Izinyathelo zokuthuthukiswa kwezinambuzane: izinguquko ezingaphelele nezingaphelele

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Postembryonic, okunye okubizwa ngokuthi i-post-embryonic, kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo zeplanethi yethu, ingahlukaniswa ngamafomu amabili: ngokuqondile nangokungaqondile. I-species yokuqala iyatholakala ezikhukhunjini, izinyoni, izilwane ezincelisayo. Ukuzalwa noma kwesokunxele kuma-egg cubs kuyikhophi encane yomuntu omdala. Enye indlela yentuthuko kwenzeka ezinhlanzi, ama-amphibians kanye nama-arthropods. Kulesi sihloko ngezibonelo ezithile sizocabangela izigaba zokuthuthukiswa kwezinambuzane.

Indima yezinto eziphilayo zokuguqula umzimba

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezilwane ezinezinguquko ezingaphelele futhi eziphelele (ukuguqulwa kwemithi) kunikeza izimo ezinhle kunazo zonke zokuphila kwamafomu abancane nabadala futhi kuncishiswe ukuncintisana ngesisekelo sokudoba phakathi kwabo. Lokhu kuvumela ukusebenzisa ezinye izinsiza zokudla, futhi kusiza ukuhlala kwezilwane ezihlala ezindaweni ezahlukene (umoya, umhlaba, amanzi noma ngaphansi komhlaba). I-metamorphosis yezinambuzane ingenye yezizathu zezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane eziphila manje emhlabeni (ezingaphezu kwesigidi esisodwa). Zihlala cishe zonke izitshalo ezikhona eziphilayo. Izinambuzane zimelela uhlobo lwe-arthropod. Izindlela zokuthuthukiswa kwezinambuzane zimelela lezi zigaba ezilandelayo: amaqanda (ukuthuthukiswa kwamabrionic), i- larva, i-pupa, i-imago (ukuthuthukiswa kwe-postembryonic).

Isigaba seqanda yisigaba sokuqala nesigunyazo sokujikeleza kwezinambuzane. Unamabolondo amaningana. Owokuqala ubizwa ngokuthi i-chorion (wenza umsebenzi wokuzivikela nomsebenzi). Kwezinye izinhlobo zinkimbinkimbi ngezingqimba ze-wax noma i-chitin futhi zigcwele amapreres. Ingubo yesibili, i-yolk noma i-serous, ixhumana ngqo nombungu okhulayo. Ukudla kwalo kunikezwa i-yolk. Ukuma, umbala we-chorion nobukhulu bamaqanda ezinambuzane ezihlukahlukene zihlukahlukene. Ngakho-ke, ezintabeni ubude beqanda bufinyelela ku-11 mm, futhi ngenxa yezibungu zesicabucabu, kuphela u-0.14 mm. Izinambuzane eziningi zibeka amaqanda, nakuba zikhona izinhlobo ze-viviparous, njenge-cockroach yaseMadagascar. I-larva ishiya amaqanda, okuyisigaba esilandelayo ekuthuthukiseni izinambuzane.

Ukuguqulwa okuphelele

Kuyisici sezinhlobo ze-subclass yezinambuzane ezinamaphiko. Ngaphambi kokuba ube umuntu omdala - i-imago, i-organism, ephuma eqanda, ibhekana nezinyathelo ezimbili zokuphila ezingafani ngokuphelele: izimpungushe nezimpungushe. Izinambuzane, okuyinto ukuguqulwa okuphelele isici, kuthiwa i-holometabolic. Lezi zihlanganisa amaqembu aseLepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, njll.

Izici zesigaba sokudubula

Yibo, okokuqala, ngesakhiwo somzimba womzimba. Izibungu eziningi azikho isimiso sokuzala. Okunye futhi okuhlukile yizixhobo zomlomo, ngakho-ke uhlobo lokudla okunomsoco. Cabanga ngezigaba ezivunguzayo zokuthuthukiswa kwezinambuzane ezingaguquki ngokuphelele.

Esinye sezidalwa ezindala kakhulu - i-dragonfly, ibeka amaqanda emanzini amile. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingu-20, kanti kwezinye izinhlobo ezinyangeni ezingu-2-9 zivela ku-Pronima (isaga), ehlala emasekhondini ambalwa kuphela, khona-ke ama-molts, futhi i-naiad yakha - i -dragonfly yangempela . Unamamitha amancane (1.5 mm), futhi umjikelezo wokuphila, kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lwesinambuzane, lungadlulela ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ukuya eminyakeni eyodwa kuya kwemibili. Isibungu sizingela emanzini futhi sinezindlela zokuphefumula, ngakho-ke kuvame ukuphakama phezulu.

Njengoba iqhubeka ichitheka futhi ikhula, iphuma emanzini phezu kweziqu zezitshalo zasemanzini futhi iguqula ibe yizinambuzane ezindala - i-dragonfly, enezinhlangothi ezincane nezimbozo zomzimba. Akahambisani okwesikhashana. Ingqimba ye-chitinous efakaza inambuzane inzima. I-dragonfly iba nekhono lokushayela. Ukubamba iqhaza, ake sithi lokhu okulandelayo: isiteji se-larva ezinhlanhlathini zezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene sinikeza ukwandiswa kwemvelo yalezi zinambuzane. Qaphela ukuthi izinambuzane ezivuthiwe ngokobulili ze-dragonfly ne-larva yayo zinokufana ngendlela abazondla ngayo (zombili izilwane ezidliwa yizilwane), kanye nokuphefumula (izitho zohlobo lwe-tracheal). Umehluko uhlala endaweni yawo: abantu abadala bahlala emoyeni, kanti ama-naiads ahlala emanzini.

Izibungu ezinambuzane ezinezinguquko eziphelele

Kulabo abamele ukuhleleka kwama-lepidopterans, ngokwesibonelo, kuma-butterflies, abizwa ngokuthi amacimbi futhi ahluke kakhulu kumuntu omdala. I-larva ivela eqanda, igoqa emagobolondo ayo futhi iqala ukudla amaqabunga kanye nezinye izingxenye zesitshalo ngemisipha yayo enamandla - amandla. Umzimba wakhe u-vermiform, unekhanda, izingxenye ezintathu ze-thoracic neziyishumi zesisu. I-integument inikezwa ngezinwele-setae. Ama-butterflies yizinambuzane, lapho ukuguqulwa okuphelele kuyisici. Emlonyeni ophansi we-larva kukhona i-pair of secret gland secreting secret. Emile emoyeni, yakha intambo, okuyinto i-larva esebenzisa ngayo ukwenza i-cocoon. Ukuhlala kuwo, i-larva iphenduka i-pupa. Angaphila kusukela emasontweni ambalwa kuya komunye noma emithathu, kanti udonsa wengane uphila iminyaka engaba ngu-10. Emzimbeni wakhe kwakhiwa i-glycerin ne-betaine - i-antifreeze yemvelo.

Imfucumfucu yezimvemvane - izinambuzane ezinokuguqulwa okuphelele, ngokuvamile i-moult. I-molt yokugcina kuyo iphela ekufundeni. Kwezinye izinhlobo zezinambuzane, izibungu zinamagama ahlukene. Isibonelo, ama-sawfly ama-beetles amanga amanga amanga, izidumbu ze-pollen nama-beetle ama-dark are wireless, izibungu ezingenamagama zibizwa ngokuthi i-dragonflies, futhi ama-predlinics abo abizwa ngokuthi ama-nymphs.

Iyini i-chrysalis

Lesi yisigaba somjikelezo wokuphila kwezinambuzane, okuholela ekuthuthukiseni ucwaningo oluvuthiwe ngokobulili - imago. Isiteji se-pupa sibonakala ukuthi umzimba awusondli futhi awukwazi ukuhamba. Ngaphandle kwesilika, ekwakhiweni kwe-cocoon nokuqiniswa kwayo, izilwane ngokuvamile zisebenzisa izinhlayiya zehlabathi noma ama-shells. E-pupae yamahhala, izintana, imilenze namaphiko omuntu omdala abakhululekile futhi baxhunywe esiqu. Ama-pupae ahlanganisiwe ajwayelekile ezinhlobonhlobo zezimvemvane, ama-ladybirds, amanye ama-Diptera.

Imago

Isigaba sokugcina sokuthuthukiswa kwezinambuzane sibonakala ekwakhiweni kohlelo lokuzala (uhlelo locansi), kanye nazo zonke izimpawu zangaphandle ezivela kulezi zinhlobo. Njenge-larva, i-imago yenza umsebenzi wokuxazulula izinambuzane ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abadala bakhuthele ukukhiqizwa futhi babe nezitho zangasese. Emadodeni abizwa ngokuthi ama-testes, futhi ngama-females abizwa ngokuthi ama-ovaries. Kukhona nezinhlayiya zokuthola izinto ezifihliwe ekusithekeni izitho zangasese nezokukopisha zokuxubha.

Kulesi sihloko, sihlole izigaba zokuthuthukiswa kwezinambuzane ezinokuthuthukiswa okungaqondile ngokuguqulwa okuphelele nokuphelele.