Izinhlobo crystal ngamahele izinto ezahlukene

Emvelweni kunezinhlobo ezimbili kwezinto eziqinile, okuyinto kuhluke kakhulu ezakhiweni zabo. Lokhu ukudla okuqinile amorphous futhi crystalline. Futhi umzimba amorphous awunawo ngqo ukuncibilika lokushisa phakathi amalahle kancane kancane sashintsha futhi wabe esethunyelwa a state flowable. Izibonelo izinto ezinjalo kungaba ubumba evamile noma resin. Kodwa ezahlukene ngempela kunjalo izinto crystalline. Bazigcina esimweni okuqinile kuze lokushisa ethile, futhi kuphela ukufinyelela ke, lezi izinto ziya kwancibilika.

Kukhona konke mayelana isakhiwo izinto ezinjalo. I crystalline ukudla okuqinile izinhlayiya zenziwa kuyiphi, zitholakala ezindaweni ezithile. Futhi uma zixhunywe imigca lecondzile, uthola uhlobo Uhlaka ngengqondo, okuthiwa - eheleni crystal. Futhi izinhlobo crystal ngamahele zingase zishintshe kakhulu. Futhi ebhekisela izinhlayiya zazo basuke "eyakhelwe" ngehele zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezine. Lokhu ionic, athomu, ezinto Izinsimbi metallic.

Futhi ISIZINDA ngamahele ionic, ngokulandelana, ahlelwe ion yabo bonke abakhululekileyo nabayizigqila ionic ukhona phakathi kwawo. Lezi ion kungaba lula (Cl-, Na +), noma eziyinkimbinkimbi (OH-, SO2-). Futhi lezi zinhlobo crystal ngamahele ingaqukatha ezinye oxides zensimbi hydroxides usawoti namanye amanxusa efanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela izinkondlo, esiku-sodium chloride. It chlorine ion enye into emhlabeni ingalungile futhi omuhle sodium ion ukuthi bakha cubic crystal ngehele. izibopho ionic endaweni ngehele enjalo futhi izinto asishintshi neze "sakhiwe" lesi simiso, abe namandla ngokwanele okusezingeni eliphezulu kanye ubulukhuni.

Kukhona futhi izinhlobo crystal ngamahele, ngokuthi le-athomu. Lapha, ISIZINDA ahlelwe ngama-athomu, phakathi lapho kukhona covalent obuqinile. ngehele Nuclear akuzona eziningi izidakamizwa. Lezi zihlanganisa idayimane, ne-germanium crystalline, Silicon futhi boron. Kukhona izinto ezithile eziyinkimbinkimbi eziqukethe Silica futhi babe, ngokulandelana, le-athomu crystal ngehele. Lokhu isihlabathi, asebenza ngebhethri, idwala crystal futhi Silica. Futhi ezimweni eziningi, lezi izinto kunamandla kakhulu, kanzima futhi refractory. Futhi bamatasa cishe zingaxazululeki.

A izinhlobo yamangqamuzana crystal ngamahele abe ndaba ezahlukene kakhulu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amanzi eqandisiwe, isb ice abavamile, "iqhwa" - lukhuni-carbon monoxide, kanye okuqinile-hydrogen sulfide ne-hydrogen chloride. Enye sieves yamangqamuzana babe compounds eziningi okuqinile organic. Lezi zihlanganisa ushukela, glucose, naphthalene kanye nezinye izinto ezifanayo. I-molecule sise ISIZINDA we eheleni: oxhumene elimboze izindawo ezibandayo kanye nonpolar chemical izibopho. Futhi naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngaphakathi molecule babe izibopho eziqinile covalent phakathi ama-athomu, Amangqamuzana angokwemvelo ngokwabo aphethwe eheleni ngenxa enganamandla kakhulu izibopho aphakathi. Ngakho-ke, izinto ezinjalo kukhona ngokwanele oluyingozi hhayi elicibilikile kalula futhi abe ubulukhuni okusezingeni eliphezulu.

Kodwa izinsimbi abe Tinhlobo crystal ngamahele. Futhi kungase kube ISIZINDA njengoba kwama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ion. Athomu kungenziwa iguqulwe kalula ion, adikile electron yabo "ukusetshenziswa jikelele". Ngokufanayo "ekuthumbeni" a electron ion khulula ingavuthi ama-athomu. Futhi lokhu isakhiwo eheleni metal inquma izakhiwo izinsimbi ezifana ductility, malleability, futhi conductivity ezishisayo.

Futhi, izinhlobo crystal ngamahele of izinsimbi, nezinye izinto zihlukaniswe izinhlelo ezinkulu eziyisikhombisa ngesimo amaseli zokucathula ngehele. I elula yeseli cubic. Kukhona rhombic, tetragonal, eziyisithupha, rhombohedral, monoclinic futhi triclinic iyunithi amaseli, enquma ukuma lonke crystal ngehele. Kodwa ezimweni eziningi, wathi eheleni crystal kukhona more xaka kunalena abalwe ngenhla. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinhlayiya aphansi kungaba amasayithi ngehele hhayi kuphela ngokwabo, kodwa futhi isikhungo yayo noma ubuso bayo. Phakathi insimbi ezivamile ezinjalo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezintathu crystal ngehele: face-igxile cubic, umzimba ofiphele cubic kanye olunezinhlangothi eduze igcwele. Enye izinsimbi nezici zabo ezingokomzimba ungaxhomeki kuphela ukuma crystal yabo ngehele, futhi phezu amabanga interatomic nakwamanye nemingcele.