Imithetho wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto

Thermodynamics - egatsheni physics okuyinto etadisha ukuguqulwa mutual ukushisa ku ukunyakaza futhi okuphambene nalokho. Ukuba ingxenye sasivumela olunzulu, le ngxenye osetshenziswayo Physics sehlukaniswe izigatshana ezahlukahlukene, ezihlanganisa:

1. imithetho Basic wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto.
2. Isigaba ukuhwebelana futhi izinqubo thermodynamic.
3. Imijikelezo thermodynamic nabanye.

Empeleni, imithetho wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto - hhayi nje esincane, kodwa futhi postulates ngesisekelo asenkulumweni wafunda legatsha physics. Sekukonke kunezinhlobo ezintathu ekuqaleni thermodynamic.

Ake sihlole kubo ngokuningiliziwe.

1. Umthetho wokuqala noma umthetho wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto. Okokuqala, khumbula ukuthi amandla avuselelwe adluliselwe zenye kwenye. Waguqulwa, kuye ngokuthi izimo kinetic ukuba zivele futhi emuva, amandla kohlelo akusho bahambe. Nokho, isibonelo okulula pendulum, okunikeza ukusheshisa, abumbe ngokuncibilikisa ukungabaza lo mbono. Nakuba enganyakazi, pendulum has a energy kinetic, futhi kakhulu amplitude amaphuzu - ezingaba khona. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi uthathe leso sinyathelo akufanele babe eyayibonakala isekude ukuphela, okungukuthi, okungenamkhawulo. Ekusebenteni, siyabona ukuthi ukunyakaza yaphela kancane kancane, lo okuthiwa i-pendulum eyeka busebenze. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa ukumelana air, elibangela ibutho ngomshikisho ngesikhathi ukunyakaza. Ngenxa yalokho-eneji ukuthi ayezanikwa kuya ukusheshisa pendulum, isetshenziselwe ukunqoba emoyeni izithiyo. Ngenxa yalokho, ukushisa. Ngokusho ucwaningo ososayensi ukumiswa kanye lokushisa kuma liphuma ngenxa ezinyakazayo kunezinxushunxushu we pendulum izidakamizwa ezinto emoyeni.

Empeleni, umthetho wokuqala wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto is kangcono eyaziwa ngokuthi umthetho ukulondolozwa amandla. essence yayo wukuthi amandla ohlelweni ingabe usekhona, kodwa kuphela aguqulwa kusuka ifomu eyodwa kuya kwenye, futhi izinguquko ezivela ifomu eyodwa kuya kwenye.

Ngokokuqala ngqá waphawula okufanayo kwachazwa ukuthi phakathi nekhulu le-nesishiyagalolunye. K. Moore. Waphawula ukuthi amandla angaya kwezinye uthi: ukushisa, ugesi, ezinyakazayo, uzibuthe, njll Nokho, lo mthetho washayelwa kuphela ngo-1847, Helmholtz, futhi zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili ... ke ifomula eziyihlazo E = MC2 okunikezwe, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi kufakwe Einstein iziphetho.

2. yesibili umthetho wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto, noma. Kwakheka ku-1850, ososayensi R. Clausius, kuba la mazwi: yangaphakathi amandla ukusatshalaliswa ngaphakathi irherho le-closed kuyahlukahluka ngezikhathi ukuze amandla ewusizo kuyehla, kanjalo entropy okwandisa.

3. Okwesithathu Umthetho noma uMthetho Thermodynamics. Ecabanga ngombono wokuthi ukushisa esivusa kunezinxushunxushu futhi okungahleliwe zishintshe, kumele kuphetfwe ukuthi uhlelo Ukupholisa kufaka nokuncipha umsebenzi wabo ngokomzimba. Entropy zero esimweni lapho noma iyiphi inhlangano okungahleliwe zishintshe wayeka ngokuphelele.

Inani eliphelele we entropy efana ingabalwa kokwazi ukushisa kwayo zero ngokuphelele. W. Nernst nezifundo eside futhi eziningi kwatholakala ukuthi zonke izinto crystalline ezifanayo ukushisa umthamo: at zero ngokuphelele futhi ilingane no-zero. Lesi siphetho ngumlayo yesithathu wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto. Ukwazi leli qiniso, kungenzeka ukuqhathanisa entropy ezihlukahlukene izinto nge kushintsha izinga lokushisa.

Kukhona okuthiwa zero umthetho wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto, ke aklyuchaetsya kokulandelayo: yokushisa okuvela ingxenye evuthayo kohlelo angawodwa ufinyelela kuzo zonke izici. Ngakho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinga lokushisa edlelana e uhlelo olulodwa.

Imithetho wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto - yilokho yezingxenye eyisisekelo isayensi Mechanics. Ngenxa okutholakele uzibophezele ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, isayensi yesimanje futhi umphakathi okucetshiswe kokusungulwa, imishini kakhulu.

Imithetho wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto kukhona jikelele ngoba wonke amagatsha Mechanics.