Izakhiwo zamagnet kanye namandla ensimu yamagnetic

Kulolu hlobo olumagnethe, wonke umuntu usejwayele ukujwayele. Asiboni lutho olukhethekile kulo. Ehlotshaniswa nathi, uvame ukufundisa ngezifundo ze-physics noma ukubonakalisa ngesimo samaphuzu okugxila ezakhiweni ze-magnet kubantu basenkulisa. Futhi akuvamile ukuthi umuntu ucabange ukuthi zingaki izimboni ezisizungezile ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Kunoma iyiphi ifulethi kukhona inqwaba. I-magnet ikhona kudivayisi yesipikha ngasinye, i-tape recorder, i-shaver kagesi, iwashi. Ngisho nebhange enezipikili linye.

Noma kunjalo?

Singabantu - hhayi okuhlukile. Ngenxa ye-biocurrent emzimbeni oseduze nathi, kukhona iphethini engabonakali yemigqa yayo yamandla. I-magnet enkulu iPlanethi yoMhlaba. Futhi ngisho nangaphezulu kakhulu ibhola le-plasma elangeni. Ubukhulu bezinkanyezi kanye nebulae ezingaqondakali engqondweni yomuntu akuvumi ukuvumela ukucabanga ukuthi zonke lezi ziyizimboni.

Isayensi yanamuhla idinga ukwakhiwa kwamagesi amasha amakhulu namandla amakhulu, amasimu okusetshenziswa okuhlobene nokufutha kwe-thermonuclear, ukukhiqiza kwamandla kagesi, ukusheshisa kwama-synchrotrons ezinhlayiya ezikhokhisiwe, nokukhuphuka kwemikhumbi eyehlisiwe. Ukwakha insimu ye-superstrong isebenzisa izici zamagnetti ze-magnet ngenye yemisebenzi ye-physics yesimanje.

Ake sicacise imibono

Insimu yamagnetic iyinhlangano esebenzayo emzimbeni ophetheyo, ngokuhamba phambili. It "ayisebenzi" ngezinto ezihleliwe (noma ilahlekelwe icala) futhi isebenza njengenye yefomu yensimu kagesi, ekhona njengengqondo ejwayelekile.

Uma izidumbu zingazakhela insimu yamagnetic futhi zizibonele amandla okusebenza kwayo, zibizwa ngokuthi amagetsi. Okusho ukuthi, lezi zinto zenziwe magnetized (zinomzuzu ohambelana nawo).

Izinto ezahlukeneyo zenzakala ngokungalingani ensimini yangaphandle. Ukwehlisa isenzo salo ngaphakathi kuthiwa yi-paramagnets, okukhulisa - i-diamagnetics. Izinto zokwakha zomuntu ngamunye zinomkhiqizo wokwanda okuphindwe kabili emkhakheni wamagnetic wangaphandle. Lawa ama-ferromagnets (i-cobalt, i-nickel enensimbi, i-gadolinium, kanye namakhemikhali nama-alloys alawa zensimbi). Labo kubo, okuthi, ngemva kokushaywa yinsimu yangaphandle eqinile, ngokwabo bazuza izici zamaginethi, kuthiwa bayizibuthakathaka kanzima. Abanye, abakwazi ukuziphatha njengezimakethe kuphela ngaphansi kwethonya eliqondile lensimu bese beyeka ukuba njalo nokushabalalisa kwayo, basuke bebuthaka kakhulu.

Umlando omncane

Ukutadisha izakhiwo zamagnethe ahlala njalo abantu babhekene nezikhathi ezindala kakhulu. Kukhulunywe emibhalweni yabafundi baseGrisi lasendulo ngisho neminyaka engu-600 ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu. Amakhamera wemvelo (yemvelo) angatholakala emaholidini we-ore magnetic. Okudumile kunazo zonke izimboni ezinkulu zemvelo kugcinwa eNyuvesi yaseTartu. Ulinganisa ama-kilogram ayi-13, kanti imithwalo, engakhuliswa ngosizo lwakhe, ingu-40 kg.

Isintu sefunde ukudala amakhompi okufakelwa usebenzisa ama-ferromagnet ahlukahlukene. Inani le-powder (kusuka ku-cobalt, insimbi, njll) ikhono lokubamba isisindo izikhathi ezingu-5000 isisindo sakhe. Izibonelo zokufakelwa zingaba unomphela (ezitholakala ezintweni ezinamandla magnetic) noma ama-electromagnets anesisekelo, okubonakalayo okunamandla okune-magnetic iron. Insimu yezintambo ezivela kuzo ivela ngenxa yokuhamba kwamandla kagesi ngokusebenzisa izintambo ezidonsa, ezizungezwe yinhloko.

Incwadi yokuqala eyinhloko equkethe imizamo yokuhlola ngokwesayensi izakhiwo zamagnet ngumsebenzi weDokotela waseLondon u-Hilbert, enyatheliswa ngo-1600. Lo msebenzi uqukethe lonke ulwazi olutholakalayo ngaleso sikhathi ngokuphathelene namagnetism kanye negesi, kanye nokuhlolwa kokugunyazwa.

Noma yiziphi izenzakalo ezikhona umuntu uzama ukuzivumelanisa nokuphila okusebenzayo. Yiqiniso, i-magnet yayingekho.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamagnethe

Iziphi izakhi zamagnet ezenze isintu? Ububanzi bayo bokusebenza bukhulu kakhulu kangangokuthi siyakwazi ukuthinta ngokufishane kumadivayisi aphambili, amadivayisi adumile kanye nezicelo zalesi sihloko esimangalisayo.

Ikhampasi iyinsimbi eyaziwa kakhulu yokuthola izikhombisi-ndlela emhlabathini. Siyabonga, babeka izindlela zezindiza zasolwandle, ezokuthutha komhlaba, ngenhloso yokuhamba ngezinyawo. Lawa madivayisi angaba magnetic (umcibisholo uhlobo), asetshenziswe izivakashi nabadwebi bezobuchwepheshe, noma ama-non-magnetic (ama-radio kanye nama-hydraulic compassses).

I-compassses zokuqala zamakethe zemvelo zenziwe ngekhulu le-XI futhi zasetshenziselwa ukuhamba. Isenzo sabo sisekelwe ekujikelezeni kwamahhala kwendiza ehamba phambili yenaliti ende eyenziwe ngamagnetic impahla, elinganisela kwi-axis. Omunye umkhawulo wawo njalo ubheke eningizimu, enye - enyakatho. Ngakho-ke, ungakwazi njalo ukwazi kahle izinkombandlela eziyinhloko mayelana nezinhlangothi zomhlaba.

Izindawo Eziyinhloko

Izindawo lapho izindawo zamagnet zathola khona isicelo esikhulu - umsakazo kanye nobunjiniyela bamagesi, izinsimbi zokusebenza, ukuzenzekelayo kanye ne-telemechanics. Kusukela ezintweni zokukhiqiza okune-ferromagnetic, kulayishwa, izintambo zamagnetic, njll zitholakala. Ngo-1820, impahla yomqhubi onamanje itholakale ukuthi isebenze emcibisholo wamagnet, ukuphoqa ukuba iphenduke. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwatholakala enye into: okubili ukuqhutshwa okuhambisanayo lapho i-current of one direction ehamba ngayo ifa impahla yokukhanga.

Ngenxa yalokhu, kucatshangelwa kwenziwa ngesizathu sezinto zamagnet. Zonke izimo ezinjalo ziphakama ngokuphathelene nemifudlana, kuhlanganise nokujikeleza ngaphakathi kwezinto ezibonakalayo magnetic. Imibono yanamuhla yesayensi ihambisana ngokuphelele nalokhu kucabangela.

Mayelana nezinjini nama-generator

Ngokwakhe, izinhlobo eziningi zamagesi kagesi kanye nezigesi zogesi zakhiwe, okungukuthi, imishini yokujikeleza okuyi-operation yayo esekelwe ukuguqulwa kwamandla kagesi ibe amandla kagesi (kungumbuzo wamajeneretha) noma ugesi owenziwe ngemishini (ngezimoto). Noma iyiphi i-generator isebenza ngesimiso sokungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic, okungukuthi i-EMF (amandla we-electromotive) kwenzeka ngocingo oluhamba ensimini yamagnetic. Umshini kagesi usebenza ngesisekelo sezinto ezibonakalayo zokubonakala kwamandla emshini ene-current ibekwe ensimini eguquguqukayo.

Ukusebenzisa amandla okusebenzisana kwensimu namanje okwedlula ukuhamba kwezingxenye zabo ezihambayo, amadivayisi abizwa ngokuthi amadivayisi we-magnetoelectric asebenza. Njengoba i-motor entsha enamandla kagesi ye-alternating current ine-windings amabili, umlingisi wokufakelwa kwamandla kagesi. I-disk eqhubayo ephakathi kwe-windings ingaphansi kokuzungeza nge-torque, amandla ayo afana namandla adliwe.

Futhi ekuphileni kwansuku zonke?

Ehlome ibhetri elincane, i-wristwatch kagesi ijwayele wonke umuntu. Ukuklama kwabo ngokusebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kwamagxolo, i-coil inductance kanye ne-transistor ilula kakhulu ngokwezinombolo zezingxenye ezitholakalayo kune-watch watch.

Izicelo eziningi kakhulu zikhiye uhlobo lwama-electromagnetic noma i-cylinder locks, ezihlome izici zamagnetic. Kuzo, kokubili ukhiye kanye nokukhiya kufakwe ikhodi ehleliwe. Uma ikhi elungile likhiyiwe emgodini, izakhi zangaphakathi zokukhiya magnetic zikhanga isikhundla esifisa, esikuvumela ukuthi sivulwe.

Isenzo samakhanethi sisekelwe kudivayisi ye-dynamometers ne-galvanometer (idivaysi ebucayi kakhulu esilinganisa ama-currents aphansi). Izakhiwo zamagnet zithole uhlelo lokusebenza ekukhiqizeni abrasives. Ngakho-ke kuthiwa yizinhlayiya ezincane nezinzima kakhulu, ezidingekayo ekusetshenzisweni komshini (ukugaya, ukupholisa, ukususa) izinto ezihlukahlukene kanye nezinto zokusebenza. Ekukhiqizeni, i-ferrosilicon edingekayo engxenyeni ethile ihlala phansi ngaphansi kwe-ashi, ihlanganisiwe kancane kancane. Ukuze ususe kusuka lapho, amakhomitha adingekayo.

Isayensi nokuxhumana

Ngenxa yezici zamagnetic zezinto, isayensi inethuba lokutadisha isakhiwo semizimba ehlukahlukene. Omunye angakhuluma kuphela nge-magnetochemistry noma ukutholakala kwephutha lamagnetic (indlela yokuthola amaphutha ngokutadisha ukuphazamiseka kwensimu yamagnetic ezindaweni ezithile zemikhiqizo).

Zibuye zisetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni imishini yezinhlayiya ze-ultra-high, izinhlelo zokuxhumana zomsakazo (amasosha nemigqa yezohwebo), ukwelashwa okushisa, kokubili ekhaya nasembonini yokudla (wonke umuntu uyazazi ama-oven microwave). Kuyinto engenakwenzeka ngaphakathi kohlaka lwesinye isihloko ukubala wonke lawo madivaysi obuchwepheshe nezicelo lapho izici zamagnetic zisetshenziswa namuhla.

Ububanzi Bezokwelapha

Umkhakha wokuxilongwa nokwelashwa kwezokwelapha kwakungeyona into ehlukile. Ngenxa ye-X-ray eyenza i-accelerator ehambisana ne-electron, ukwelashwa kwe-tumor kwenziwa, imishayo ye-proton yenziwa ngama-cyclotrons noma ama-synchrotrons, anezinzuzo ngaphezu kwama-x-ray endaweni yendawo futhi iyasebenza kakhulu ekuphatheni izicubu zamehlo nobuchopho.

Ngokuqondene nesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, ngisho nangaphambi kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, imisebenzi ebalulekile yomzimba ayihlotshaniswa nokuba khona kwamaginethi. Izincwadi zesayensi zazivame ukugcwaliswa ngemibiko ngabanye mayelana neminye yemiphumela yabo yezokwelapha. Kodwa kusukela eminyakeni engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye, i-avalanche yezincwadi ezakhiweni eziphilayo ze-magnet yaqala ukugeleza.

Ngaphambili futhi manje

Kodwa-ke, ukuzama ukuwaphatha abantu kwakwenziwa yi-alchemists ekhulwini le-XVI. Kuye kwaba neminye imizamo eminingi ephumelelayo yokuphulukisa izinyosi, ukuphazamiseka kwemizwa, ukulala nokulala nezinhlobonhlobo zezitho zangaphakathi. Kubonakala sengathi empilweni, i-magnet ithola ukusetshenziswa kwayo kungakapheli kokuhamba.

Ikhulu lokugcina leminyaka lisetshenziselwa kakhulu izigqoko zamagnetic, ezithandwayo phakathi kweziguli ezinomfutho wegazi okhubazekile. Ososayensi bakholelwa ngokujulile ukuthi ikhono lamagnet liyakwandisa ukumelana komzimba womuntu. Ngosizo lwama-electromagnetic instruments baye bafunda ukulinganisa ukuvinjelwa kwegazi, ukuthatha amasampuli noma ukungena imithi edingekayo kusuka kwamaphilisi.

I-magnet isusa izinhlayiya ezincane zensimbi eziboshwe ezweni. Ukusebenza kwalo kusekelwe emsebenzini wezinzwa zombane (noma ubani ojwayele inqubo yokususa i-electrocardiogram). Esikhathini sethu, ukubambisana kwezazi zemvelo nama-biologist ngokutadisha izindlela ezijulile zomthelela emzimbeni womuntu wensimu yamagnetic kuyaqhubeka kusondela futhi kuyadingeka.

I-Neodymium magnet: izakhiwo nezicelo

Amakhompi we-Neodymium acatshangwa ukuthi anomthelela omkhulu empilweni yomuntu. Ziqukethe i-neodymium, insimbi ne-boron. I-formula yabo yamakhemikhali yiNdFeB. Inzuzo enkulu yale magnet iyinhlangano enamandla yensimu yayo ngobukhulu obuncane. Ngakho-ke, isisindo somlingo onamandla ka-200 gauss cishe ngo-1 g. Uma uqhathanisa, i-magnet yensimbi elingana namandla kunayo isisindo esicishe sibe ngu-10 ubukhulu.

Enye inzuzo engafanelekiyo yalezi amamitha ukuzinza okuhle nokukwazi ukugcina izimfanelo ezidingekayo amakhulu eminyaka. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu, i-magnet ilahlekelwa yizindawo zayo ngo-1% kuphela.

Ukuphathwa kahle kanjani nge-neodymium magnet?

Ngesizo salo sithuthukisa ukujikeleza kwegazi, ukuqiniswa kwengcindezi, silwe ne-migraine.

Izakhiwo zamagetsi we-neodymium zaqala ukusetshenziselwa ukwelashwa eminyakeni engaba ngu-2000 edlule. Ukukhulunywa ngaleli fomu yokwelapha kutholakala emibhalweni yesandla yaseChina yasendulo. Wabe eselashwa ngokusebenzisa amatshe amagesi emzimbeni womuntu.

Ukwelapha kwakhona futhi ngendlela yokuzihlanganisa nomzimba. Inganekwane ithi uCleopatra wayephoqelekile ukuba agqoke njalo ibhande elimangalisayo ekhanda lakhe ngobuhle obuhle bezempilo nobuhle. Ngekhulu le-Xth, ososayensi basePheresiya bachaza ngokuningiliziwe imiphumela enenzuzo yezindawo ze-neodymium magnets emzimbeni womuntu uma kwenzeka ukuqedwa kwesibindi nokuvuvukala kwemisipha. Ngokusho kobufakazi obuseduze baleso sikhathi, umuntu angakwazi ukwahlulela ukusebenzisa kwakhe ukwandisa amandla emisipha, amandla amathisethi amathanga nokunciphisa ubuhlungu emalungwini.

Kuzo zonke izifo ...

Ubufakazi bokuthi ukukhishwa okunjalo kuphumelele kwanyatheliswa ngo-1530 udokotela odumile waseSwitzerland Paracelsus. Emibhalweni yakhe, udokotela wachaza izindawo zemilingo zamagnet ezingakhuthaza amandla omzimba futhi zibangele ukuphulukisa. Inani elikhulu lezifo ngalezo zinsuku zaqala ukunqoba, zisebenzisa i-magnet.

Ukuzivocavoca ngosizo lwaleli remedy e-USA eminyakeni yempi emva kokulwa (1861-1865), lapho kwakukhona imithi eyanele ngokwanele, yasakazwa kabanzi. Basebenzisa bobabili njengemithi futhi njenge-anesthetic.

Kusukela ngekhulu le-XX, izindawo zokwelapha zamasethini ziye zaqiniswa ngokwesayensi. Ngo-1976, udokotela waseJapane uNikagawa wethula umqondo wokulahleka kwemishini yamagnetic. Ucwaningo selungile izimpawu zalo eziqondile. Zifakwe ebuthakathakeni, ukukhathala, ukusebenza okunciphise kanye nokuphazanyiswa endleleni yokulala. Kubuye kube nemigraines, izinhlungu ezihlangene nezama-vertebral, izinkinga zokugaya umzimba nezinhlelo ze-cardiovascular, ngendlela ye-hypotension noma i-hypertension. Mayelana ne-syndrome kanye nensimu yokugula, futhi isikhumba sishintsha. Ngokusetshenziswa kwe-magnetotherapy, lawa mazwe angajwayelekile ngokujwayelekile.

Isayensi ayimi

Ososayensi baqhubeka bezama amasimu omhlaba. Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa kokubili ezilwaneni nasezinyoni, nakubaktheriya. Izimo zezinsimu ezibuthakathaka zinciphisa impumelelo yezinqubo ze-metabolic ezinyoni ezihlola kanye namagundane, kanti amabhaktheriya ayeka ngokuphindaphindiwe. Njengoba kunenkinga enkulu yensimu, izicubu eziphilayo zithola izinguquko ezingenakuguquka.

Kungenxa yokulwa nazo zonke izimo ezinjalo kanye nemiphumela eminingi emibi ebangelwa ukuthi i-magnetotherapy isetshenziswe ngaleyo ndlela. Kubonakala sengathi okwamanje zonke izakhiwo eziwusizo zamaketha azange zifundwe ngezinga elifanele. Ngaphambi kukadokotela izinto eziningi ezithakazelisayo nezentuthuko ezintsha.