Izinga lokungasebenzi kanye namandla alo

Ukuqashwa okuphelele akusho ukuthi u-100% umsebenzi wonke inani labantu abanamandla abakhulile. Kunesilinganiso sokungasebenzi okubhekwa njengokufanele, noma okujwayelekile.

Izinga lokungasebenzi limelelwa njengephesenti labantu abanomsebenzi ongeke basebenze, abangahlanganisi abahola impesheni, abafundi, iziboshwa, kanye nezakhamuzi ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-16 ubudala, kubasebenzi, kuhlanganise nalabo abasebenza empini. Ngomsebenzi ogcwele, izinga lokungasebenzi lilingana nezinga lokungaqashwa kwemisebenzi kanye nesakhiwo esisemkhatsini, isb. Izinga lemvelo lokungasebenzi, okuyinto eyinkimbinkimbi yokuntuleka kwemisebenzi kanye nokuhlukana kwemisebenzi, kanti izinga lokungasebenzi lihlobene eduze nokuzinza komnotho, lapho izinga lokukhuphuka kwemali elilindelekile lihambisana nezinga langempela, nalapho umkhiqizo wezwe wangempela usezingeni elingokwemvelo.

Ama-dynamics yenani lokungasebenzi, izinguquko zalo zitholakala ngokuqhathanisa izinga lokungasebenzi emsebenzini eminyakeni ehlukene. I-dynamics yenani lokungasebenzi liqondana ngokuqondile ne-dynamics ye-GNP. Ukunyuka kwe-2% ku-GNP yangempela kunganciphisa izinga lokungaqashwa ngo-1% futhi, ngokuphambene, izinga lokungasebenzi liyokwanda ngamaphesenti angu-1 ngenxa yokuncipha kwe-2% ku-GNP yangempela. Ngakho-ke, ukungasebenzi kuyinto yendalo yemakethe yezabasebenzi, kodwa kuvunyelwe ukushintshashintsha ukusuka emvelweni wemvelo.

Amandla okukhiqiza ekungasebenzi kwemisebenzi ayisetshenziswanga ngokugcwele futhi inani le-GDP, ngokulandelana, lingaphansi kwelokube lizosebenza ngokugcwele.

Phakathi kokuphuka kweGDP kanye nokungasebenzi kwemisebenzi A. U-Oaken otholwe ngokomqondo wathola ubuhlobo obuqondile, obuqinile. Umthetho we-Oaken ubonisa ubuhlobo phakathi kokuntuleka kweGDP kanye nesilinganiso sokungasebenzi.

Izinga lokungasebenzi kanye nokuqashwa ziyizinkomba ezibalulekile ze-macroeconomic ezithinta ukuphumelela kwezinqubomgomo zomnotho ezilandelwa uhulumeni. Isimiso sombuso senziwa yiqoqo lezinyathelo zomthetho, ezomnotho, ezokuphatha nezenhlangano ezihloswe ekufezeni ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi ogcwele. Ukwandisa izinga lomsebenzi, umbuso ulawula imakethe yomsebenzi kanye nomsebenzi. Kanye nomthelela oqondile emakethe yezabasebenzi, uhulumeni usebenzisa izindlela ezingaqondile, kufaka phakathi izinqubomgomo zemali, intela kanye nokuncipha.

Izibalo zibonisa ukuthi kukhona ubudlelwane obuphambene phakathi kokuqashwa kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali, ngamanye amazwi, lobu buhlobo bufinyelela ezingeni elijwayelekile lamanani nokungasebenzi. Kumele kuqaphele ukuthi ukwehla kwamandla emali ngamanani entengo, ngamanye amazwi - ukwehla kwamandla okuthenga weyunithi yezimali, ukwehla kwayo. Ukukhula kwentengo kubonakala uma izinga lokukhushulwa kwemali ekusakazweni liphakeme kunokukhula kweGDP. Ukunciphisa kweGDP kuyashesha ukwanda kwemali. Ukwehla kwamandla emali, nakho, kunethonya elibi kumholo. I-A.U. UPhillips wembula indlela ephakathi kwesabelo salabo abangasebenzi kanye nokushintsha kwemali ekhokhwayo. I-A.U. I-Phillips, ehlola ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kwezezimali nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi, ithole ukuthi kukhona ubudlelwane obuphambene phakathi kwenani lokungasebenzi kanye nesilinganiso sokukhula kwamanani. Isithombe saso esicacile sasibizwa ngokuthi i-Phillips curve. Ngokusho kwephutha le-Phillips, ukungasebenzi kuningi kakhulu nge-inflation engadingekile, futhi njengoba ukwehla kwamandla emali kukhula, kunciphisa. Ngokusekelwe kwendonga yePhillips, kucatshangwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukunciphisa ukungasebenzi emsebenzini wezezimali noma ukwandisa ukungasebenzi ngokunciphisa inani lentengo. Noma kunjalo, emnothweni wangempela, imiphumela yalesi sigufu ayibonakali ngaso sonke isikhathi.

Izinga elijwayelekile lamanani nokungabi nemisebenzi lifundwa ngo:
A) micro kanye macroeconomics;
B) inkolelo yezomnotho ejwayelekile futhi enhle.