Sakhipha enobungozi amakhemikhali. Ukwahlukanisa namakhemikhali izici imithi enobungozi

Abaningi bethu ekuphileni kwakhe sibhekene imithi enobungozi futhi elimazayo, futhi kungenzeka abanye babo bafa ngenxa evala ezibangelwa kubo. Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa imininingwane umsebenzi ezinye izitshalo. Kodwa ukuze lokuzivikela bona nabathandekayo babo ingozi, kudingeka wazi kahle ukuthi yini ehilelekile imithi enobungozi esuka iphuzu amakhemikhali buka, futhi kanjani ukuzivikela kuwo.

APB: kuyini?

Sakhipha enobungozi amakhemikhali (APB) - a enobungozi chemical kwakwakhe, eyayisetshenziswa ku embonini noma ezolimo, lapho ededelwa emoyeni noma enhlabathini ukungcola kungenzeka kwenzeke, futhi ngenxa yalokho, uqala kuthinte nethonya elibi eziphilayo wonke ophilayo.

OHV - ekhuthaza ezingasetshenziswa, nokunikeza umphumela ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile emzimbeni, phambili ukwethusa noma kuholele ekufeni.

Namuhla, emhlabeni wonke ukukhiqiza imithi enobungozi obuningi, endaweni WaseRussia, abahambisi bosizo babhekana zezakhi ezivamile. APB kungaba ezifundeni ezahlukene wokuhlanganisa.

izakhiwo APB

imithi enobungozi kufanele izakhiwo eziningana ezibalulekile: ukuminyana, ubuthi, solubility, simo esishubile, viscosity, amakhemikhali izakhiwo kanye lokushisa abilayo.

Ubuningi - yiyona isisindo into per unit ivolumu. Lokhu kulinganisela kunomthelela oqonde ngqo ku ukusatshalaliswa ezinobuthi emkhathini kanye emhlabathini. Lapho izinto kukhona ngesimo igesi noma isisi ngalesosikhathi they are ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho lomoya, okuhlushwa amaqabunga ngesikhathi esiphezulu kunciphe nge ukuphakama. izinto Liquid, okuyinto abe ukuminyana kunakunoma amanzi ngemuva kokungaboni echibini kukhona phansi.

Solubility - kuyinto esinye futhi isici ezinobuthi, ibhekisela akwazi ukwakha inhlobo nezinye izingxenye izixazululo. izingxenye Toxic zitholakala kalula oncibilikayo emanzini, bona bayakwazi ukudlulisela igciwane amanzi kangangokuba bayoba ofanele hhayi kuphela ukusetshenziswa kubantu nasezilwaneni, kodwa futhi ngezinhloso ezimbonini. Ngaphezu kwalokho izinto ezinjalo kungathelela nomhlabathi, futhi ngesikhathi ukujula ngokwanele ezinkulu.

Lokhu kunikeza ikhono imithi enobungozi nokusatshalaliswa zabo ngokushesha kwezitho zangaphakathi namalungu omzimba womuntu. Ukuze kuqedwe zonke izingxenye eyingozi evela amadamu, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izixazululo degassing-ejenti, kanye ukuqeda compounds kabi encibilikayo emanzini bobabili, izibulali-magciwane ekhethekile kumele kusetshenziswe.

Simo esishubile - ikhono into kudlule ku isimo umusi. Kakhulu oluyingozi ezinobuthi ashisa kakhulu unekhono Degas ngokwemvelo. Kodwa simo esishubile kuyinto encike ngqo kwi uhlobo izinga lokushisa ukubila at umfutho womoya, futhi umusi okuhlushwa.

Viscosity - a impahla impahla ewuketshezi ukuze ekwazi ukumelana ukunyakaza ingxenye eyodwa ngokuhlobene nezinye uketshezi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kule ipharamitha incike ketshezi absorbency izinto nge isakhiwo ukungena nakwamanye amazwe.

Ukwahlukaniswa HOV

Ukwahlukanisa enobungozi ikhemikhali - ingenye izikhathi ezibalulekile ngenxa okuyinto esikhathini esizayo ungakwazi asabela ngokushesha senze ukulunga njengaye umuntu kwaba endaweni ethintekile. imithi enobungozi Singasho yizigaba ezine ngokuvumelana degree of ukuchayeka womuntu:

• esiyingozi ngokwedlulele;
• eziyingozi;
• ngokulinganisela enobungozi;
• ingozi iphansi.

Kodwa izimfanelo zakhe ezithinta kuzo zonke izinto eziyingozi kukhona heterogeneous. Njengoba main yesiteleka umphumela ngokuvamile zisebenzisa preemptive uphawu syndrome okwenzeka lapho ubuthi acute zomzimba womuntu. Ukulandela le eziphuthumayo amakhemikhali enobungozi ingasho omunye la maqembu:

• asphyxiant (chlorine, phosgene, njll);
• obscheyadovitye (carbon monoxide) ;
• asphyxiant futhi obscheyadovitye (oxides nitrogen, nitric acid, i-hydrogen-fluoride, i-sulphur dioxide);
• angafi futhi neurotropic (ammonia);
• ubuthi ezithinta izinqubo umzimba emzimbeni (ethylene oxide).

sici

Izimpawu ezinobuthi kunqunywa Izakhiwo maqembu:

• ketshezi particulate ifomu okuqinile, volatiles ukuthi kakade at lokushisa amane shabalala (Granosan, merkuran);
• ketshezi particulate ifomu okuqinile, yinhlangano engenzi-oluyingozi, okuyinto ingase ibekwe ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo (sublimate ezonakalisayo, i-phosphorus, i-arsenic);
• volatiles ewuketshezi, isitoreji ngaphansi kwengcindezi kungenzeka kuphela - Lesi sigaba imithi enobungozi ihlukaniswe subgroups ezimbili: - ammonia, carbon oxide, no-B - chloro, methyl bromide nokunye okunjalo;
• volatiles ewuketshezi, isitoreji indawo izigubhu ezikhethekile ngaphandle kwengcindezi; zihlanganisa nitro futhi compounds acid, i-hydrogen cyanide, i-nicotine;
• acid okuyinto paruyut, kuhlanganise hydrochloric, nitric nabanye.

Ugcine kuphi nokuthi yini imithi enobungozi?

Ukuze lwenzeke i ekushayweni enobungozi ikhemikhali okungalindelekile, kubalulekile ukuba ngokuqinile ukugcina siphephe uma isebenza nabo, futhi qiniseka ukuthi uwabeka kubo kuphela iziqukathi akhethekile amakamelo.

ezinobuthi inqwaba atholakala amabhizinisi ukuthi kuzala noma uqede. Ngo izitshalo chemical angasetshenziswa njengoba umthombo, ezazimaphakathi, noma yokugcina feed side. Izitoke ezibekwe isitoreji ekhethekile (kufika ku-80%), bangase babe hardware, izimoto, ezifana namapayipi, amathangi kanye nabanye. Okuvame kakhulu ezibhekwa ezinesihlungu izinto kuncibilike ammonia ne-chlorine. Kwezinye amabhizinisi, igcinwe inqwaba amathani imithi enobungozi, kanye abaningi uthuthwa wesitimela noma amapayipi.

Zonke imithi enobungozi ngu inqubo amandla omlilo zingahlukaniswa zibe:

• non-oluvuthayo;
• nonflammable;
• kungenzeka ikhanyisa kuphela lapho ukuphakelwa okulinganayo kwezinto inqubo;
• oluvuthayo;
• ziwashisela emva ukususwa umthombo ukuthungela.

Ngu ushevu izinto zihlanganisa izinto okuyinto usongo olukhulu kuphela ezimweni lapho ingozi.

izinhlobo ezinobuthi

Kuze kube manje, uhlu ezinobuthi futhi ungazange lakhiwe, kodwa kukhona uhlu encane izinto, okuyinto avame ukusetshenziswa lapho kwenziwa ngebhizinisi uma ungenawo uwagcine izimo ezifanele, kungase kwenzeke ingozi zamakhemikhali. Namuhla kungenzeka ukwaba 9 izinto eziyisisekelo ayingozi kakhulu empilweni yomuntu futhi imvelo, phakathi kwabo kakhulu - chlorine, i-ammonia, hydrogen sulfide ne-carbon disulfide, i-hydrogen-fluoride.

APB umthelela womuntu

Chemical ingozi kungaholela ukukhululwa kwezinto eziyingozi futhi ezinobuthi ngabantu emoyeni futhi emanzini. Zonke izingxenye eziyingozi kungase kube nemiphumela ehlukile emzimbeni womuntu futhi babe nemiphumela ezahlukene:

• umphumela ecasulayo. Ngemva contact nge ukuqubuka kwesikhumba angavela ububomvu, ukuze izinto zibala i-phosphorus, i-chlorine, fluorine, i-hydrogen oxides.
• Cauterizing umphumela. Sakhipha imithi enobungozi amakhemikhali (APB) lapho singena umgudu wokuphefumula kanye isikhumba kungabangela ukusha idigri yinkimbinkimbi nelula. Phakathi izinto ezinjalo - ammonia ne hydrochloric acid.
• Umthelela choking. Uma emoyeni ukuba lokuhlushwa elikhulu lezi izinto, umphumela imiphumela ekufunayo ingase ibe asphyxia, okuyinto kuholela eminye kuya ekufeni izinto ezinjalo zihlanganisa phosgene futhi chloropicrin.
• Toxic-chemical imiphumela. Izinto ezinjalo can ithonya elibi umzimba womuntu kubangela ubuthi ezinzima phakathi izinto ezifana: hydrogen-arsenic, i-hydrogen sulfide, ethylene oxide, i-hydrogen cyanide.
• umphumela iNarcotic. Izinto zalolu hlobo, engena emzimbeni womuntu, kancane kancane siqale ukuba alibhubhise, ukuyeka imikhuba atholwe kwabantu bakubo bengayi, futhi uma ungathathi noma yisiphi isenzo, bese ekugcineni kungaholela ukwehluleka.

Indlela ukucacisa ingozi lapho kukhululwa ezinobuthi bebodwa, futhi ngenza lokhu kwenzeke?

Yini izimpawu zalesi sithako chemical

Nquma ngokuzimela ukukhululwa kwe amakhemikhali can futhi endoda ngokwayo. Kunezindlela eziningana izici okudingeka ukuthi uthole ukuthatha izinyathelo ezifanele zokuzivikela, ngokunembile:

• ukubukeka amafu, okuyinto kancane kancane luyakhula futhi ine umsuka ngokungekhona okwemvelo;
• iphunga akumnandi kakhulu, kuhlanganise okubangela umuzwa ngenxa yokungawutholi umoya;
• nokulahlekelwa ukwazi kubantu futhi umkhuhlane;
• netwetwe disorder;
• okusheshayo wilting izihlahla nezinye izimila, ukubhujiswa izilwane nezinyoni.

imithetho yokuvikela

Zonke izimpawu ngenhla yengozi lapho kukhululwa ezinobuthi kufanele ukuba umuntu hhayi kuphela ukubika izehlakalo inhlekelele, kodwa futhi izinyathelo self-zokuzivikela:

• ngempela daba wokuphuthuma ukusebenzisa imishini zokuzivikela, afaka i-gas buso;
• wehlele yokukhosela noma isiphephelo endlini, wavala izivalo namawindi;
• uvalwe ngendwangu ukuvala zonke izikhala endlini ukuvimbela seepage imithi enobungozi;
• Zonke Ukushisa Imishini zivaliwe, ngoba ezinye izinto kufanele impahla self-Ignite;
• izitho zokuphefumula kumele avikelwe nakanjani, ungasebenzisa ithawula esiye ugcwala isixazululo soda.

esiyingozi Inkampani

Sakhipha imithi enobungozi amakhemikhali ngokuvamile ingatholakala isitshalo lapho kusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni noma, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhiqiza. Lezi zinkampani zihlanganisa:

• zamakhemikhali, uwoyela, Petrochemical, nezinye izinhlangano ukusebenza luhamba luye ohlangothini olulodwa;
• kwamabhizinisi endaweni, okuyinto efakwe ifriji izinhlelo, futhi basebenzisa refrigerant - ammonia;
• ukwelashwa izindawo lapho chlorine isetshenziswa.

Zonke izinkampani angawelinye isigaba esiyingozi, ngokuthi izinto eziyingozi amakhemikhali (Joo), ogama indawo egcinwe, kusetshenzwe, athuthwe noma imithi enobungozi. Ngezinye ezifana amabhizinisi eziphuthumayo enobungozi amakhemikhali uma kungukuthi egcinwe kahle kungaholela esimweni esiphuthumayo. Ngakho-ke, wonke umsebenzi kumelwe ibhekane inqubo yezokuphepha wazi kahle ukuthi wenzeni, kungazelelwe lapho kwakukhona ukuvuza into enobungozi.

Ukuvikela esidlangalaleni amakhemikhali

Amakhemikhali kanye lezinto eziyingozi usongo olukhulu hhayi kuphela imvelo kodwa futhi ngamunye, ngakho kulesi simo kubalulekile ukuthatha ukuvikelwa amakhemikhali, ozokusiza ukuqeda noma ukunciphisa umthelela wabo inani labantu kanye abasebenzi ibhizinisi, ukunciphisa izinga nemiphumela yengozi.

Yonke imisebenzi ezihlobene ukuvikelwa amakhemikhali kufanele kwenziwe kusenesikhathi, hhayi ngesikhathi lapho kwaba ingozi. Nge zonke izisebenzi wamabhizinisi enobungozi kanye nezakhamuzi izindawo eziseduze bafeze imisebenzi ukuthi uyobavikela emiphumeleni ezinobuthi:

• wadala, futhi kamuva lisetshenziswa izinhlelo ezilawula imvelo kwamakhemikhali ezindaweni eziyingozi;
• efakwe alamu izinhlelo;
• Amacebo kanjani ukuqeda chemical izingozi;
• uthenge izinto eziningi ezanele futhi igcinwe amakhambi umnyuziki ukulungela;
• asekelwe ekhethekile yokukhosela ukutholakala, okuyinto musa zingene amakhemikhali izinto eziyingozi. Kufanele ubuke ukuzimisela kwabo ukwamukela abantu uma kwenzeka ingozi;
• ukuthatha zonke izinyathelo Ukuvikelwa ukudla, ukudla izinto zokusetshenziswa namanzi;
• Ukuzimisela enikeziwe UCABANGELA amabutho ayisuse imiphumela lwezingozi zamakhemikhali.

Uma ngokungazelelwe lo mshophi, futhi kukhona izisulu, kulesi simo, wonke umuntu owenza ebhizinisini enobungozi, kufanele sikwazi ukunikeza usizo lokuqala.

Usizo lokuqala ushevu ezinobuthi

Ukunikeza usizo ngempumelelo e izilonda ezinobuthi kungenzeka kuphela uma ilungelo kube isici eyaziwa imithi enobungozi amakhemikhali. Nencazelo efanele kuka emzimbeni isisulu wadliswa ushevu, ngeke lisabela futhi unikeze usizo lokuqala, okuyinto ngokuvamile siqukethe ekufezeni zinyathelo:

• RH stop ukufinyelela emzimbeni (kufihla noma ukotini-gauze ngebhandeshi, ukudlulela ngale ndawonye endaweni ethintekile);
• njengoba ziwubuthi isikhumba asuswe ngokushesha;
• kungenzeka iwukudambisa ezinobuthi;
• ukuqeda izimpawu ehola yokulimala;
• ukuqhuba zokuvimbela izinkinga futhi ukwelashwa ezifanele.

isiphetho

Njengoba kwaba sobala kusukela sihloko, zikhona izinto eziningi eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni futhi ngeke bakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwabo, kodwa zokuqapha kuphela nokulandela izinyathelo zokuphepha kuzosiza ukuze agweme ingozi. Uma namanje kuhlulekile, kulesi simo nokusindisa ukuphila kwabantu nezilwane kuphela Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba ngokushesha futhi ukusetshenziswa zonke izinyathelo ezikhona Ukuvikelwa.