Izinzwa Cranial, 12 namabhuzu: anatomy, itafula imisebenzi

Izinzwa kokuvela asebuchosheni esukela ke, kwezokwelapha kuchazwa njenganoma nezinzwa cranial noma cranial (12 ngazimbili). Bona innervate nezindlala, imisipha, isikhumba kanye nezinye izitho ise ikhanda nentamo, kanye samathumbu kanye thoracic.

Asikhulume namuhla mayelana le mibhangqwana nalabo ukwephula eziphakamayo kubo.

Izinhlobo nezinzwa cranial

Ngamunye wathi namabhuzu nezinzwa luchazwa ngegama yesi-Roman kusukela ngowokuqala nambili, ngokuvumelana indawo yabo base zobuchopho. Basuke etholakala oda elandelayo:

1) olfactory;

2) ukubeka amabala;

3) oculomotor;

4) block;

5) trigeminal;

6) baphambukisa;

7) ubuso;

8) Ukuzwa;

9) glossopharyngeal;

10) nokuzula;

11) izandiso;

12) sublingual.

Lezi zihlanganisa autonomic efferent futhi afferent zemicu cores zabo zitholakala grey ndaba zobuchopho. Kuye ukubunjwa yezinzwa, zonke izinzwa cranial (12 ngazimbili) zihlukaniswe sezinzwa, motor kanye okuxubile. Ake sixoxe ngazo kulesi sici.

zinhlobo ebucayi

Leli qembu kuhlanganisa nezinzwa olfactory, ezibukwayo futhi sokuzwa.

Izinzwa olfactory kukhona izinqubo ezisesandleni mucosa acinene. Kuzoqalwa nge ngalo ingaphakathi acinene, bewela plate igridi kanye afanelekela isibani olfactory, lapho namangqamuzana ezinzwa wokuqala kuphela futhi iqala indlela emaphakathi.

Zokubona pair siqukethe imicu esukela Izigaxa ngwengwzi nama-rod. Zonke izinzwa bayingxenye eyodwa engasogwini ngalo ingaphakathi cranial. Okokuqala, akha Ukunqamula ke ipheshana optic, ubuchopho stem circumferential fibre optic futhi donor izikhungo. Kokunye ezinzwa kuhlanganisa Imicu yotshani abangaba yisigidi (axons we izinzwa e-retina) futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, kantsi sicuketse loku omunye ngaphandle sangasese, kuyilapho omunye - ngaphakathi. Nerve ingena Nogebhezi lwawo ngomzila ezibukwayo.

Ngu umbhangqwana yesishiyagalombili nezinzwa cranial ziyezwa - 12 ngazimbili yabanye, ngaphezu kwakho kulaba abathathu basonta motor noma oxubile. Esikhathini sokuzwa yezinzwa baqondiswa kusukela maphakathi nendlebe le nuclei. In ngamunye kubo engena vestibular kanye impande cochlear. Bona ukhulise kusukela maphakathi nendlebe futhi ngaphakathi engela cerebellopontine.

motor izinhlobo

Kwenye iqembu 12 namabhuzu nezinzwa cranial kukhona oculomotor, vimbela, ezengeziwe, sublingual futhi esidayisa izinzwa.

Laba bobabili yesithathu, okungukuthi oculomotor nezinzwa aqukethe autonomic amabhayisikili, izimoto, yemisipha parasympathetic. Basuke ihlukaniswe amagatsha yasenhla nemithombo yasenzansi. Futhi kuphela emagatsheni aphezulu kukhona imoto iqembu. Bayingxenye imisipha ukuthi kuphakamisa ijwabu leso.

Ukuze eqenjini elilandelayo kuhlanganisa ukuvimba nezinzwa ezisenza iso ukuhambisa. Uma siqhathanisa zonke izinzwa cranial - 12 ngazimbili - lawa obucayi kakhulu. Bavela kusuka nucleus ukuba tegmentum ke lisibekele stem ubuchopho kanye iqondiswe ku emzileni, innerviruya engenhla imisipha etshekile apula iso.

Abducens ezihlobene ukuqondisa imisipha iso. Banezinhliziyo core motor emgodini. Ukuza aphume ubuchopho, bathunyelwa aphakeme ZaseLaki esemkhathini, innerviruya lapho imisipha iso langakwesokunene.

izinzwa engeziwe zivela kusukela oblongata medulla nezindawo wesibeletho ka emgogodleni. Izimpande ngabanye axhunyiwe komunye kushaft kuyoshaya ngembobo futhi uyahlukaniswa ngu amagatsha zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. legatsha langaphakathi, okuyinto has zesivikelo sesifuba abathintekayo kulo innervation we umphimbo kanye pharynx, kuxhunywe emsipheni vagus.

Futhi lokugcina ngazimbili 12 izinzwa cranial (Ithebula okuyinto ukuze kube lula uvezwa ekupheleni isihloko) eziphathelene motor, kuyizinto emsipheni hypoglossal. Umsuka walo emsipheni kuyinto cerebrospinal. Kodwa, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uye washukumisa emuva ku ugebhezi. Kuyacaca ukuthi emsipheni motor ulimi. Roots ziyaphuma oblongata medulla bese inqamula Umthambo carotid bese ufaka imisipha lingual ihlukane amagatsha.

ukubukwa okuxubile

Leli qembu kuhlanganisa trigeminal, ebusweni, glossopharyngeal nezinzwa vagus. Emizweni okuxubile, ganglia khona, afana nalawa ukuthi bukhona umgogodla, kodwa abanayo izimpande front futhi bakhulise. Banezinhliziyo motor futhi kungokoqobo fibre izinhlobo sihlanganyela nabo ipotimende ezivamile. Futhi, bangase nje emhlabeni.

Yield ngazimbili ezahlukene 12 izinzwa cranial. Ngakho, ngazimbili lwesithathu, yesikhombisa, lesishiyagalolunye kuya kweleshumi babe Imicu yotshani parasympathetic ngesikhathi izigaba okukhipha ukuthi iya ganglia autonomic. Abaningi babo ahlanganisiwe amagatsha, lapho imicu ehlukene.

Emsipheni trigeminal elisuka ezimbili, lapho emikhulu kuyinto ebucayi kanye ezincane - motor. isikhumba innervation wabo ezazenzeka umqhele, indlebe kanye kwesilevu izindawo. Innervation futhi ithumba conjunctiva futhi iso apula, laseDura, lwamafinyila - ikhala nomlomo, amazinyo nezinsini zakho, kanye nengxenye eyinhloko ulimi.

ezinzwa trigeminal elise phakathi unyawo cerebellar, maphakathi, futhi ibhuloho. Ukotini Wekhethelo azwela impande ganglion elele mbhoshongo yesikhashana eduze isihloko ezakhiwe yehlukanise Dura okuyinto. Bagcina Kuyi-nucleus emsipheni, esemgwaqweni emgodini, i-nucleus ye indlela umgogodla, ngokuqhubeka oblongata medulla, bese ithunyelwa nomgogodla. Imicu yotshani Motor ezinzwa impande angasuselwa nucleus trigeminal, elisetendeni kwebhuloho.

Kusukela ganglion suka upper-, umhlathi ongezansi, futhi emsipheni optic. Mithandazo ebucayi, ihlukaniswe nosoresnichny, engaphelele kanye izinyembezi. Innervation 12 cranial nezinzwa ngazimbili kuyahlukahluka hhayi kuphela bodwa ngazimbili, kodwa futhi derivatives amagatsha. Ngakho, nerve lacrimal innervates-engeli lateral iso, edlulisa lacrimal indlala amagatsha secretory. Emsipheni frontal, ngokulandelana, is branched emabunzini onika ke mucosa. Nosoresnichny uyabanikeza inhlamvu yeso, futhi Wahamba nezinzwa ngehele ukuthi innervate le mucosa acinene.

Ingabe ezinzwa olubucayi futhi maxillary kuyoshaya fossa pterygopalatine futhi palatal ebheke phambi kobuso. Kusukela kuye zivela izinzwa engenhla alveolar ukuthi ukuya ngamazinyo ongenhla nezinsini. Emsipheni udlulela izihlathi we izinzwa ganglion ngemuva ekhaleni ukuba mucosa yayo futhi nasopharynx. Yezinzwa kukhona nozwela futhi parasympathetic.

Ukuze uhlobo okuxubile iyona emsipheni mandibular. Siqukethe impande motor. amagatsha awo sezinzwa kuhlanganisa ezinzwa buccal usinika mucosal efanele ushno-temporal innervating kwesikhumba amathempeli nezindlebe futhi lingual, enezela ichopho futhi izikhulumi emuva. Bakhiphe elezinga eliphansi ezinzwa alveolar kuyinto edidayo. Ukuhamba umhlathi ongezansi, igcina ku kwesilevu sakhe, eyayizalwa lapha esikhumbeni futhi mucosa we udebe lwangezansi. Amagatsha ahlobene ganglia autonomic:

• ushno-temporal ezinzwa - ne indlebe ukuthi innervate indlala parotid;
• lingual ezinzwa - ne ganglion akunika innervation e nezindlala submandibular futhi sublingual.

Ukuze phambili zihlanganisa motor futhi kungokoqobo nezinzwa cranial. Imicu yotshani ezixutshiwe ukudala mouthfeel. Ezinye Imicu yotshani innervate lapha lacrimal kanye salivary nezindlala, nabanye - phambili izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu olimi.

emsipheni ebusweni siqukethe motor endwangwini, oqala izimbobo engenhla. Lokhu kuhlanganisa Lesisemkhatsini ezinzwa enongiwe yemisipha parasympathetic. Ezinye izinqubo kukhona ganglion, okuholela gustatory Imicu yotshani izinzwa vagus futhi glossopharyngeal. Isiqalo ngezinye salivary futhi lacrimal nuclei eduze core motor.

emsipheni ebusweni iqala umnkantsha cerebellopontine engela, bese wabe ngomzila phambi meatus sokuzwa. Kukhona yezinhlamvu kanye sigubhu, edabula umgodi exhunywe kwi-nerve lingual. Kuhlanganisa isithokela futhi parasympathetic Imicu yotshani okuyinto ukufinyelela ganglion submandibular.

Emsipheni ebusweni akube kusakhulunywa ngaye ithambo amathempeli agcinwe kule ndlala parotid, lapho intertwining. Yingakho amagatsha diverging ngendlela emise okwe-fan. Ngalesi sikhathi, bonke innervated imisipha eziphathelene ukulingisa, kanye nabanye. Yegatsha entanyeni ebusweni amagatsha emsipheni ku imisipha yakhe ongama.

pair Glossopharyngeal waqaphela innervation lacrimal nezindlala, bakhulise ulimi ingxenye, zengaphakathi lendlebe futhi pharynx. Motor Imicu yotshani ziqondiswe stylopharyngeus muscle detrusor emphinjeni kanye abathola - I-ndlala parotid ukuba ushnomu ganglion. Kanti i-nuclei yalezi izinzwa, ngokungafani nezinye nuclei okuyizinto 12 namabhuzu nezinzwa cranial, ahlelwe emgodini - unxantathu of emsipheni vagus.

Imicu yotshani Parasympathetic uqale salivary-nucleus. ezinzwa Glossopharyngeal, badonswa, baphuma oblongata medulla kudlulela ulimi isizinda. Kusukela ganglion ezinzwa iqala sigubhu kokuba Imicu yotshani parasympathetic asinikeze endlebeni ganglion. Ngokulandelayo, uqale lingual, mindalikovye nezinzwa pharyngeal. izinzwa lingual innervate nolimi.

Ezulazulayo pair nokobana innervation parasympathetic esiswini futhi esifubeni nasemqaleni. Lokhu ezinzwa siqukethe motor yemisipha sezinzwa. Nangu innervation enkulu. Emsipheni vagus has a dual core:

• amaphiko;
• ipheshana ngedwa.

Ukushiya umnqumo entanyeni, ihamba nge lenqwaba Neuro-semithambo, bese branched.

sokwephulwa kwe

Dysfunctions ungaba zonke izinzwa cranial - imibhangqwana 12. Anatomy of the ezindaweni ezithintekile kubonakala emazingeni ehlukene cores noma imiphini. Lokwenza ukuxilongwa, esikhathini esingamahora anga-ukuhlaziya izinqubo intracranial sokugembula. Uma lesion kuthinta kolunye uhlangothi nengaphakathi yemisipha, kungenzeka kakhulu, kungukuphula imisebenzi yanoma yiziphi abathintekayo 12 namabhuzu nezinzwa cranial.

Neuroscience izifundo, Nokho, futhi izimpawu ngakolunye uhlangothi. Khona-ke kutholakala ukuthi uphethwe yini umonakalo izindlela. Kwenzeka futhi ukuthi ukungasebenzi kwekhono izinzwa axhunyiwe nokuvuvukala, simila arachnoid, ithumba, kombungu semithambo, nezinye izinqubo ezifanayo.

Ukulahlekelwa ngesikhathi esisodwa 12 namabhuzu nezinzwa cranial, okungukuthi, hyoid kanye vagus futhi glossopharyngeal, yabe seyaziwa ngokuthi uhlangothi bulbar. Lesi isifo esiyingozi kakhulu, njengoba kukhona okungenzeka zokugula izikhungo ebaluleke kakhulu isiqu ingqondo.

Ulwazi indawo ngesimo sendawo nezinzwa cranial ikuvumela ukukhomba kahle umncane lesion ngamunye. Ukuze wenze ucwaningo, ukubandakanya amasu ezikhethekile. Nge zokusebenza ezifanele, namuhla kungenzeka ukuba embule zonke imininingwane isimo fundus, emsipheni optic, ukuxilonga emkhakheni umbono kanye foci wokulahlekelwa. ucwaningo nge-computer evumela ephezulu ukucacisa thola endaweni ezilimele.

ucwaningo ophthalmological

Le nqubo ivumela ukuthola ukushayisana kwe oculomotor, vimba nezinzwa efferent imibhangqwana zembula locomotor elinganiselwe zamehlo umsebenzi, exophthalmos degree kokubili. Pathology okubonakalayo kanye emsipheni sokuzwa kungadalwa omncane umsele e ithambo noma, kunalokho, isandiso yayo. Ukuxilongwa kwenziwa Slots engenhla orbit, kanye ezihlukahlukene skull ukuvuleka.

Verterbalnaya futhi carotid angiography

Le ndlela sinenai mklomelo kombungu semithambo nezinqubo intracranial. Nokho, ulwazi oluthe xaxa ngalezi zindaba izonikeza tomography ikhompyutha. It Ziveza cranial nerve iziqu, ukuxilonga isimila pair ezibukwayo futhi sokuzwa nezinye pathologies.

rheotachygraphy

Ukulifunda ngijule nezinzwa cranial senziwa Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba ukuthuthukiswa le ndlela. Ithola isimo nokuguqulwa ukuhlafuna kwemisipha nomsebenzi zilingise, nemisipha yolimi, ulwanga ezithambile kanye nezinye izicubu. Electromyography futhi likuvumela ukubala ngesilinganiso conduction ngiyibona eduze iziqu nezinzwa ebusweni, hypoglossal futhi isesekeli. Kuze kube yimanje, sesenze uphenyo Blink impendulo reflex ukuthi bunikezwa trigeminal nezinzwa ebusweni.

luhlolo kwemizwa nezimpawu imizwa ethile cranial

Le nqubo wenziwa ngendlela ethize. Luqala ngokunikela ucwaningo emsipheni olfactory. Uhala ofakwe umfutho uletha emakhaleni yanjalo. Emsipheni optic lwavivinywa iso izivivinyo, lapho, ngaphezu ukulimala okuqondile, engakwazi kunyakaza ngisho ukukhomba izinguquko yesibili. Pathology abagqoka amile, esiwohlozayo, ukuvuvukala noma izinzwa kungabangela lizobhujiswa ngokuphelele.

Izilonda elandelayo amabhangqa amathathu 12 Izinzwa cranial (oculomotor, trochlear nokudisishaja) yisimangaliso diplopia futhi strabismus. Iphinde kungenzeka elingenhla ijwabu leso ptosis, mydriasis, diplopia.

Ukukhubazeka ku pair yesihlanu, okungukuthi, e emsipheni trigeminal, okuholela Ukuwohloka ukuzwela phezu ingxenye ebusweni, lapho lukhona khona. Lokhu kungabonakala emathempelini, emabunzini cheekbones, amehlo, kwesilevu nezindebe. Kwenzeka ukuthi uyazwelana nathi ebuhlungwini obunzima, kukhona nesimungumungwane nezinye ukusabela. Ngoba imizwa ebusweni baxhumene eziningi, khona-ke lo pair libhekene ezihlukahlukene ukusabela sokugembula.

Endabeni ka kokunikezwa kwe-nerve sokuzwa uwohloka ukuzwa, glossopharyngeal - kahle ukuzwela ezingaphakathi endlebeni, le hypoglossal - kungagcini ukunyakaza ulimi. Endabeni emsipheni vagus eba ukukhubazeka we ulwanga esithambile futhi intambo vocal. Futhi kungaba iphazamiseke inhliziyo isigqi, emishinini yokuphefumula, kanye neminye imisebenzi visceral-vegetative.

iziyaluyalu Inxanxathela nezinzwa cranial (12 ngazimbili): anatomy, ithebula

Umsebenzi yezinzwa kungenziwa i- kokubili wedwa futhi lihambisana, kanye pathologies ezehlukene Yekhanda aphansi. Ngakho, uma zonke izinzwa iyathinteka ngakolunye uhlangothi lwale base cranial Njengokulindelekile, inkulumo mayelana a syndrome Garcin. Lapho izimila amehlo ithambo futhi izicubu zomzimba ezithambile kwenzeka syndrome aphakeme ZaseLaki esemkhathini. Ngo izilonda futhi obnyatelnogo futhi izinzwa optic kuphakama Kennedy syndrome.

Lezi kanye nezinye izifo kuphakama kokubili abadala ezinganeni. Ezinganeni ukulimala kwenzwa njalo ikakhulukazi okuhlotshaniswa kombungu.

Ngezansi isakhiwo ngiliphi kungenza ngikuqonde kangcono indlela yokuqhuba izinzwa cranial (12 ngazimbili). Anatomy (ithebula lusekelwe olwazini yayo) kuzokusiza indlela butholakala enqubweni eyinkimbinkimbi ukusebenza amaqembu abo ahlukahlukene.

isiphetho

Sibheke zonke izinzwa cranial - imibhangqwana 12. Anatomy of umsebenzi ithebula esihlokweni bakhombise ukuthi zonke izinzwa cherpno-cerebral akheke eziyinkimbinkimbi, Ihlobene ngokuseduze nomunye. Futhi uma umsebenzi luyasetshenziswa nge limited noma cha eyenziwa ngaso sonke ke kukhona ukwephulwa.

Kahle ngokufunda konke izinzwa cranial (12 ngazimbili) etafuleni. Neurology, usebenzisa le datha, futhi sibonga imishini ekhethekile yesimanje, sakhombisa inqubekela phambili ebonakalayo ikhono uphethwe esifike ngesikhathi futhi ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo iziguli.