Imfundo:Imfundo yesikole kanye nezikole

Izinkinga zokuthuthuka komphakathi. Ukuqhubeka komphakathi nezinkinga zomhlaba zesikhathi sethu

Inkolelo yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle yingxenye ebalulekile yomphakathi jikelele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inani laso lizimele. Uzama ukuthola ukuthi iziphi izinqubo ezikhona emphakathini, umkhuba wokuthuthukiswa kwawo, futhi wembula ngalesi sisekelo ingqikithi yenqubo yonke yomlando.

Imiqondo "yentuthuko", "ukuthuthukiswa" kanye "nokunciphisa"

Ngaphambi kokucubungula izinkinga zenqubekela phambili yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle, sizocacisa okuqukethwe kwemininingwane elandelayo: "inqubekela phambili", "ukuthuthukiswa", "ukuvuselela". Ukuthuthukiswa yisigaba esikhulu kunawo wonke esibonisa inqubo yokuguqulwa kwekhwalithi eyenziwa ngezindlela ezithile. Izikhombisi-ndlela ezinjalo zingaba kokubili imigqa ehla futhi ekhuphukayo. Ngenxa yalokho, umqondo wentuthuko ingenye yezici zentuthuko, umugqa okhuphuka kusuka olula kuya oyinkimbinkimbi, kusukela ephansi ukuya phezulu. Ukuncintisana, ngokuphambene nalokho, ukwehla, ukulimala, ukwehla. Le ntshukumo ivela ephakeme kunazo zonke kuya ephansi kakhulu, okungukuthi, emgqeni wehla.

Umbono ka B. Shaw

Inkolelo yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle inabalandeli nabaphikisi. B. Shaw, umlobi waseNgisi, waphawula ngalokhu kuxhumano ukuthi kulungile ukufuna logical yenqubo yomlando, kodwa hhayi ukubonga. Ngokombono wakhe, indoda ehlakaniphile ifuna, okokuqala, ukuzivumelanisa nezwe, futhi umuntu oyisiphukuphuku - ukuzivumelanisa yona. Ngakho-ke, ngokusho kukaBernard Shaw, inqubekela phambili ixhomeke kakhulu kwiziwula.

Ukutadisha inkinga yentuthuko yomphakathi esikhathini esidala

Emlandweni womcabango wefilosofi, le nkinga yayiyinkinga yokuhlala isithakazelo. Esikhathini esidala, isibonelo, uSeneca noHesiod bafakazela ukuthi emlandweni akukho nqubekela phambili enjalo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ishukumisela esiqondisweni esivela ku-Golden Age, okungukuthi, kukhona ukuguqulwa. Inkinga yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle ngesikhathi esisodwa yayihlolwe ngu-Aristotle noPlato. Babengenalutho kule ndaba emibonweni yomjikelezo empilweni yomphakathi.

Incazelo yobuKristu

Okunye okuthakazelisayo ukuchazwa kobuKristu, okunenkinga yentuthuko yomphakathi. Kuyo, kubonakala sengathi ukuhamba phambili, phezulu, kodwa njengokungathi kunaphezu kokukhona, umlando. Ngakho-ke bakholelwa, isibonelo, u-Aurelius Augustine.

Intuthuko evela emhlabeni lapha kuleli cala ihlukana, futhi ukuqonda kwakhe kuhlotshaniswa ikakhulu nomuntu: umthwalo womuntu siqu kuNkulunkulu, impindiselo, ukuxhumana noNkulunkulu.

Ukucutshungulwa okuqhubekayo kwalolu daba emlandweni

I-Renaissance era yenze le nkinga njengenkinga yenkululeko ngayinye nezindlela zokuyifeza. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, kwakuboniswa omunye umbono wentuthuko yezenhlalakahle, oveza isitatimende esaziwayo: "Ulwazi lungamandla." Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi esifanayo njengesikhathi sokukhanyisa isiFulentshi, inkinga yokungahambisani nokuhamba phambili kuvela. Ikakhulukazi, uRousseau ubhekisela ekuphikisaneni phakathi kwenqubekela phambili yokuziphatha kanye nentuthuko yolwazi.

Uma ucabanga ngefilosofi yesiGreki yesiGreki, ungabona ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kuyo kuphathwa njengokuhamba phambili, futhi umlando wesintu uyindlela yokuthuthukisa uMoya Wezwe, i- Absolute Idea. Lesi sikhundla sabanjwa nguHegel.

Umbono ngalolu daba J. A. Condorcet

UJ. Antoine Condorsay, umcwaningi waseFrance, ungomunye wama-theorists ahlakaniphile kakhulu engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19. Iyini inkinga yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle kusukela ekubukeni kwakhe? Ake sibone. I-Condorcet yaqiniseka ukuthi inqubekela phambili ixhomeke empumelelweni yengqondo, ebonakala ekusabalaleni kwemfundo kanye nokukhula kwesayensi. Kulo "uhlobo" lomuntu, ngokombono walowo mcabangi, ikhono lokuzicabangela lenziwa, futhi lokhu kubangela inqubekela phambili yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle, ezoqhubeka nokuhlala njalo. Nakuba ebeka lokhu "okungapheli" kuhlaka lomhlaba wangasese, ekholelwa ukuthi kuvela ekusungulweni kwayo ukuthi ukuhamba komphakathi kuqala ukuthi kungenzeka kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo zalesi sisekelo semvelo.

Isiqingatha sesibili sekhulu le-19 sinikele ekutadisheni lolu daba?

Sibona ukuthi iningi labacwaningi ababalulwe ngenhla abaye bahlola izinkinga zokuqhubeka komphakathi bakholelwa ukuthi imbangela yalokho kusengaphambili ingqondo, "amathuba akhe angenamkhawulo." Kodwa-ke, engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19, ekuqondeni kwalolu daba kwakukhona ukuguqulwa okugcizelelwe, kuze kufakwe esikhundleni sengqondo "yentuthuko" nge "izinguquko zenhlalo" noma "ukusabalalisa" komlando. Abacwaningi abanjengoP. Sorokin no-O. Spengler ("Ukuwohloka kweYurophu") bathi ukunyakaza komphakathi kwenzeka emgqeni wehla, futhi ekugcineni, impucuko izokushabalalisa.

Inkinga yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle kanye nemigomo yayo yayisithakazelo kubameleli bezenhlalakahle ezingabonwayo (isibonelo, uKarl Marx, isithombe sakhe esinikezwe ngenhla). Babenesiqiniseko sokuthi kusengaphambili umthetho wokuthuthukiswa komphakathi, futhi kuholela ngokuphumelelayo ekunqobeni kwezenhlalakahle esikhathini esizayo. Babona amandla okuqhubekela phambili ekuphumeleleni kokukhanyiselwa, ingqondo yomuntu, ekupheleleni kokuziphatha kwabantu. Umbono we-Marxist ukhiwa phakathi nekhulu le-19 leminyaka. Isisekelo saso siyisimo somlando, sezinto ezibonakalayo-ezibonakalayo emphakathini, okwamanje, esidlule nangesikhathi esizayo. Umlando uvela kulokhu njengomsebenzi womuntu olandela imigomo yakhe.

Ngeke siqhubeke nokubhala abalobi abaye bafunda izinkinga zenqubekela phambili yomphakathi kanye nemibono yabo. Kusukela ngenhla, singaphetha ngokuthi akekho kubo ongabhekwa njengeqiniso eliphelele, nakuba ezinye zazo zikhona kulowo nalowo. Mhlawumbe, abacwaningi bazobuyela enkingeni enjalo isikhathi eside njengenkinga yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle. Ifilosofi inqwabelene nemiqondo eminingi, kodwa zonke ziyizinhlangothi ezithile.

Izinkinga zomhlaba zesikhathi sethu

Ukuphikisana kwenqubo yenhlalakahle kuhlanganiswe okwamanje okwenzeka ezinkingeni zomhlaba zesintu. Lokhu kufaka lokhu okulandelayo:

- kubangelwa inkinga yemvelo;

- inkinga yokuthula nokuvimbela impi;

- abantu abathintekayo (abakwa-depopulationist nabaningi);

- izinkinga ezingokomoya (isiko, impilo, imfundo) nokuntula okungokomoya (ukulahlekelwa kwamaphuzu okubhekisela kwangaphakathi - izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke) ;

- ukunqoba ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu, okubangelwa ukuthuthukiswa kwezombangazwe, ezomnotho nezingokomoya zabantu kanye namazwe.

Zonke lezi zinkinga zanamuhla zentuthuko yezenhlalakahle zithinta izithakazelo zesintu sonke kanye nekusasa layo, ngakho-ke kuthiwa yi-global. Imvelo engaxazululwa yalezi zinkinga kanye nezinye izimbangela zengozi ekuhlaleni okuqhubekayo komphakathi wonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yesisombululo sabo badinga ukuhlanganiswa kwemizamo hhayi kuphela kwamanye amazwe kanye nezifunda, kodwa kubo bonke abantu.

Ngamunye wethu ukhathazekile ngenkinga yentuthuko yomphakathi. Isayensi yezenhlalakahle, ngokuvamile, isayensi ewusizo kakhulu, ngoba sonke sihlala emphakathini. Ngakho-ke, wonke umuntu kufanele aqonde imithetho eyisisekelo yokusebenza kwayo. Esikoleni, inkinga yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle ivame ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela, ichaza ngokufutshane ngezinkinga zomhlaba jikelele. Mhlawumbe, lezi zihloko kufanele zinikezwe ukunakekelwa okungaphezulu, kanti izizukulwane ezizayo zizoqondisa amabutho abo esixazululweni sabo.

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