Iziqhingi South Kuril: umlando, ukubandakanya

I chain iziqhingi phakathi eKamchatka futhi Hokkaido, lo arc ayizindunduma esisuka phakathi uLwandle Okhotsk futhi elwandle eliKhulu iPacific, emngceleni Russia nase Japan South Kuril Islands - iqembu Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir futhi Iturup. Iinhlokwezi zihlukaniseke inselele komakhelwane bethu, okuyinto ngisho kufakwe nabo Prefecture Japanese of Hokkaido. Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zindawo kukhona ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho futhi amasu, ekulweni Southern Kuril Islands uyaqhubeka iminyaka eminingi.

geography

Shikotan esiqhingini ivuliwe ekuyi-latitude efanayo emzini Sochi kuyinto nakwezifudumele, nokuningi ephansi - endaweni ekuyi-latitude ka Anapa. Nokho, isimo sezulu wezulu lapho ayikaze futhi akulindelekile. South Kuril Islands ubelokhu kwakungekaNkulunkulu eNyakatho Ekude yeCanada, kodwa awukwazi esekhala isimo sezulu esibanda kakhulu arctic. Lapha ubusika onomoya omnene kakhulu nehlobo ukufudumala hhayi ashisayo kakhulu. Lokhu lokushisa, lapho ngo-February - ngenyanga enomoya - ikhombisa izinga lokushisa kuyaqabukela ngezansi -5 degrees Celsius, ngisho isimo umswakama high ulwandle phuca nomthelela ongemuhle. Monsoon sezulu yezwekazi is kakhulu washintsha njengoba khona eduze Pacific buthakathaka okunomthelela hhayi ngaphansi eduze kwe-Arctic. Uma enyakatho Kuril Islands ehlobo lika-10, ngokwesilinganiso, South Kuril Islands njalo sekuqala ukufudumala kuya +18. Sochi akuyona Yiqiniso, kodwa hhayi Anadyr.

iziqhingi arc Ensimatic esisogwini emaphethelweni Okhotsk ipuleti ngaphezulu subduction zone lapho ipuleti Pacific uphela. Ngokwengxenye enkulu yeSouth Kuril Islands imbozwe ezintabeni, esiqhingini Atlasova Isiqongo esiphakeme - amamitha angaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili. Kunezintaba-mlilo, ngoba zonke Kurile Islands amanga ePacific indandatho mlilo umlilo. Kukhona umsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu futhi zokuzamazama komhlaba. Amashumi amathathu nesithupha mlilo ayisithupha abakhuthele Kuril Islands kukhona eziyisishiyagalombili zidinga observation njalo. Ukuzamazama komhlaba cishe njalo, bese kufika ingozi zama-tsunami ezakhishwa esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ngakho, i-Shikotan, Simushir Paramushiro ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi abakhahlamezwe le nhlekelele. Ikakhulukazi i-tsunami enkulu babe ngo-1952, 1994 no-2006.

Resources, flora

Ogwini lolwandle kanye endaweni Iziqhingi zibhekiwe izinqolobane of uwoyela, igesi yemvelo, mercury lenqwaba izinsimbi non-ayoni. Ngokwesibonelo, eduze intabamlilo Curly has ezifakwa abacebe kakhulu emhlabeni kwaziwayo rhenium. Tazhe iziqhingi eningizimu Kuril idume izimayini sulphur bomdabu. Lapha, i-jikelele igolide imithombo - amathani 1867, nesiliva kakhulu - amathani 9284, titanium abacishe babe izigidi ezingamashumi amane amathani, yensimbi - amathani angamakhulu amabili ayisikhombisa nantathu million. Manje ukuthuthukiswa izidubedube elinde izikhathi ezingcono, bayingcosana kakhulu esifundeni, ngaphandle endaweni efana Wik Sakhalin. Kuril Islands ngokuvamile kuyabonakala njengezwe isisetshenziswa igumbi ngoba ngosuku oluna imvula. ezimbili eStraits we Kuril Islands kuphela imikhumbi unyaka wonke, ngoba engenzi iqhwa. Lesi siqhingi we South Kuril - Urup, Kunashir, Iturup, futhi phakathi kwawo - Khelenge Catherine Vries.

Ngaphandle amaminerali, kukhona nezinye izinto eziningi ukuthi singabakaNkulunkulu sonke isintu. Lokhu yezimila nezilwane ezihlukahlukene we Kuril Islands. It siyahluka kakhulu ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu, njengoba obuphelele yabo mkhulu ngokwanele. Enyakatho ye-Kuril Islands uhlaza ngempela kwaphela, futhi eningizimu - ihlathi lezihlahla emangalisayo Sakhalin fir, Kurile larch, sonwele Ajan. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izihlahla kanye ezibanzi enezicabha kulesi siqhingi ukumboza izintaba namagquma iqhaza kakhulu ngenkuthalo: oki abacaphuni, Elm ne-maple izihlahla, imivini kalopanax, hydrangeas, Actinidia, lemongrass, amagilebhisi asendle nokunye okuningi. Ngisho magnolia ku Kushanire khona - zilwane zasendle kuphela magnolia obovate. izingxenye Iningi izitshalo ihlobise South Kuril Islands (landscape photo enamathiselwe) - a Kuril bamboo, amahlozi kabani ongangeneki ukufihla emehlweni emithambekeni yezintaba futhi ihlathi emaphethelweni. Utshani lapha ngenxa ngesimo sezulu esihle futhi zinomswakama ziphezulu kakhulu futhi ezihlukahlukene. Kuningi amajikijolo ukuthi kungenziwa ekhishwe ngendlela yezomnotho: lingonberry, crowberry, Honeysuckle, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye nabanye abaningi.

Izilwane, izinyoni nezinhlanzi

I-Kuril Islands (ezahlukene ikakhulukazi kulesi sici enyakatho) Ibhere elinsundu cishe kuyafana eKamchatka. Eningizimu, kuyoba okuningi njengoba nje, uma hhayi khona izisekelo Russian lempi. Iziqhingi ezincane, ibhere eduze rocket eduze ukuphila. Kodwa ikakhulukazi eziningi eningizimu izimpungushe, ngoba ngabo ukufunza lapho kakhulu. sidla amagundane amancane - lenqwaba futhi ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo, kukhona ivelakancane. Kusukela ezweni ezincelisayo nazi lamabutho ezine: amalulwane (brown nelulwane nesikhova esinamadlebe amade, Myotis), onogwaja, amagundane kanye amagundane, abahlukumezi (izimpungushe, amabhere, nakuba zimbalwa, mink futhi Sable).

Of ezincelisayo zasolwandle emanzini asogwini yalesi siqhingi bukhoma ulwandle imithini, Anthurium (uhlobo uphawu insular), sea izingonyama nolwandle ithole. Buqamama ukusuka ogwini kukhona inala izilwane zasemanzini ezincelisayo - amahlengethwa, killer nama, imikhomo, imikhomo, isidoda imikhomo ezintantayo enyakatho. Accumulations ezimpawu eared, sea izingonyama kuyagcinwa emhlabeni nogu Kuril Islands, ikakhulukazi eziningi kubo ku -Iturup Island. Ngenkathi ungabona amakoloni zamanzi ezinoboya, izimvu zamanzi darnel, izimvu zamanzi ringed, impellers. umhlobiso zasolwandle ukuphila - ulwandle imithini. noboya Precious Kwase kusele kancane yokuqothulwa esikhathini esidlule yamuva kakhulu. Manje isimo kancane kancane ahambisana imithini. Fish emanzini asogwini kubaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho, kodwa kukhona kakhudlwana futhi izinkalankala clams, futhi squid, futhi ulwandle ukhukhamba, zonke ezinamagobolondo, izimila zasolwandle. Inani labantu base-South Kuril Islands ikakhulukazi matasa ukukhiqizwa kwasolwandle. Ngokuvamile, le ndawo kungenziwa ngokuthi ngaphandle ihaba yezindawo ezikhiqiza kakhulu olwandle.

izinyoni Colonial eziyimisebenzi rookeries elikhulu ebabazekayo. It fulmars, petrels, cormorants, ama-gull ahlukahlukene, kittiwake, guillemot, deadlocks, futhi abaningi, abaningi abengeziwe. Abaningi lapha eNcwadini Red, ezingavamile - albatross futhi petrels, Mandarin duck, nengqungqulu, izinkozi, ukhozi, peregrine uheshe, merlin, Cranes red-crowned snipe, izikhova. Overwinter ku Kuriles kusukela duck - Mallard, Teal, Gogol, ahlanzekile agcwele izinhlanzi namahansi, mergansers, ulwandle amanqe. Yiqiniso, okuningi abavamile futhi kondlunkulu cuckoos. Kuphela Iturup zinhlobo engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili zezinyoni, phakathi kwazo eziyikhulu namashumi - yokwakha isidleke. I -Kuril reserve siphile zinhlobo ayisishiyagalombili nane kusukela ezisohlwini Incwadi Red.

Umlando: I seTjhumi Century

Kuril Islands ingxabano awavelanga izolo. Ngaphambi kokufika Ainu Japanese futhi Russian sasihlala lapha, afinyelele abantu abasha ngegama elithi "Kuru", okwakusho ukuthi - abantu. Russian wacosha izwi, amahlaya abo futhi ngokuthi Abomdabu "Kuriles". Yingakho igama lalowo lonke leli qoqo leziqhingi. I-Japanese wenza ibalazwe lokuqala Sakhalin futhi Kuriles zonke. Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1644. Nokho, kwaphakama impikiswano Kuril Islands Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, ngoba ngonyaka ngaphambi noma amanye amamephu yesifunda ashiwo Dutch, eholwa de Vries.

Umhlaba uye wachazwa. Kodwa ayilungile. Freese, igama azinikwa wathola strait, Iturup isibaluli mpumalanga Hokkaido, futhi Urup njengengxenye eNyakatho neMelika. On Urup ke wamiswa esiphambanweni, futhi lonke leli zwe kuthiwa impahla eNetherlands. A Russian Beza lapha 1646 nge bomkhankaso ka-Ivan Moskvitina, futhi Cossack Kolobov enegama ezihlekisayo kamuva Nekhoroshkov Ivanovic watshela elimibalabala mayelana darnel Ainu ephilayo kulesi siqhingi. Kwalandela inkosikazi engumakhelwane nayo Imininingwane kancane ethe xaxa babevela eKamchatka uhambo uVladimir Atlasova ngo 1697.

ngekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili

Umlando waseNingizimu Kuril Islands lithi Russian ngempela wafika la mazwe e 1711. EKamchatka Cossacks wavukela, wabulala bonke abaphathi, bese wacabanga kangcono futhi nganquma intethelelo noma ishabalale. Ngakho-ke lo mkhankaso wabuthelwa ingene emazweni amasha ezingakaze zifinyelelwe. Daniel no-Ivan Antsiferov Kozyrevsky nge ihlukane ngo-August 1711, wafika eziqhingini enyakatho futhi Paramushir Shumshu. Lo mkhankaso enikeziwe ulwazi olusha mayelana wonke yokhalo seziqhingi kuhlanganise Hokkaido. Kule ndaba, e 1719-m uPeter Omkhulu ngaphambilini kwehlwaywe Ivanu Evreinovu futhi Fedor Luzhin, ngemizamo lahlukene iziqhingi ezamenyezelwa indawo isiRashiya, kuhlanganise esiqhingini Simushir. Kodwa Ainu, yebo, lalelani uhambe ngaphansi kokubusa Tsar Russian engafuni. Kuphela 1778 Antipin futhi Shabalin wathonyelwa izizwe Kuril nokuhlala Russia isidlulile abantu kungathi izinkulungwane ezimbili nge-Iturup, Kunashir ngisho Hokkaido. Futhi kule 1779th uCatherine II yakhipha umyalo wokuba ukukhulula zonke izifundo ezintsha wempumalanga kusukela yiziphi izintela. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi waqala ingxabano Japanese. Baze avinjwe ukuya Russian Kunashir, Iturup futhi Hokkaido.

isilawuli Real ngesiRashiya Akukho, kodwa uhlu abadonsekela umhlaba. Futhi Hokkaido naphezu kokuba insimu yalo edolobheni Japanese sabhalwa ukuthi ngingowakhe Russia. I-Japanese futhi abelokhu Kurils aseningizimu eziningi futhi ngokuvamile, okuyiwona bendawo labazonda kwesokudla. Kuyanda kodwa empeleni engenalo amandla kuze Ainu, kodwa umonakalo omncane ukuba abahlaseli: umkhumbi kazamcolo, lamabutho zishiswe. Ngo 1799, i-Japanese bebelokhu ukuvikelwa Iturup futhi Kunashir lahlelwa. Nakuba abadobi Russian sahlala khona isikhathi esithile edlule - mayelana iminyaka 1785-87, - Japanese zabo ngendlela ehlambalazayo ebuzwa ukuba baphume baphele esiqhingini, kwababhubhisa bonke ubufakazi bokuba khona Russian kuleli zwe. Umlando waseNingizimu Kuril Islands kwakuseyisiqalo kakade ukuba azitholele nozungu, kodwa akekho owayazi ngesikhathi indlela kuyoba eside egijima. Ngoba kuqala iminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa - kuze 1778 - Russian ne-Japanese musa ngisho bahlangana Kuriles. Kwabuthanelwa Hokkaido, lolo ngesikhathi sokuhlwanyelwa wayengakafiki unqotshwe Japan. I-Japanese weza ukudayisa ne Ainu, futhi nansi le Russian izinhlanzi catch. Yiqiniso, ama-samurai yababa, waqala ukuthuthumela nokuzamazama uya sikhali. Catherine uthumele umsebenzi lezombusazwe Japan, kodwa ingxoxo kakade akuphumelelanga.

yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye - ekhulwini ka ethize

Ngo-1805, izingxoxo ukuhweba siqhubeke uzame edumile UNikolai Rezanov, owafika ngo Nagasaki futhi kuhlulekile. Ayikwazanga ume ihlazo, wayala imikhumbi emibili ukwenza emkhankasweni wempi ukuba Southern Kuril Islands - uphikise ezindaweni esigxotsheni. Umphumela waba yokuziphindiselela kuhle ukubhujiswa izimboni isiRashiya, izitsha wokushiswa abaxotshwayo (kwalabo abasinda) Abadobi. Inani izimboni Japanese libhujisiwe, washisa umzana Iturup. ubudlelwane Russian-Japanese sebefike zokugcina pre-impi ubuso.

ngo-1855 kuphela ke kwaba delineation kokuqala kwangempela izindawo. Northern Islands - Russia, South - Japan. Plus ngokuhlanganyela Sakhalin. Kuyinto edabukisayo kwaba ukunikeza zokudoba okunothile eNingizimu Kuril Islands, Kunashir - ikakhulukazi. Etorofu, Habomai futhi Shikotan futhi babe Japanese. Ngo-1875, i-Russia iwine ilungelo yifa ngiyinake ka Sakhalin ngoba ukunikezelwa ka wonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, eJapane, Kuril Islands.

Ikhulu lamashumi amabili: ukunqotshwa nokunqoba

I-Russian-Japanese War ngo-1905 eRussia, naphezu umsebenzi ubuqhawe uyakufanelekela iculo Cruisers futhi gunboats empini engalingani, wawahlula, walahlekelwa empini nengxenye Sakhalin - eningizimu, eyigugu kakhulu. Kodwa ngo-February 1945, lapho ukunqoba eJalimane lobuNazi yayisivele elinqunyiwe, iSoviet Union wenza umbandela Great Britain United States: yena uyosibonisa, kanye Japanese, uma sibuyela insimu kwakungekaNkulunkulu Russia: Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, le Kuril Islands. OMfelandawonye uthembisile, futhi ngo-July 1945 iSoviet Union iye yaqinisekisa ukuzinikela kwayo. Kakade ekuqaleni September, Kuril Islands abangu matasa ngokugcwele amasosha aseSoviet. Futhi ngo-February 1946, wakhipha isimemezelo ku ukwakheka South Sakhalin esifundeni, ehlanganisa Kuril Islands futhi ngokugcwele, okuyinto eyaba yingxenye eKhabarovsk Territory. Ngakho kwaba khona ukubuya South Sakhalin kanye Kuril Islands Russia.

Japan waphoqeleka ukuba asayine isivumelwano sokuthula ngo-1951, lapho kushiwo ukuthi akuhloselwe futhi ngeke babenamalungelo, izihloko kanye nezicelo mayelana Kuril Islands. Futhi ngo-1956, iSoviet Union futhi Japan ilungele ngemvume Declaration eMoscow, okufakazela ekupheleni kwempi phakathi uthi. Njengoba uphawu abathakazelelwayo eSoviet Union bavumelana ukuze uthumele iziqhingi Kuriles Japan ezimbili: Shikotan futhi Habomai, kodwa Japanese, wenqaba ukubathatha ngesizathu ukuthi zingabantu izimangalo nezinye iziqhingi eningizimu - Iturup futhi Kunashir - ungadikibali. Nalapha futhi yaba nethonya United States ukuze zingenze isimo, nalapho esesongelwa esimweni ukusayinwa le dokhumenti akuyona ukubuyela kulesi siqhingi Japanese Okinawa. Yingakho kuze kube manje i-South Kuril Islands - uphikise izindawo.

The Age namhlanje, amabili nanye

Namuhla, le nkinga ye-South Kuril Islands esasebenza, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi osekukade ukuphila okunokuthula serene e sonke isifunda. Nge Japan Russia ubambisana ngenkuthalo ngokwanele, kodwa ngezikhathi isikhathi sokukhuluma mayelana Kuril Islands izesekeli liphuma khona. Ngo-2003 wayemuhle Russian-Japanese Engizokwenza ku nokubambisana phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili. OMongameli kanye ondunankulu benana ukuvakashelwa, usethe imiphakathi eminingi ubungani Russian-Japanese abasemazingeni ahlukahlukene. Nokho, njalo zonke izimangalo efanayo ethulwa amaJapane, kodwa ayizange yamukelwe Russian.

League womfelandawonye ukubuya zindawo - izivakashi ezivela NGO, ethandwa eJapane, njengoba sengike ngo-2006 Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Nokho, ngo-2012, iJapane waqeda elithi "ukuhlala ngokungemthetho" maqondana eRussia izindaba eziphathelene Kuril Islands futhi Sakhalin. Futhi kule Kuril Islands baqhubeka nokuthuthukiswa kwemithombo ukuthi uhlelo federal yentuthuko esifundeni, okwandisa inani uxhaso, lapho kuqinisekiswa zone kanye Intela ngemihlomulo, isiqhingi evakashela wezikhulu eziphakeme isimo ezweni.

Izinsiza inkinga

Ungakwenza kanjani ukwamukela imibhalo ngemvume ku-February 1945 Yalta, lapho inkomfa lamazwe iqhaza anti-Hitler sokusebenzisana isinqumo isiphetho Kuril Islands futhi Sakhalin, azophindela Russia ngokushesha ngemva ukunqoba Japan? Futhi Japan ayizange wasayina Potsdam Declaration ngemuva kokusayina itayitela umaluju? Ungene phela. Futhi kubonakala ngokucacile ukuthi nobukhosi bawo kukhawulwe esiqhingini Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku futhi Honshu. Konke! Septhemba Okwesibili 1945 Lo mbhalo isayinwe yi-Japan, ngakho-ke, futhi izimo lapho kwakusho, kubo kwaqinisekiswa.

Futhi lesishiyagalombili Septhemba 1951 isivumelwano sokuthula e-San Francisco sasayinwa, lapho ubhala sazilahla zonke izimangalo kuya Kuril Islands futhi Sakhalin esiqhingini eziqhingini eduze. Lokhu kusho ukuthi nobukhosi bawo phezu kulezi zindawo, etholwe ngemva kwempi 1905 Russian-Japanese, awasasebenzi. Nakuba lapha US babenza ngokukhohlisa kakhulu, unezela isigatshana olukhohlisayo kakhulu, ngenxa lapho iSoviet Union, Poland, eCzechoslovakia kanye nesivumelwano ayisayindiwe. Leli zwe, njengoba ngaso sonke isikhathi, leli gama akugcine, njengoba kukhona ukukhuluma ngokwesimo osopolitiki yayo 'yebo' ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa ezinye zalezi izimpendulo kuzosho - ". Kungekho" US kwesokunxele ukuthola izaba esivumelwaneni i-Japan, okuyinto kancane wakhotha isilonda nokukhulula, ngakho kwenzeka kakhulu, iphepha Cranes ngemva nokubhonywa zenuzi, kuvuselelwe izimangalo zawo.

agumenti

Kwakumelwe kanje:

1. Ngo-1855, iSivumelwano Shimoda Kuriles ezenziwe izizinda kakhokho Japan.

2. Isikhundla esemthethweni Japan wukuthi iziqhingi Chishima kungukuthi kufakwe Kuril uchungechunge, ngakho Japan akayikhohliwe kubo, wasayina inkontileka e-San Francisco.

3. elaseSoviet Union akazange isayine isivumelwano e-San Francisco.

Ngakho izimangalo Japan indawo ethulwa iziqhingi Wik Kuril ka Habomai, Shikotan, Kunashir futhi Iturup, endaweni kabani Imininingwane kuyinto 5175 amakhilomitha square, futhi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi izindawo enyakatho, okuqondene Japan. Ngokungafani yeRussia wathi ku iphuzu lokuqala ukuthi impi Russian-Japanese kukhanselwe iSivumelwano Shimoda, iphuzu lesibili - ukuthi Japan ifomu mayelana ekupheleni kwempi, okuyinto, phakathi kokunye, wawuthi iziqhingi ezimbili - Habomai futhi Shikotan - USSR isilungile ukhokha ngemva basayine isivumelwano sokuthula. On nephuzu lesithathu Russia uyavuma: yebo, iSoviet Union bengazange basayine iphepha isichibiyelo zobuqili. Kodwa izwe njengoba enjalo ingekho, ukuze silondoloze obakhathalelayo.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi sakhe ngenkulumo USSR mayelana izimangalo indawo eyayiyoholela ngandlela-thile kuphazamise, kodwa lapho sibhidlika, Japan owayenesibindi. Nokho, kubonakala sengathi, futhi manje la proclivities ngeze. Nokho, Nakuba ngo-2004 uNgqongqoshe Wezindaba Zangaphandle kanye wathi uvumi- ukukhuluma mayelana ezindaweni Japan, omunye into icacile: bikho ushintsho kulokho Kuril Islands azinakwenzeka.