalula kahle kakhulu ezahlukene ukucutshungulwa amathuluzi, injongo ekhethekile zesimanje umshini amathuluzi.

Ukwethulwa zirconium ingxubevange steel kwenza ukuthola oyifunayo usayizi okusanhlamvu uma kunesidingo futhi ukuthonya ke ekukhuleni okusanhlamvu.

ukungcola ezivelayo

izakhi kakhulu engathandeki olunegethivi kakhulu ezithinta ikhwalithi steel kukhona i-arsenic, ithini antimony. ukuvela kwazo ingxubevange njalo kubangela steel iba ziyaqothuka kakhulu imingcele okusanhlamvu kwabo, ikakhulukazi uma buyisela emuva emapheshana steel futhi ngesikhathi annealing ka ongaphakeme-carbon lezinsimbi.

isiphetho

Esikhathini sethu, ithonya izakhi alloying phezu izakhiwo lwaziwe kahle impela. Ochwepheshe bahlolisisa ngokucophelela umthelela okufakiwe ngalinye ingxubevange. Ulwazi theory lisita metallurgists babe esigabeni ukuze kwenziwe Umdwebo olotshiwe steelmaking, ukucacisa inombolo ubuchwepheshe edingekayo futhi izinto consumable (i-ore, ukugxilisa ingqondo, zithutha, nezinye izithasiselo). steelmakers Iningi ngokuvamile zisebenzisa i-chromium, vanadium, ayibe, nezinye izakhi alloying okuyizinto ngempela eqolo.

Similar articles

 

 

 

 

Trending Now

 

 

 

 

Newest

Copyright © 2018 zu.unansea.com. Theme powered by WordPress.