KumiswaIsayensi

Isakhiwo Komphakathi

Umphakathi yakhiwa izakhi eziningi ezahlukene, okuyizinto ukuxhumana njalo - ezisukela ngabanye, tikhungo tetenhlalo emiphakathini ezinkulu. Konke lokhu likhona umqondo ka social isakhiwo. Ngamanye amazwi ukukhuluma, yilokhu izingxenye, izakhi sakhiwa umphakathi kanye nobudlelwano zomphakathi kanye nokusebenzisana bakuphi. Ngo kwabantu, okokuqala nomqondo isakhiwo somphakathi ukusebenzisa Herbert Spencer, ababeqonda leli gama ubuhlobo obuhle phakathi umzimba kwezenhlalo futhi izingxenye zayo ngazinye. Ubizwa, ngokuvamile, umphakathi sifaniswa nokukhohlakala umzimba. Ngu H. Spencer, senhlalo - le nqubo, indawo izakhi oxhumene tekusebentisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwabo, azakhele yangaphakathi into uhlelo.

Kukhona izincazelo eziningana kwethemu. Ngokwesibonelo, omunye wabo: ngokuhlelwa komphakathi - indlela ethile interconnection kanye nokuxhumana izakhi, okungukuthi, abantu abaphethe izikhundla zomphakathi (be) futhi enze imisebenzi ethile (nemisebenzi). It kuyabonakala ukuthi into esemqoka kule definition - izici zokuxhumana kanye nokuxhumana. Noma, ngokwesibonelo, incazelo ukuthi uyakucabangela izingqimba noma kwezakhi emphakathini: yezenhlalakahle sakhiwo iqoqo izikhundla zomphakathi, oxhumene nokusebenzisana, hierarchically ngaphambilini ngokuya babhekane nezinga elikhulu zabo.

I izakhiwo ngokuhlelwa komphakathi kungenziwa kubhekwe kuncike eziguquguqukayo ezilandelayo:

1. nokuncika komunye nomunye.

2. Njalo.

3. nesilinganiso eliyisisekelo.

4. kubonwe ithonya phezu mkhuba empirically uyalandelwa.

isakhiwo Social nje kokuthi isistimu - kuba subsystems indlela interconnection ukuthi basebenzisane kuwo futhi ukuqinisekisa ubuqotho bayo. Yini subsystems zifakwe ohlelweni lomphakathi? isakhiwo Social kuhlanganisa abantu iqembu labantu (umphakathi), behlanganiswe ezinye umbandela, ukuxhumana kwabo, ubudlelwano kanye nokusebenzisana, izinhlangano ezahlukene kanti izikhungo, amaqembu, umphakathi, nemithetho, namagugu, nokuningi. Ngayinye kulezi zingxenye, izingxenye isakhiwo kungahle ubuhlobo ethile nabanye, anesikhundla ezithile futhi ukudlala indima ethize emphakathini.

Uhlaziyo oluningiliziwe iningi senhlalo wanikezwa Marx, owabonisa ukuthi izici zezombangazwe, kwamasiko nenkolo ka ekuphileni kuxhomeke kokuthile imodi zokukhiqiza. Wayebheka lowo isisekelo somnotho inquma superstructure ngemibono nezamasiko umphakathi. Abalandeli nabafundi Marx ezihlongozwayo isimo sengqondo kuyiwa, ucabangela inhlangano kwezamasiko, kwezombangazwe futhi kusekelwe endleleni ethile yokucabanga ka kuqhathaniswa ezizimele kanye sincike ingxenye kwezomnotho ekugcineni kuphela.

Kodwa cabanga Marx nabalandeli bakhe phezu nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana kule nokwakheka umphakathi akuyena kuphela. Ngakho, Durkheim wabhala, ikakhulukazi, ukuthi izikhungo zenhlalakahle bafeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu kuleli nokuhlanganiswa kwe umphakathi, ndawonye izingxenye ezahlukene ndawonye. Yena wakhetha izinhlobo ezimbili ubudlelwane kwesakhiwo: ubumbano mechanistic organic. Weber wafunda futhi baqhuba ekuhlaziyweni nekuhlelwa kwetikhungo emphakathini: emakethe, ubushiqela kanye nezombusazwe.

T. Parsons ukholelwa ukuthi Inkampani uhlobo olukhethekile esimisweni sezenhlalo, okuyinto has ezingeni lelisetulu lunye kanye nokwaneliswa. ubunye Functional emphakathini njengoba uhlelo kunqunywa subsystems yezenhlalakahle, yena kuchasiselwe emnothweni (lithathelwe), ezombusazwe (tseledostizheniya), isiko (isampula yesondlo). Integrative efanayo umphakathi umsebenzi kunqunywa uhlelo "umphakathi nomphakathi" ehlanganisa isakhiwo ikakhulukazi zokulawula.

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