Izibonelo izingxabano. izinhlobo ukungqubuzana

Ingxenye ebalulekile emphakathini wanamuhla kukhona ukungqubuzana yezenhlalakahle ngekwehlukahlukana kwalo. Izibonelo izingxabano sihlangane yonke indawo, eziqala izingxabano ezincane nesiphetho ngxabano ngamazwe. Ngenxa yalo esinye salezi ukuhilizisana - eziyisisekelo Islamic - kubhekwa esikalini elilodwa izinkinga ezinkulu emhlabeni, esemngceleni nosongo olukhulu World War III. Noma kunjalo, ucwaningo emkhakheni imininingwane yalolu ukungqubuzana njengoba enzeka zenhlalakahle kanye zengqondo kuboniswa ukuthi ngokwanele umqondo ezibanzi eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuhlola umbono walo oyingqayizivele elimazayo.

Umqondo ukungqubuzana

Okuvame kakhulu ulwazi lwesayensi abhekwa izindlela ezimbili ukuze ubunjalo ingxabano (Antsupov AY). Eyokuqala ichaza ukushayisana njengoba Ukungqubuzana amaqembu, imicabango yabantu noma amabutho; yesibili - njengoba ukushayisana okuphambene izikhundla, imigomo, izithakazelo kanye nemibono izihloko nokuxhumana. Ngakho, endabeni yokuqala kubhekwa izibonelo izingxabano amagugu ebanzi okwenzeka kuzo zombili Animate nemvelo ezingaphili. Esimeni sesibili kunokugqubuzana iqembu plurilateral zabantu. Ngakho iziphi izinxushunxushu kuhlanganisa umugqa othile ukuxhumana phakathi izifundo (noma amaqembu izifundo) ababa ku umbango.

Sakhiwo ngokucacile kokungqubuzana

Umuntu owasungula le Paradigm ukungqubuzana humanities jikelele kubhekwe L. Coser. Omunye izinzuzo bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe ukwamukela ukuthi kukhona izibonelo ezingxabanweni omuhle ukubaluleka sokusebenza. Ngamanye amazwi, wagomela ngokuthi Coser ingxabano akuyona into elimazayo njalo - kuba khona kubalulekile ukudalwa izixhumanisi sangaphakathi uhlelo oluthile, noma ekugcineni nokubumbana komphakathi.

Ukwakheka ifomu ukungqubuzana abahlanganyeli (abaphikisi amaqembu aphikisanayo), futhi izenzo zawo, isihloko isimo / isimo ukungqubuzana (isibonelo - wayichoboza e ezokuthutha zomphakathi), futhi umphumela wayo. Isihloko ukungqubuzana ngokuvamile kuhlobene izidingo ahilelekile, futhi baba nokwaneliseka lapho kube budisi khulu. Bebonke benza angaqoqwa ngamaqembu amathathu ezinkulu: ngokomzimba, kwezenhlalo (isimo-indima) nezingokomoya. Ukunganeliseki ngezinhlelo elilodwa noma kwenye kubalulekile umuntu (s) idinga kungabhekwa njengokuvikela izimbangela eziyisisekelo zezimpi.

Izibonelo izingxabano typology

Indlela NV Grishina amanothi e ukwazi kwansuku izingxabano izibonelo zihlanganisa ngempela anhlobonhlobo izenzakalo - kusukela izimpi futhi udweshu phakathi kwamaqembu athile omphakathi kanye kuze lezinkinga zomshado. Akunandaba, noma ngabe lilethwa mpikiswano ephalamende, noma emzabalazweni izifiso zomuntu siqu. Ngo namuhla naukoznanii ungathola lenqwaba ngeengaba ezahlukene, kungekho kwamangqamuzana ocacile phakathi imiqondo "izinhlobo" futhi "kwezinhlobo" izingxabano. Izibonelo eliyingxenye kuwo womabili amaqembu ukucindezelwa kwakuvame ukusetshenziswa njengezaba omqondofana. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngokombono wethu, kungcono ukwaba izici ezintathu eziyinhloko typology izingxabano:

• izinhlobo izingxabano;
• izinhlobo izingxabano;
• izinhlobo ingxabano.

Inxenye yokuqala iyona ebanzi kakhulu ivolumu. Uhlobo ngalunye kungafaka phakathi izinhlobo eziningana izingxabano, okuyinto yena, kungathatha indawo ngandlela-thile.

Izinhlobo kanye Ukungqubuzana

Izinhlobo ezinkulu izingxabano zimi kanje:

• intrapersonal (intrapersonal);
• ekuchumana (obufanele);
• intergroup;
• ukungqubuzana phakathi ngabanye kanye neqembu.

Ngakho, ukugcizelela kulokhu ngezihloko (amalungu) kokungqubuzana. Ngakwelinye ekuchumana, intergroup izingxabano nokungezwani phakathi ngabanye kanye neqembu izibonelo tembangave. Ingxabano lokuqala kwezenhlalo, kanye intrapersonal futhi zookonfliktom, wakhetha njengoba uhlobo ehlukile sezokuhlalisana kwabantu German Georg Simmel. Kwezinye imiqondo yamuva ngaphezulu ukungqubuzana intrapersonal ibuye kufakwe nomqondo kwezenhlalo, okuyinto Nokho, iphuzu debatable.

Phakathi kwezimbangela eziyinhloko ukungqubuzana yezenhlalakahle samukelwa ukwaba ezintulayo, umehluko izindinganiso zabantu kanye nesimongcondvo saleso semantic, umehluko empilweni isipiliyoni nendlela obaphatha ngayo abanye, imikhawulo kwezici ezithile psyche womuntu, nabanye.

ukungqubuzana intrapersonal

It lisikisela subjectively wazibonela misalignment yezitayela ezithile ukwazi yomuntu (ukuhlolwa, izimo zengqondo, izithakazelo nokunye. D.), Ukuhlanganyela nomunye kule nqubo ukuthuthukiswa (Mitin LM Kuzmenkova OV). Ngamanye amazwi, kuba ukushayisana ugqozi zokwakheka ezithile, okungase mawunganeliswa (waqaphela) kanyekanye. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu ngeke akwazi ukungakhathazeki bathande umsebenzi wakho, kodwa ngesaba ukushiya ngenxa amathemba asele abangasebenzi. Ingane nilingwe yokungabi bikho ekilasini futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo wesabe ijeziswa ngenxa yalo, njalo njalo. D.

Ngebanga lalokho, lokhu hlobo lwempi kungaba lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo (Antsupov AY, Shipilov AI):

• Isisusa ( "Ngifuna" futhi "ufuna");
• ukungqubuzana kwezinhloso singenele ukuzethemba ( "I can" futhi "can");
• Ekwenza Umlingiswa ( "kufanele" futhi "kumelwe");
• ukungqubuzana izifiso zingafezeki ( "Ngifuna" futhi "Mina");
• zokuziphatha ( "Ngifuna" futhi "kumelwe ');
• lithathelwe ( "kumele", "unga").

Ngakho, lokhu ngezigaba ihlukanisa ezintathu eziyinhloko isakhiwo izingxenye ubuntu, nqwamana nomunye: "Ngifuna" (Ngifuna): "Nginokudla engikudlayo" (kufanele kube) kanye "nginguNkulunkulu" (I). Uma siqhathanisa lokhu umqondo nge isakhiwo ethile ubuntu, akhiwa Freud sasho e psychoanalysis, singakwazi ukugcina Eid ingxabano (ufuna), Ego (I) kanye superego (kudingekile). Futhi kulesi simo kungcono kokukhumbula ukuhlaziywa emibhalombiko Erika Berna futhi abelwe ukuba ezintathu izikhundla yomuntu: ingane (ekusweleni), Adult (I), umzali (kubalulekile).

ukungqubuzana ekuchumana

Lolu hlobo kwenzeka endabeni ukungavumelani futhi izingxabano phakathi kwabantu. Phakathi izici kungaba kuqashelwe ukuthi kwenzeka "lapha futhi manje" kungaba kokubili izizathu inhloso kanye subjective, kanye, njengoba umthetho, libhekene imizwelo okusezingeni eliphezulu abathintekayo. uhlobo okusebenzisana kungabuye ihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezihlukene izingxabano.

Ngokwesibonelo, kuye imininingwane yalolu ubuhlobo kwakuwukuthi phakathi kwezinhlangano, izingxabano ekuchumana zingahlukaniswa zibe izingxabano "mpo", "ovundlile" futhi "idayagonali". Esimweni sokuqala sisebenzelana ubuhlobo ongaphansi, isibonelo, inhloko - umsebenzi, uthisha - umfundi. Icala lesibili kwenzeka lapho amaqembu ukuba impi ku-nokuwumisa alinganayo futhi awekho ngaphansi komunye nomunye - .. Co-abasebenzi, abantu abashadile, kwababemi khona abantu umugqa, njll Ukungqubuzana idayagonali ezingavela phakathi izimbangi enisezweni kwakuwukuthi ngokungaqondile - phakathi abakhulu inkonzo futhi emsebenzini ingxenye phakathi njll abaphezulu junior e. (lapho abahlanganyeli at izikhundla ezahlukene ezingeni, kodwa ngokuqondene okhonzile akunalo nomunye).

izingxabano okusebenzisana kungafaka sibona njalo ukungqubuzana kuvela ukukhiqizwa isakhiwo esithile zezinto eziphilayo ezifana umndeni (somshado, komzali nengane ukungqubuzana phakathi abazalwane nodade), ikhaya, ingxabano enhlanganweni (isibonelo ukungqubuzana yenhlangano phakathi izinhlangano zawo ngaphakathi bekhompuyutha ukuxhumana), kanye nabanye.

ukungqubuzana intergroup

Ukuze intergroup ukungqubuzana samukelwa ku ushayisile phakathi kwamalungu ngamanye amaqembu zenhlalo ezahlukene (ezinkulu, ezincane kanye naphakathi), kanye phakathi kwala maqembu iyonke. Kulokhu zingenza ukwaba ngendlela efanayo njengoba ukungqubuzana enhlanganweni, yasendlini (lapho ingxabano ezihilela abameleli eziningana amaqembu amabili noma ngaphezulu (izibonelo Phakathi abasebenzi kanye nabaphathi, imisebenzi yokuphatha kanye union, abafundi kanye nothisha, njll.) - ngokwesibonelo e kamasipala zokuhlala, esikhundleni salokho, tekutfutsa tesive kanye nokunye. d.).

Ungaphinde ukhethe lezi zibonelo tembangave ezingeni wemacembu njengoba ngamazwe, ngemasiko nakwezenkolo. Ngayinye yalezi zinhlobo ihlanganisa imikhakha ezehlukene zomphakathi futhi elinesimo eside. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le zilwane akhethiwe angase abe umlingisi crossover. Isigaba ahlukene kukhona izingxabano ngamazwe (izibonelo zazo sihlale ukubona ezindabeni), kuhlanganise phakathi uthi ngabanye kanye coalitions yabo.

Le mpi ephakathi kwala ngabanye kanye neqembu

Lolu hlobo kuyinto ngokuvamile kwenzeka esimweni lapho umuntu oyedwa eqenjini enqaba ukwenza ngokwesicelo salo abahlanganyeli ezisele, ngaleyondlela ebonisa ukuziphatha nonconformist. Kuphakathi he bophezela ezinye isenzo ubhekwa Akwamukelekile ukuthi kuphakamisa ukungqubuzana eqenjini. Njengoba isibonelo, isici ifilimu angasebenza Roland Bykov "eyayigcwele" (1983), lapho lo protagonist, uLena Bessoltseva buphikisana isigaba. Futhi abatelekile isibonelo ukuziphatha esikhathini Nonconformist iqembu ingqondo ukungqubuzana Into edabukisa isiphetho sefilosofi Italian Giordano Bruno.

izinhlobo ukungqubuzana

Lesi sigaba lisikisela ngokucacile ethile ukuthi zakha ingxabano. Phakathi kwezinhlobo eziyisisekelo lapho kungenzeka indawo okuvela kuyo ingxabano, kukhona lokhu okulandelayo (Samsonova N. V.): mpikiswano (mpikiswano) isimangalo, ukulahlwa, bazoyiduba, isiteleka, ukuketula, isiteleka, ukuhlukunyezwa (ukuhlukunyezwa), irowu, usongo, inzondo, ukuphazamisa , impoqo, ukushaya, impi (ezingxabanweni zezombusazwe). Izibonelo impikiswano futhi impikiswano lungatholwa emiphakathini yesayensi, waphinda kufakazela ukuthi kungenzeka ukungqubuzana ezakhayo.

Kuzo zonke izinhlobo izingxabano, ungase ucabangele izindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko theory:

• ugqozi;
• isimo;
• yobuchopho.

indlela ugqozi

Ngokwalesi sigaba indlela, yobutha umuntu noma iqembu elithile ungaphezu kwayo yonke ibonisa izinkinga zayo zangaphakathi. Isibonelo, nge Freud isikhundla autogruppovaya ubutha yisimo akunakugwenywa iyiphi ukuxhumana wemacembu, kokuba jikelele. Umsebenzi oyinhloko lobu butha - indlela yokulondoloza ukuzinza yangaphakathi nokubumbana leqembu. Indawo ekhethekile Kulokhu matasa yizingxabano zezombangazwe. Izibonelo zingatholakala emlandweni ukwakheka ukunyakaza undlovukayiphikiswa eJalimane nase-Italy (umbono yokuzizwa ungcono kunabantu bezinye), kanye emlandweni umzabalazo wokulwa "bayizitha zabantu" esikhathini repressions kaStalin. Freud ezihambisana ukwakheka indlela autogruppovoy ubutha "izihambi" kuya Oedipus sinzima, isazela zobudlova futhi ukuhlonza ngokomzwelo ne umholi weqembu -. The "Ubaba", njll Kusukela umbono zokuziphatha ayikwazi kubhekwe amaqiniso efana ukushayisana ezakhayo. Nokho, Izibonelo ukwesaba zobuhlanga kanye mass, ngokucacile ukuthi kungenzeka yokubuthanela amalungu iqembu elilodwa ngeziqu zamehlo nezinye.

I ulaka umqondo ezincwadini wezifo American Leonard Berkowitz njengoba yezimbangela ayisihluthulelo intergroup izingxabano esivuna nokuswela isihlobo. Leyo ngenye yezinto amaqembu kusho ukuhlola ngobuqotho ukuma kwabo lokuhlanganyela emphakathini njengesakhamuzi esihlelekile isikhundla ezabe zincishwe amathuba ngaphezulu kuqhathaniswa namanye amaqembu. Kulesi nokuswela lilinganiselwe njengoba isikhundla amathuba ngokoqobo kungenzeka ingabi olunembile.

indlela isimo

Lendlelanchubo yakhiwe sigxile ezicini wangaphandle, isimo okubangela okuvela futhi ngokucacile kokungqubuzana. Ngakho, ngo-wezifo Turkish izifundo Muzaffer Sheriff bathole ukuthi yobutha iqembu ngelinye ancipha kakhulu uma, esikhundleni sokuncintisana zinikwa kona ngezimo ngokubambisana (isidingo nokuqalisa imisebenzi ehlanganyelwe umphumela incike imizamo ezivamile bonke abahlanganyeli). Ngakho, i-Sheriff uthola ukuthi izici ukuthi isimo siyini, lapho amaqembu basebenzisane, kukhona ebalulekile ekunqumeni ubunjalo wokubambisana noma ukuncintisana intergroup nokuxhumana.

indlela engqondweni yethu

Kulokhu, kugcizelelwa indima evelele kwengcondvo (engqondo) izinhlelo abathintekayo kulokhu kubulalana komunye nomunye. Ngakho, usesimweni ukungqubuzana intergroup yobutha iqembu ngelinye akukhona ngempela kubangelwa ukungqubuzana umgomo izintshisekelo (okuyinto amangalelwe umbono olinganiselayo ngokungashadi izingxabano phakathi kohlaka indlela nesimo). Ngakho, akukho wokubambisana / ubunjalo ukuncintisana isimo iba okunqumayo kule intergroup kanye nokusebenzisana ekuchumana ezenzeka phakathi izilungiselelo iqembu lakhe. Ngamandla abo, izinhloso jikelele kukhona yokuxazulula izingxabano phakathi izimbangi - incike kumiswa zengqondo social ukuthi ukuhlanganisa iqembu kanye neqhaza ukuba anqobe ukuphikiswa okuvela yabo.

Tedzhfel Turner futhi bahlakulele theory of ungubani nomphakathi, lapho ukungqubuzana phakathi amaqembu akuzona phetho kudingekile zokungabi nabulungisa emphakathini (ngokungafani indlela ugqozi). Njengoba ebhekene nalesi simo nabulungisa, abantu nethuba ukhethe elilodwa noma ezinye izindlela ukuyinqoba.

isiko Conflictological zobuntu

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kukhona izingxabano ngamazwe, izibonelo zalo ezingenakususwa kwabonisa ngokucacile kakhulu elimazayo ukungqubuzana ukuziphatha izinhlangothi; noma sikhuluma ukuxabana ezincane phakathi nozakwethu kubaluleke kakhulu kubonakala endleleni okungcono. Ikhono izinhlangothi ephikisayo ukuthola ukusilela empini nesimo esinzima, wokuvimba yabo yokuziphatha okonakele, bheka amathemba kungenzeka wokubambisana olwengeziwe nalaba baphikisi ngazo zonke - zonke lezi zici kukhona isihluthulelo kungenzeka umphumela omuhle. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kungakhathaliseki kwakubaluleke kangakanani Imininingwane inqubomgomo esesidlangalaleni, isimiso sezomnotho, ezamasiko kanye zomthetho umphakathi, umsuka lo mkhuba ezinye abacacisiwe. Njengoba nje umfula uqala ekusakazeni encane.

Kumayelana conflictological ungubani kwamasiko. Okufana umqondo ifaka phakathi amandla nesifiso yomuntu zokuvimbela nekusombulula tembangave (Samsonova N. V). Kulokhu kuhle sikhumbule welithi "ukungqubuzana ezakhayo". Izibonelo izingxabano wamanje (ucabangela yabo imvelo iloliwe, futhi okwandile) umbukiso kunalokho, uma zingekho ezakhayo ukungqubuzana nokuxhumana. Kule ndaba, umqondo conflictological ungubani kwamasiko kumele kubhekwe hhayi kuphela futhi ngisho omunye nemibandela isinqumo kahle imibango ekhona emiphakathini, kodwa futhi njengoba esibalulekile of komphakathi awo wonke umuntu yesimanje.