Iyini iphrojekthi. Incazelo yephrojekthi, izici zayo nezici

Inqubo yeprojekthi yokufeza imigomo ebekiwe inikeza ithuba:

1) Hlanganisa imigomo ebalulekile yenkampani, ukufezeka okungenzeka esikhathini esizayo esizayo.

2) Kuyasebenza kakhulu ukuhlela ukwabiwa kwezimali.

3) Ukuxhumanisa izenzo zabaphathi nabaphathi.

Iyini iphrojekthi? Incazelo yemqondo

Igama elithi "iphrojekthi" (projectus) lihunyushwe kusuka kwisiLatini ngokuthi "livelele, liqhubekela phambili, liphuma ngaphandle." Futhi uma uzalisa leli gama ku-Oxford lexicon, uzothola: "isiqalo esilungiselelwe kahle ibhizinisi, inkampani eyakhelwe ngokuqondile noma umsebenzi ohlangene okudingekayo ukuze ufinyelele imigomo ethile." Uma usondela impendulo yalo mbuzo ngokuningiliziwe, iphrojekthi iphinde:

• Umkhankaso (noma uhlu lwezinyathelo ezilandelanayo) lapho ezinye izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi zizoxazululwa noma umbono ohlakaniphile usuqalisiwe;

• Isabelo esisodwa noma ngaphezulu sesikhathi esisodwa, ngaphandle kwalokho kuzoba nzima ukufeza iphrojekthi, ukukhomba nokufeza izinhloso eziyinhloko;

• Umyalelo wesikhashana okufanele ugcwaliswe ngesikhathi, ngenani elithile lemithombo ehilelekile;

• Icala lokugcwaliswa kwalo kufana nokuthola umphumela oyifunayo;

• Kuncishiswe isikhathi kanye nezinsiza, isethi yemizamo noma ukwenza imisebenzi edingekayo ukuze kuzuzwe umgomo (wonke umsebenzi wenziwa yinhlangano ekhethekile eyenzelwe imisebenzi enjalo);

• Uhlu lwemisebenzi ngenxa yesikhathi, ukusebenza okuzoholela ekufezeni umphumela owodwa kuphela; Njengomthetho, izenzakalo ezinjalo zihlose ukuguqulwa kwekhwalithi noma ukuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo omusha (isevisi);

• Ukuphakanyiswa nokuhlelwa kwemibono eminingana kanye nencazelo yemigomo yamaphrojekthi eyingxenye yeprojekthi eyinhloko, ukuqaliswa okuhlanganyelwe kwazo zonke izinhlelo zokwenza izenzo (imisebenzi);

• Ukuklama imisebenzi elandelanayo, ukuqaliswa okuzovumela ukufezekisa imiphumela esikhathini esizayo;

• Incazelo eningiliziwe yezenzo ezihleliwe ngesikhathi esithile futhi ezimweni ezithile, injongo yokushintsha isimo esikhathini esizayo;

• Umsebenzi odinga uhlelo oluningiliziwe futhi unikeza inamba yemisebenzi ehlose ukushintsha isimo samanje;

• Iphupho, ukugeleza, indlela engakwazi ukuyenza ngayo esikhathini esizayo, nokusetshenziswa okulandelayo kwezimvo lapha zokuziqhenya;

• Ucwaningo ngalolu daba okwamanje ukuze uhlele uhlelo lwezenzo esikhathini esizayo.

Ngezinhlobonhlobo zamaphrojekthi zingabantu siqu (isibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwesayithi lomuntu siqu) noma ukuthuthukisa, ukuphoqelela umphakathi ukuba ushintshe (ngezinye izikhathi - ngaphandle kokuqaphela).

Izici ezihlukile

Le phrojekthi, incazelo engekho emifanekisweni, ibizwa ngokuthi intsha noma intsha. Futhi uma esikhathini esizayo esiseduze ngeke kube nesidingo sokuphinda kusetshenziswe noma yiziphi amaphuzu zeprojekthi (noma ngeke kudingeke ukunquma noma nini), kubizwa ngokuthi isikhathi esisodwa.

Uma umphumela wokugcina kufanele wamukeleke ngesikhathi esinqunyiwe, khona-ke isici esihlukanisayo sale phrojekthi ngumkhawulo wesikhathi. Futhi uma ukuqaliswa komsebenzi kudinga ukubamba iqhaza kochwepheshe abavela emikhakheni ehlukene, incazelo yephrojekthi ingafanelana nelinye igama - ukungalingani.

Izingozi

Izingozi nezinkinga ekuthuthukiseni nasekuphathweni kwephrojekthi kuvela, ikakhulukazi, uma imisebenzi enjalo ingakaxazululwa. Ubungozi bephrojekthi ngokuqondile buxhomeke ekulinganiseni kwawo kanye nemishini yabenzi (ukutholakala kwemishini edingekayo, izinto zokwakha kanye namathuluzi). Izingozi eziningi, isibonelo, zithwala iphrojekthi yokutshala izimali, imithombo yawo ayikwazi ukutholakala ngaphandle kokuthola ulwazi oludingekayo.

Ukuxhasa ngemali imiklamo yokutshala izimali

Ukuxhaswa kwangaphakathi noma ukuzixhasa ngokwezimali kwenziwa ngezindleko zebhizinisi - umsunguli wephrojekthi futhi inikezela ukusetshenziswa kwemali yomuntu siqu wabanikazi bamasheya. Futhi, kungenzeka ukuthi usebenzise inzuzo enhle yebhizinisi, kanye nokunciphisa imali, futhi ukwakheka kwezindleko kuhloswe ngqo. Lolu hlobo lwezimali lungenzeka kuphela uma iphrojekthi iphansi.

Incazelo yephrojekthi exhaswe ngaphandle:

1) Ukuxhasa ngezimali kwangaphandle kungenziwa ngenzuzo yezinkampani zombuso, ezezimali nezingekho zezimali, abantu, abatshalizimali bamanye amazwe kanye nemali eyengeziwe ekulawulweni kwalasekeli.

2) Yabelana futhi wabelana ngeminikelo.

3) Imalimboleko yebhange lokutshala izimali kanye nezikweletu ezibolekiwe.

Izici ezilinganiselwe

Noma iyiphi iphrojekthi inezici ezintathu ezikhawulayo:

• Imigomo yokuqalisa. Ukuze uhlole ngokufanele isikhathi sephrojekthi, izinkinga zezobuchwepheshe zidiliziwe zibe ngamabhulokhi akhayo, bese "ukuphakanyiswa" komqulu womsebenzi kuhlolwa futhi imiphumela iqhathaniswa nesipiliyoni sabathuthukisi abaphumelelayo.
• Izinsiza. Isibonelo, isisetshenziswa sabasebenzi: ukuphathwa kwabasebenzi, incazelo yemisebenzi yephrojekthi esebenzisa amathalenta namakhono abo.
• Umphumela. Izingxenye zento yilezi: ukusimama kwezezimali, ukumaketha okunekhono, ukusebenza kahle kwezomnotho, ubuchwepheshe bomphathi wephrojekthi kanye nabadlali.

Izinhlelo Zeprojekthi

Uma sicabanga ngomsebenzi wenhlangano, cishe njalo kungenzeka ukuba uqaphele izinhlobonhlobo ezimbili ezibalulekile zomsebenzi wazo okhona ngesikhathi:

• Okubizwa ngokuthi "inzuzo" nokuphindaphinda ngezikhathi ezithile ukuthengiselana noma ukuthengiselana;

• Amaphrojekthi.

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalezi zenzo ezimbili ukuphindaphinda izinqubo eziphindaphindiwe kanye nokuhlelwa kwesimiso esithile sezenzo ezihloswe ekufezeni umphumela oyingqayizivele.

Isibonelo, ekukhiqizeni izimoto, umsebenzi wezokuthutha ezitolo, ukubalwa kwemali kanye nokucubungula izincwadi kubhekisela ekusebenzeni okuphindaphindiwe. Ukuthengiswa okuphindaphindiwe kubonakala ngesilinganiso esiqinisekisiwe sokuqiniseka futhi kudinga indlela ehlelekile, inhloso yokukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kwezikhungo kanye nemishini ekhona kakade.

Incazelo yeprojekthi eqondiswe ekusetshenzisweni kwanoma yiziphi izinguquko zangaphakathi noma zangaphandle, isibonelo, ukudala ukuguqulwa kwamuva, ukuguqula amapayipi noma ukuletha izinhlelo ezintsha ezenzekelayo. Izinguquko zangaphandle zingabandakanya imikhankaso yokukhangisa, ukwandisa insimu yomsebenzi wenhlangano, ukushintsha ubudlelwane bemakethe. Ngokuyinhloko, ungakwazi ukukhetha okulandelayo:

• Imisebenzi yokwenza umsebenzi wokuhlela (ukuhlelwa kabusha kwebhizinisi, ukusungulwa kwezinto ezintsha nokunye);

• Imisebenzi yokwakheka kwebhizinisi (ukuthuthukiswa kocwaningo, ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo emisha, ukwakheka kwemifudlana eqhubekayo, ukufinyelela kumakethe angaziwa ngaphambili);

• Imisebenzi yokwakheka (ukugcinwa) kwengqalasizinda (ukulungiswa okuhleliwe, ukufakwa kwemishini nokunye);

• Amacebo ezentengiselwano asebenza ngaphakathi kohlaka lwenkontileka (ukukhiqizwa nokulethwa kwemikhiqizo yasekuqaleni noma engekho emele, ukwakha, ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zangempela).

Lolu hlu luyaqhubeka uma luhlanganiswa nezibonelo ezivela ezindaweni ezahlukene zezimboni ezinokuhlukana okuphawulekayo emkhakheni womsebenzi, isikhathi sokuqalisa ukusebenza, inani labasebenzi kanye nokubaluleka kwemiphumela.

Hlela ukuthola imiphumela

Umgomo wanoma iyiphi iphrojekthi ukuthola umphumela wokukhonkolo, okungukuthi, ukufeza umgomo. Umgomo othize yiwona oshukumisayo kule phrojekthi.

Incazelo yephrojekthi ihlose ukwenza imisebenzi engavamile. Imiklamo ehlose ukufeza umgomo inikwe incazelo ejulile yangaphakathi edingekayo ekusebenzeni kwayo. Isici esiyinhloko sokuphathwa kweprojekthi ukuchithwa kwencazelo nokubunjwa kwezinhloso, kusukela ezingeni eliphezulu kuya ekuqalisweni okuningiliziwe kwemigomo ephawulekayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphrojekthi ingabhekwa njengokuphumelela ngezinyathelo zezinkinga ezilula ngokucacile, futhi intuthuko yayo ifana nokufeza imisebenzi ephawulekayo. Le phrojekthi icatshangwa igcwaliswe kuphela ngemuva kokuba umgomo wokugcina ufeziwe.

Iyini iphothifoliyo yephrojekthi?

Iphothifoliyo (iphothifoliyo) - iqoqo lamaphrojekthi (izinhlelo), kuhlangene nomgomo owodwa: ukwenza abaphathi baphumelele futhi baphumelele. Imiklamo eqoqwe ephothifoliyo ingase ingaxhunyiwe, ingahlanganiswa umgomo ovamile futhi ikhona ngokuzimela.