IzimotoAma-Classics

Izimoto zaseSoviet. Izimoto "Moskvich", "Volga", "Seagull", "ukunqoba"

ISoviet Union yabhekwa emhlabeni wonke njengezwe elinamandla. E-USSR seye yafinyelela ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu zesayensi nemithi. KwakuyiSoviet Union eyayinqobe isikhala futhi yaqala umjaho wezobuchwepheshe ukuthi esikhathini esizayo wawushintsha umlando wonke wezwe. Kungenxa yezingqondo ezingcono kakhulu ze-USSR ukuthi imboni yesikhala izothuthuka. Kanye nobuchwepheshe besikhala, isayensi nemithi, imboni yezimoto yakhiwe ezweni elikhulu. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwentuthuko enkulu, embonini yezimoto ye-USSR inqatshelwe ngemuva kwamanye amazwe. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi izimoto zaseSoviet zimbi. Ake sijwayelane nabameleli abadumile kakhulu embonini yemoto yasekhaya, namuhla ebhekwa njengezici ezindala ze-retro.

Ukuzalwa kwemboni yemoto yasekhaya

Ngo-1927, inhloko yeSoviet Union, uStalin wayefuna ukuthi phakathi nohlelo lokuqala lweminyaka emihlanu , kusukela ngo-1928 kuya ku-1932, imboni enamandla neyokuncintisana yemoto yakhiwa ezweni. Ngaleso sikhathi, uma kuqhathaniswa namazwe aseYurophu nase-United States, bekungekho imboni yezimoto kuleli zwe, kanti i-USSR yayingeyena umncintiswano wezimoto zomhlaba jikelele. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kokuthuthukiswa kwemboni, maphakathi no-1928 kwakukhona abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-3 abahlanganyela ekukhiqizeni izimoto.

Lapho uhlelo lokuqala lweminyaka emihlanu luphela, kwakunabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyisithupha abasebenza embonini yemoto. Ngenxa yalolu hlelo, isigaba esisha sezenhlalo sakhiwe kubasebenzi base-USSR embonini yezimoto ezinemali enhle ngaleso sikhathi. Kodwa nakuba iningi lemisebenzi yadalwa futhi izinga lokuphila lalikhulayo, kwabaningi, imoto yayiyi-luxury. Izimoto zaseSoviet zathengwa kuphela ngabasebenzi abavikelekile. Lokhu kubonakala ukuthi amandla amashini emoto ngo-1932 afika cishe amakhophi ayizigidi ezingu-2.3.

I-KIM: imoto elula

NgoJanuwari 1938, iNhloko ye-Autoworld Company ihlongoze ukuthuthukisa nokukhiqiza izimoto ezincane. Uhlele ukumisa emhlanganweni wesitimela semoto waseMoscow, wadala ngokuhlonipha i-CMM.

Ukuthuthukisa imoto esitshalweni, kwakhiwa umnyango wokwakha. Le nqubo iqondiswe ngumchwepheshe we-NATI, AN Ostrovtsev. Ukuklama nokwakhiwa komzimba kwasebenza ochwepheshe be-GAZ. Ukuze uthuthuke ngokushesha, isisekelo sinqunywe ukuthatha i-Ford Ford Perfect, eyenziwa ngaleso sikhathi e-UK. Izixazululo ezisetshenziswe ngabanjiniyela be-Ford zaziwa kahle ngabanjiniyela base-USSR - izinhlobo eziningi zezimoto ezisekelwe ku-Ford A ne-AA zase zenziwe kakade kuleli zwe. Nakuba isisekelo futhi sithathwe imoto yaseNgilandi, umklamo womzimba unguSoviet ngokuphelele. Ochwepheshe beGAZ basebenza kulo. Phakathi nenqubo, badala izinketho ezimbili - imodeli enomzimba ovaliwe neminyango emibili, kanye ne-chaise evulekile. Ngokuthakazelisayo, umshini wakhiqizwa usebenzisa imishini evela eU.SA.

Amafemu amaningi aseSoviet ahlose ukujoyina ukukhiqizwa. Ngakho-ke, kuZIS amafrimu, iziphethu, kufanele kwenziwe. I-GAZ yenza izingxenye zomzimba eziyisisekelo nokukhishwa. Inamba enkulu yezimboni ezihlukene kwakudingeka inikeze isitolo somhlangano nakho konke okudingekayo-ingilazi, amathayi, izinto zokwakha uphiko lomgibeli, kanye nayo yonke imininingwane uKIM ayikwazanga ukuyikhiqiza.

Ngaphandle

Imodeli yayibizwa ngokuthi i-KIM-10, futhi ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyisinyathelo esiyingozi kulo lonke imboni yezimoto.

Ukubonakala kwemoto kwakungcono kakhulu futhi kwakungcono kunokungafani nezinye izimoto zaseSoviet. Ukuma komzimba nomklamo jikelele akufani nezezinhlobo zangaphandle. Umzimba wale moto wawuqhubekela phambili kakhulu isikhathi saso.

Ibhethoni yavuleka futhi yayinguhlobo lwe-alligator. Ukuze uyivule, abaklami bakhele umhlobiso womzimba. Izingxenye ezihlangothini ze-bonnet zasebenza njengezilungele izibani. Iminyango yayinene ngokwanele, ngaphezu kwalokho yayinezinhlanzi zokuguqula izikhonkwane. Amafasitela ohlangothini anganciphisa.

Izici zobunjiniyela

Ngaphandle kwemibono yanamuhla ngesikhathi sokudalwa kwale moto, izixazululo ezingaphezulu zokuziphendulela nazo zasetshenziswa. Ngakho, injini ene-valve engezansi yayingenayo indlela yokulungiswa kwayo. Ama-bearings of the rod agcwala i-babbitt. Isistimu yokupholisa i-thermosyphon isivele iphelelwe yisikhathi, kodwa isetshenziswe ku-KIM-10. Futhi phakathi kwesisombululo sokulondoloza izixazululo ezixhasayo, ama-brake mechanical. Izinguquko zamangqamuli kwakuyihlobo le-semaphore.

Ukucaciswa kobuchwepheshe

Le moto yenziwe ngezinhlobo ezimbili zomzimba - i-sedan eminyango emibili kanye ne-chaise enezingxenye ezihlangene. Imoto ingakwazi ukuhlala nabagibeli abane.

Ubude bomzimba babuyi-3960 mm, ububanzi - 1480 mm, ukuphakama-1650 mm. Ukususwa - 210 mm. Ku-tank petrol 100 amalitha kagesi angalingana.

Injini yayiseceleni, isikhathi eside. Kwakuyi-four-cylinder ezine-stroke carburetor. Umthamo wayo wawuyi-1170 cubic metres. Bheka injini ikhiqize amalitha angu-30. Nge. Emaphethweni angu-4000 ayizinkulungwane. Injini yayihlanganiswe nebhodi lebhodi lebhodi lomsebenzisi. Imoto yayine -wheel drive yangemuva, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwamafutha kwakungama-8 amalitha ngamakhilomitha angu-100 kuphela.

Umlando wale moto waphela ngo-1941.

I-Car GAZ-13 "I-Seagull"

Isidingo salokhu imoto savuka eminyakeni yama-50. Ngakho-ke, e-USSR, kwakudingeka senze imoto emele ukuthi ihambelane nemikhuba yezimfesi zaleso sikhathi. Le phrojekthi yasungulwa ngabakhi beGAZ, kanye neZiS kanye neZIL. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imoto ye-ZIL-111 isiphelile.

Umphumela womsebenzi wezinhloli zeGAZ wanikezwa emphakathini ngo-1956. Ekukhiqizeni kwe-serial, imoto yasungulwa eminyakeni emibili kamuva, ngo-59. Eminyakeni engu-22 leyo modeli yakhiqizwa, izinto ezingu-3,189 kuphela zakhiwa. Ngaphezulu kwesakhiwo esiyingqayizivele semoto esichazwe yasebenza umklami odumile u-Eremeev. Ngaphandle kwezimoto ungakwazi ukulandelela izici zembonini yemoto yaseMelika.

I-GAZ-13 "I-Seagull" yaba njengoba yakhunjulwa kamuva, hhayi ngokushesha. Enkonzweni yomzimba emzimbeni, izinketho ezimbili zenziwe. Kusukela kumamodeli wokukhiqiza, ahluke nezibani zomsila, izibani zangaphambili zangaphambili, ukubunjwa kwamasondo ezinamasondo kanye nohlaka lwama-windshield.

Ukucaciswa kobuchwepheshe

Le moto yayihlaba umxhwele ngesayizi. Ukuhlelwa yi-front-injini, futhi idrayivu isemuva. Ngokumangazayo, ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, ukuhanjiswa kwe-hydromechanical esiteji ezintathu kwafakwa kule moto .

Kwakukhona izinjini ezimbili - i-GAZ-13 ne-GAZ-13D. Lawa angama-cylinder V-injini ama-5,5 amalitha. Kodwa i-unit yokuqala yabalwa ngephethiloli A-93, kanti eyesibili i-A-100. Futhi, injini yesibili inezinga eliphezulu lokucindezela kanye namandla angu-215 hp. Iyunithi yokuqala yayinamandla angu-195 amalitha. Nge. Ukuklanywa kwe-injini kwakungu-innovative - kuyinhloko ye-aluminium cylinder kanye nama-valve.

Injini yayihlome uketshezi kwamanzi kanye ne-carburetor enamakamelo amane. I-motor kanye nokudluliselwa okuzenzakalelayo kungahlakaza imoto ku-160 km. Kuze kube ngu-100 km imoto yasheshelwa emasekhondini angu-20.

Ngokuqondene nokusetshenziswa kwamagesi, emjikelezweni ohlangene imoto yayidla amalitha angu-18 ngamakhilomitha angu-100 okugijima. Ukudluliselwa okuzenzakalelayo kuvunyelwe ukusebenzisa amagoli amathathu - akungathathi hlangothi, gear yokuqala, ukunyakaza kanye nangemuva. Bashintshe kwakudingeka basebenzise okhiye kudeshibhodi.

Ukuguqulwa

Ngakho, i-GAZ-13 iyimodeli eyisisekelo. Esikhathini salon, imigqa emithathu yehlalo yayihlelwe ngemuva, futhi ama-prototypes ahluke kakhulu emishini evela kuma-serial.

I-GAZ-13A - lokhu kuyimodeli efanayo eyisisekelo, kodwa ku-cabin kufakwe ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwabagibeli nomshayeli.

I-13B imoto ene-convertible top, isetshenziswe lokhu kuguqulwa emaphoyiseni empi.

I-13C yinqwelo yesiteshi. Lokhu kuguqulwa kochungechunge akuhambanga. Ingqikithi, cishe imishini engamashumi amabili yenziwa.

Imoto encane "Moskvich" -400

Lona imodeli elandelayo ngemuva kwe-CMM-10-52. Ukusebenza emotweni kwaqala ngemva kwempi, ekuqaleni kuka-1946. Futhi ngemva kwempi isitshalo sashintsha igama layo ngokuthi "Moskvich". Lena imoto yabantu, okumele ngabe idalwe ngaphambi kwempi.

Imoto yenziwe ngomfanekiso futhi ifana ne-Opel Kadett K38, eyakhiwe kuGeneral Motors ngo-38. Yonke imishini yayithunyelwa eJalimane, kwakungenakwenzeka ukugcina izitembu zokukhiqiza imizimba, ngakho-ke kwakudingeka senze thina, amaSoviet.

Yakha le moto ngemishini yasekhaya naseJalimane. Izindleko zemoto, ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukahlukene, ivela kuma-ruble angu-8000 kuya ku-9000. Kwakuyimali eningi, futhi okokuqala kuphela abambalwa abangakwazi ukuthenga "i-Moskvich" entsha -400, kodwa eminyakeni engama-50 inhlalakahle yabantu yakhula futhi umzila wonke wakhiwa ngemuva kwemoto.

Ngaphandle

Njengesizathu esetshenziswa u- Opel Kadett K38. Umshini wawuthande ngempela uStalin, futhi wayala ukuthi i-USSR yenza ikhophi eqondile. Kumelwe kuthiwe i-Opel yadalwa eJalimane ngisho nangaphambi kwempi, futhi eminyakeni yama-40 yonke into eyakhiwe kanye ne-design yayiphelelwe yisikhathi. Ngaleso sikhathi u-Opel wayekhulula izinhlobonhlobo ezithakazelisayo, kodwa akekho owayesaba ukuphikisana noStalin. Kamuva, ukubukeka kuzobuyekezwa kancane, kodwa lokhu akuthinti umzimba.

Injini

Njengoba kwakungekho imibhalo esakhiweni samandla eJalimane, onjiniyela baseSoviet baqala injini entsha. Imoto yaqedwa ngeyunithi eline-cylinder-valve unit, ikhono layo lalinama-23 amalitha kuphela. Nge. Ngomthamo osebenzayo wamamitha ayi-1100 cubic. Bheka I-motor isebenze ngebhodi yebhodi yebhodi yemoto yesithathu. Iyunithi yamandla yenzelwe ukushisa u-A-66. Izinga lokugeleza laliyi-8 amalitha ngamakhilomitha angu-100 enesisindo esiphezulu se-90 km / h.

I-GAS

Leli feksi lakhiqiza izinhlobo eziningi ezihlukahlukene ezithakazelisayo. Omunye wabo yiGAZ A. Umlando womshini uqala eDetroit. Ngaleso sikhathi uHenry Ford wasendulo wanquma ukuthi i-Ford T yayingapheli isikhathi eside. Wawususa emgqeni womhlangano. Esikhundleni salokho, i-model A yasungulwa. Isinyathelo sokuqala kwakuwukuhlanza injini - emva kokuguqulwa kwamandla, amandla ayo ashintshwe kusuka ku-23 amalitha. Nge. Kuze kube ngu-40. Ivolumu yaphakama ibe ngama-3.2 amalitha. Futhi emotweni kwakuyomile owomile owodwa.

Khona-ke Ford yadala ngesisekelo somgibeli we-A-A, futhi ngaleso sikhathi umthumeli wahamba umshini we-AAA. Yile moto ehlanganisiwe futhi evamile yonke abaholi baseSoviet abayithandayo. Ngesizathu salo banquma ukudala imoto elula, ethembekile neyobuchwepheshe eSoviet. Ngakho ukukhanya kwavela i-GAZ A. Isibonelo sakhishwa kusukela ngo-1932 kuya ku-1938.

Umklamo

I-bumper yamelela ukwehluleka kwezinsimbi ezimbili zensimbi. I-radiator yayigcwele i-nickel, futhi yayihlotshiswe ngegama lokuqala le-GAZ. Amasondo ayehlome okhulumela ucingo - isici sabo sasiwukuthi abazange badinga ukulungiswa.

Kwasetshenziselwa i-triplex ingilazi yesikhwama semikhumbi. Ngaphambi kwakhe kwakuyi-stopper ye-tank gas. I-tank ngokwalo yayisekugqeni olungemuva kwegumbi lejini - ngakho kwakungenzeka ukukhipha ipompoli yephethiloli kusukela kumklamo. I-gasoline yangena ku-carburetor ngamandla adonsela phansi.

Lezi zimoto zaseSoviet zazikhiqizwa emzimbeni we "phaeton" uhlobo lwezihlalo ezingu-5. Uma kwenzeka imvula, kwakunokwenzeka ukudonsa i-tarpaulin e-tarpaulin.

Salon

Isondo lokushayela lalimnyama, futhi impahla yalo kwakuyi-ebonite. Ngesibonakaliso esiteshini sokuqondisa, abaqambi babeka levers ezikhethekile - ngosizo lokuqala okokugcina kokushisa kwahlelwa, futhi okwesibili kwasetshenziselwa ukunikezelwa kwegesi. I-speedometer yayiyidramu enezinombolo. Ngezansi kwegesi legesi ukusekelwa okukhethekile kwesithende kwafakwa.

Izici zobunjiniyela

Uma udibanisa imoto, khona-ke kuphela ukubethelwa okungu-21 kuphela okufakiwe. I-brake ye-tape nayo isetshenzisiwe, kwakungenakwenzeka ukulawula i-valve, isilinganiso esincane sokucindezela kwe-injini sasingu-4.2. Njengoba ukumiswa kusetshenziselwa iziphethu ezishintshayo.

Ngemva kwesikhashana lo modeli uzothathwa indawo ye-sedan GAZ M-1, ebuye isekelwe ku-Ford A, kodwa ithuthukiswe endaweni ye-off-road. Ngakho, wandisa amandla omzimba, waqinisa ukumiswa. Iqede injini elambile nge volume 3.2 amalitha ukuze amandla ayo yanda ngamalitha angu-50. Nge.

Kulolu chungechunge lwe-limousine ngaphandle komgwaqo we-GAZ M-1 hit ngo-1936. Bakhiqiza amakhophi angaphezu kuka-60,000. Kwakuyisibonelo esihle kakhulu.

I-GAZ-21

Lezi izimoto zaseSoviet emzimbeni womzimba "sedan". Ekukhiqizeni kwe-serial, imoto yasungulwa ngo-56, futhi yaqhubeka kwaze kwaba yilaba-70. Lena imodeli ephumelele kunazo zonke embonini yemoto yasekhaya.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwaqala ngo-1952. Ekuqaleni basebenze kumamodeli M21. Yakhiwe nguL. Eremeev nomculi uWilliam. Ngama-1953, amamodeli wokuqala e-M21 adalwe, iphrojekthi kaWilliam ayifanele. Khona-ke entwasahlobo ka-1954 izimboni zokuqala ze-Volga GAZ-21 zahlanganiswa.

Ukuhlolwa kwenziwa, ngesikhathi izimoto zibonisa imiphumela emihle. I-"Volga" entsha yaqala ukonga, ingcono kakhulu kunezici ezinamandla zeGAZ M-12 ZIM. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imoto yayiyidizayini ehlukile.

Amamodeli okuqala anesithuthuthu esincane, umthamo wokusebenza wawuyi-2.4 amalitha. Amandla injini ayengu-65 amalitha. Nge. Le motor kusuka "Victory", okuyinto owaphoqa ifoni. Ukuhambisana neyunithi yamandla kwakuyi-gearbox yomthamo wezinyathelo ezintathu.

Abanikazi bemoto "i-Volga" (i-GAZ-21) bakhuluma ngokumelana okukhulu komzimba ngokushisa, ukuhamba kahle kwezimoto. Namuhla sekuvele imoto ye-Retro, futhi ungabona abameleli bayo emaqoqweni abucala.

I-GAZ-24

Kamuva, ngo-1968, ngesisekelo sale moto badedela iGAZ-24. Imoto yayikhiqizwa emizimbeni emibili - i-sedan kanye negaraji lesiteshi. Ngesinye isikhathi kwakuyimoto ehlonishwa kakhulu. Ukuthuthukisa imodeli yensimbi ngokushesha emva kokuqaliswa kwe-"Volga" engu-21 ekukhiqizeni. Imoto yahluleka ukuqhubeka nokuphumula kathathu, lo mdwebo wathinta izici zezimoto zaseMelika. Kodwa kwakukhona ngaphakathi nangokwezici zokuqala, okwenzela umzimba ukusheshisa.

Ukucaciswa Kwezimoto

I-GAZ-24 yakhiqizwa, njengoba sekushiwo kakade, emizimbeni emibili. Ukuvunyelwa kwaba ngu-180 mm. Injini yayiseceleni ngaphambili. Njengoba inhlangano yamandla ikhethwe nge-petroleum engine volume ka 2.4 amalitha. Amandla alo kwakungu-95 amalitha. Nge. Usebenze ngokulandelana ngebhodi lebhodi lezinhlamvu ezine. Ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha kungama-13 amalitha ngamakhilomitha angu-100. Ngalesi sakhiwo, ijubane elikhulu liyi-145 km / h.

Ngesisekelo sichazwa ngokuthi "i-Volga", ukuguqulwa okuningi okuhlukile kwakhishwa. Amamodeli akhiqizwayo okuthunyelwa ngaphandle. Saphumelela ngo-1985.

Kumele kuthiwa izimoto zaseSoviet zithandeka kakhulu kunalokho ezikhiqizwa namuhla. Lona manje abantu banamuhla bonke babonakala bengathandeki, futhi yonke imodeli entsha yayiyiholide langempela labagibeli. Lezi zimoto okwamanje zidutshulwa ku-cinema, zingamamyuziyamu nezqoqo zangasese, i-ZIS-110 ithandwa kakhulu kwamanye amazwe, kuhlanganise nase-US naseYurophu. Abashayeli abaningi banikeza imali eningi yokuthenga nokubuyiswa kwezimoto ezinjalo. I-Retro yangempela. Futhi vumela imboni yezimoto zasemakhaya igwetshiwe, kodwa ezweni lethu bekwazi ukwenza izimoto ezinhle.

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