Kanjani ukwakha ongaphansi komhlaba e Moscow, lapho ihlela ukwakhela iziteshi

Ukwakhiwa kwalo jantshi e Moscow Kwahlelwa ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Ngo-1875, yena uzwakalise umbono nokubeka umugca kusuka eKursk sesitimela ngokusebenzisa Pushkin Square kanye Lubyanka kuze Marina zeminqumo. Nokho, ukwakhiwa engakaze waqala kuleyo minyaka. Ngokusho version olusemthethweni, yasala dengwane ngenxa uneconomical.

Lapho leli zwe kwakukhona revolution futhi kubheduka impi yombango, lo mbono is neze zikhunjulwe. Ukuze lombuzo emuva ngo-1923 kakade uhulumeni entsha isimo abasha - i-USSR.

Kuze kube yimanje, Metro eMoscow ingenye amahle kakhulu futhi ephephe kunayo yonke emhlabeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bambalwa abantu bazi indlela nzima kwadingeka ukuthi ukuya abakhi ngokudala umugqa komhlaba ukuqala isitimela sokuqala esasitholakala ngagoduka.

isinqumo mlando

Ezinsukwini ehlobo lika-August 1923 emhlanganweni we KaHulumeni Yedolobha YaseMoscow Council, lathatha isinqumo resumption of izinkulumo nezinkampani zangaphandle ukwakhiwa YaseMoscow Metro. Isinqumo kumenyezelwe Usihlalo KaHulumeni ye L. B. Kamenevym. Ngakho, lo mbono, okuyinto waphazanyiswa inguquko futhi empini, iye yabizwa kuqhutshekwe athuthukile.

Ngemva kwenyanga lokhu mhlangano oyingqopha-mlando ngesinqumo Yedolobha YaseMoscow Council waqala uphiko oluyisipesheli eMnyangweni nojantshi ezisemadolobheni yenhloko-dolobha, okuthiwa "Metropolitan". Ngaleso sikhathi kwaba uwukuphela umsebenzi unjiniyela KS Myshenkov. yemisebenzi yakhe ihlanganisa ukuqoqa ulwazi mayelana namaphrojekthi ekhona pre-impi.

Kuphethe msebenzi wokulungiselela

Ngo-1924, e-Europe wavakashelwa nokudluliselwa YaseMoscow City Council. Umgomo wayo lomkhulu kwaba ukuheha abalingani angaphandle ukuklanywa komhlaba kuqala Soviet. Nokho, izinkulumo kuhlulekile. izikhulu Foreign zehlulekile ukuthola imali ebolekiswayo ebhange.

Kuphela ngo-1928, eMoscow City Council wahlanganyela izingxoxo ukusungulwa inkampani okuhlangene isitokwe, owawungumnyaka ukwakha Metropolitan Subway. Ukuphunyeleliswa umqondo wokwakha ongaphansi komhlaba uvinjelwe izingxabano eziningi mayelana umnotho lo msebenzi. Noma kunjalo, akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside. Ngo-1930 okuthunyelwe uNobhala lokuqala eMoscow ekomidini party waqokwa L. owayejwayelene kakhulu Stalin, Kaganovich. Nguye owathuthela ibhizinisi off emhlabathini. Shono evulekile ngo-1935 eMoscow Metro ezibizwa ngegama lakhe.

Isixazululo yenkinga ezokuthutha

Uma ezinsukwini zakuqala we abasha Soviet zikahulumeni ezingaphezu kuka ezithenjwayo amatekisi kanye trams, njengoba ukwanda inhlokodolobha ukuhambahamba edolobheni izakhamizi zaya ngokuya ziba nzima. Ngenxa yalokho, 6/1/1931, lo isiminyaminya iphutha eMoscow. Movement kulo lonke idolobha Uvale omkhulu traffic jam. Lokhu kwashukumisa ubuholi beqembu yenhloko-dolobha ukuze kwakhiwe esiphuthumayo esitimeleni.

Metrostroy - ngo-August 1931 inhlangano omusha wenziwe. Kwathiwa akenze ilungelo igunya ukuthola izinto ezibonakalayo kanye nemishini. Chief Metrostroi esimisiwe ujantshi unjiniyela P. P. Roterta. Ngesikhathi esifanayo isimo kwamiswa inhlangano entsha, okuhlanganisa ochwepheshe kanye onjiniyela nodokotela. Lawa kwakungamadodana ongoti angaphandle ezivela eJalimane, e-Austria, yiMelika kanye ne-France. Wayephatha ukwakhiwa entsha ngqo LM Kaganovich.

nezindaba design

Ukuze umshayeli endaweni yokuqala ezintsha zokuthutha abakhethiwe ingxenye, eziqala Rusakova emgwaqweni, d. 13. Indlela ukwakha ongaphansi komhlaba kule ndawo? Gasket kwenziwe ngendlela waseParis labangela ukuqala komkhakha, okungukuthi, ukuthola Umhubhe ngesikhathi ukujula engajulile. Kulesi egumbini komhlaba kwagcizelela ne amatshe. Ekuqaleni onjiniyela ukwakhiwa akazange asebenzise indlela Berlin ngalo kwakudingeka aqale bambe umgodi. Enkabeni yedolobha, lapho kwakukhona khona izakhiwo aminyene futhi kwenziwe sezimoto, lwalungamukelekile.

Uma le nkinga yaxazululwa kalula, impikiswano eside esishubile emhlabeni Ukuthi yini okufanele ibe ngaphansi komhlaba. Kuyini ukwakha izixhumanisi ezokuthutha entsha nge esiqhingini ezisekelweni, noma kuze kube sohlangothini? Leli lungiselelo lokuqala, esenziwa ngo naseParis, kwadingeka ukuba ngaphezulu ngokucophelela kubhekwe nemiklamo yokwakha. Kodwa platform sinjalo esikahle kakhulu umgibeli. isikhundla Lateral, esenziwa ngo-Berlin, kwaba eshibhile futhi kulula ekwakhiweni.

Kanjani ukwakha ongaphansi komhlaba ekugcineni? onjiniyela Soviet ngibeké phambili umbono yokudala iziteshi trehsvodchatyh kokuba Umhubhe ezimbili inesikhala. Ukuze ohlangothini ngalunye ohlangothini ezisekelweni zinikezwe lapha.

umklamo Kobuchwepheshe Esiteshini imigqa yokuqala wahlanganisa ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane enemininingwane amanothi achazayo kanye nemidwebo. Ngemva ekuhloleni kwakhe enemininingwane waqinisekisa iKomiti eMoscow we Party, 08/13/1933

kwezimo ezimbi

Ukwenza isinqumo mayelana nokwakhiwa Esiteshini saseMoscow, iziphathimandla akazange acabange ukuthi abakhi kuyodingeka ukunqoba izinkinga eziningi. Iqiniso lokuthi izimo ukuze kwakhiwe imigudu babe ezingezinhle kakhulu. Kanjani ukwakha ngobuningi emhubheni ongaphansi komhlaba eMoscow? Abami Imigudu liye esihlelelwe isiteshi ukweqa umngcele Olkhovka, Neglinka, Rybinki kanye eziningi nezinye ukusakazwa elincane. Metrostroevtsy Lazola yabo ephazamisekile, okuholela Imigudu wathela esihlabathini esimanzi esiwukuphila inhlanganisela isihlabathi, ubumba namanzi. Bashisa ngemisebenzi komhlaba uhlambulule izisekelo kumi emizini eseduzane.

Ubude esigabeni sokuqala, esukela "Sokolniki" ukuze "kuyi-Komsomolskaya", kanye kusukela "bibliothèque. Lenin "kuya" Park of Culture "metrostroevtsy bazakha ngendlela evulekile. Kulokhu, ngaphambi umsebenzi kwakudingeka nokususa idatha ekhona ezindaweni yokuxhumana, ukuthwala tram imizila futhi ufake izisekelo ekhethekile omi eduze isakhiwo. Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi itholakala lokuthi ukuthi eMoscow City Council uvinjelwe ukukhubaza isakhiwo, ise-zone ukwakhiwa kwezimboni zikagesi, igesi kanye namanzi. Kwakungekho isixazululo kanye ukumisa ukunyakaza emigwaqeni yedolobha.

Kanjani ukwakha ongaphansi komhlaba ezimweni ezinjalo? Ukuze qualitatively futhi ngesikhathi ukuqedela yonke indawo yokwenza nalehleliwe komsebenzi, ngangingenayo ukuya amaqhinga ahlukahlukene. Ngakho, ukubhekana esihlabathini esimanzi esiwukuphila mostostroevtsy esetshenziswa emhlabathini umnkantsha ubuchwepheshe. Ukuze lokhu kwakudingekile ukuba bayamba imithombo ngabanye okuyiwona wathuthukisa calcium abandayo chloride solution. Lokhu kwabangela ukwakheka amasilinda ice okuyinto kancane kancane futhi, oxhumene, akha udonga amanzi. Ngandlela-thile kamuva, lobu buchwepheshe iye yasetshenziswa ukuze kwakhiwe namabhilidi kaStalin.

izinkinga abasebenzi

kwezimo ezimbi, okuyinto kufanele ukuqhuba isakhiwo, befuna ukunxenxa kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe. Nokho, isakhiwo esiyisisekelo ochwepheshe futhi onjiniyela yethulwa railwaymen futhi abavukuzi. Lawa kwakungamadodana abantu ababengakaze balwazi ngaphambi iqhaza ekwakhiweni ezitimeleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-80% abasebenzi wehlela okwami okokuqala empilweni yami.

Ngenxa yokushoda kwabasebenzi ukwakhiwa phakathi kwababusi metrostroevtsev kwadingeka eziningi abalimi nabasebenzi. Sithathe izisebenzi futhi abasebenzi jikelele kusukela izimboni kanye izitshalo. Zonke lezi abantu beza eMoscow kusukela ezweni lonke, ukufunda profession entsha ngabo kakade endaweni. Owabe bezicathulo, abathungi kanye yababhaki babe izingqungquthela, walalela ahlelwe izinkulumo, futhi sibe izisebenzi Fitter nokhonkolo.

kunikezelwa

Eyokuqala test isitimela kwaba phezu komzila we-Moscow Metro 05/02/1935 GA mhlaka-15 Meyi, emcimbini wokuvula esitimeleni eMoscow. Ngaleyo minyaka, kwaba nokuncane 11.2 km, owawungumnyaka iziteshi nantathu. Rolling isitokwe Metro lalinabashumayeli nambili ezimbili izingoma. Kwakuwusuku 48 "A" uhlobo izimoto.

Okokuqala - indlela esuka "Sokolniki" ukuze "Ipaki Kultury" esiteshini, okuyinto has a legatsha "Smolensk". Ngaphambi kwempi ne eJalimane lobuNazi ephethwe ukuvula imigqa emibili ngaphezulu - Arbat futhi Zamoskvoretskaya.

Esiteshini saseMoscow namuhla

Zingaki amamitha oyakhayo? Umsebenzi uyaqhubeka sonke isikhathi ukhona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, esiteshini yesimanje kubuyise umqondo Museum bezibona ingaphakathi. Yingakho Esiteshini saseMoscow iyona enhle kunazo zonke emhlabeni.

Kungani ukwakha komhlaba kuze kube manje? Lokhu kuchazwe iqiniso lokuthi inhlokodolobha ihlangabezana nezinkinga ezinkulu omgwaqo lalo ingxenye. Lokhu ikakhulukazi oziphakamisa indima esitimeleni, okuyinto siyindlela win win, ngisho olusebenza kakhulu rush amahora.

Ukuqala kokusetshenziswa the imisebenzi yokwakhiwa

Yikuphi izinkampani nakha lolo komhlaba namuhla? Ukwakhiwa iziteshi komhlaba izisebenzi zokwakha eMoscow Metro kwenziwe, okuyinto inhlangano owalandela esungulwe le njongo ngo-1931 Isakhiwo inkampani uhlanganisa ukuphathwa amabili ukwakhiwa, nanhlanu zazo iphrofayela civil.

Ubani ukwakha Esiteshini eMoscow namuhla? Ngokungafani namathathu banesifo esibi kwekhulu elidlule, abhalwa ochwepheshe abafanelekayo enhlanganweni isimo. Lena izinkulungwane zabantu 8.5 wokwakha imihubhe, ukufakwa substations kanye ikhebula imigqa, ithrekhi laying kanye kokuphothula umsebenzi.

Imisebenzi sokuthuthukiswa ongaphansi komhlaba eMoscow

Uhulumeni we-Moscow isimiso esikhethekile sokuthuthukiswa YaseMoscow Metro kwavunyelwana. Ihlanganisa inkathi kusuka 2012 kuya 2020. Futhi ngenkathi kwakhiwa lezi zakhiwo ezinkulu kuhlelwe lokwabelwa ruble 1.24 isigidintathu kusukela isabelomali edolobheni. Ezinye iqhaza kulezi zenzakalo kuyoba zimali abazimele. Bona ukwaba ruble ayizigidi ezingu-42.

Lapho ukwakha Esiteshini eMoscow namuhla? Ngokusho izinhlelo 2016, umsebenzi uyaqhubeka ku ukwakhiwa kwalesi Kalinin-Solntsevo umugqa. Le ngxenye ningizimu-ntshonalanga ngesitimela, okungukufa ethembisayo ku Moscow ukuthuthukiswa ongaphansi komhlaba uhlelo.

Yini esiteshini eyakhelwe lo mugqa? Lona "Minsk" futhi "Lomonosov Prospect", "Ramenok" futhi "Michurinsk lemininingwane" futhi "Solntsevo", "Govorovo" futhi "Ochakovo". Lezi iziteshi uyosebenzisa izakhamuzi ezihlala e-Ramenskoye wesifunda. Uma ngabe ihlela ukwakhela esitimeleni? Kalinin-Solntsevo umugqa elula ukuba Novomoskovskaya Rasskazovka, Peredelkino futhi Solntseva.

Phakathi imisebenzi ihlelelwe 2016, kukhona isingeniso ukusebenza kwe-iziteshi ezinhlanu kubekwe phakathi lwesithathu impambano wesifunda. Kuyoba ukuxhumanisa izingxenye ngazinye inhlokodolobha ku kunethiwekhi eyodwa. Yikuphi metro station lakhiwa ngo kohlaka le misebenzi? Lokhu "Khodynka" futhi "Lower Maslivka", "uPetru Park", "Shepeliha" futhi "Khoroshevskaya". Nokuthuma lezi iziteshi ukusebenza kuzovumela cishe ikota yebahlali wehlise ngumgogodla ongaphansi komhlaba eMoscow.

Lapho ukwakha ezitimeleni okwamanje? Ngokwe izinhlelo metrostroevtsev Kusolwa ukwandiswa Lublin-Dmitrov umugqa. Kuzoba amakhilomitha eyevile kwemihlanu, okuzokwenza ukuvula kuso iziteshi ezintathu - "Upper Likhobory", "Umbuthano" futhi "Seliger". Esimweni ngasinye kulezi imiphumela ezimbili kunikezwe. A "Umbuthano" zakha izinguquko kwezinye iziteshi zamaphoyisa.

Impela, lapho wakhela ongaphansi komhlaba, isimo Izithuthi zomphakathi ezisebenza kahle ngokuphawulekayo ngcono. Ngokushesha yokufinyelela lapho uya khona ngesikhathi esifushane uzokwazi izakhamuzi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni njengoba Hovrino futhi Left Bank. Isimo lithuthukile nokuthuma "Hovrino" esiteshini.

Ngaphezu ukwakhiwa entsha ziyaqhubeka futhi elungisa ezinkulu. Ngakho, ukufakwa kuhlelwe a esizihambelayo entsha kuya "Frunzenskaya" esiteshini ngo-2016. Lokhu kungenxa umthamo eliphansi imishini ekhona.

"Vykhino" kamasipala

Isiteshi - omunye omdala enhloko-dolobha. Njengoba ebalulekile Violet Metro Line, kuthatha abagibeli kusukela 1966. Ngokungafani iningi iziteshi "Vykhino" kuyinto aboveground. Lena enye yezinhlobo ezingu izinto lokuqala eMoscow ongaphansi komhlaba zalolu hlobo.

Station "Vykhino" (phambilini obuwaziwa ngo "Zhdanov") - endaweni eminyene kakhulu. Ngezinye amahora isiqongo, abagibeli abaningi bamane nje abakwazi ukungena emotweni wasondela yesikhulumi. Yingakho kobuholi komhlaba wanquma ukuqala kule legatsha landa izingoma. Nokho, lokhu akuzange ukulungisa inkinga. Kuze kube manje, esiteshini kuyinto umlamuli. It uxhuma ezindaweni ngazinye eMoscow nesikhungo salo. Kungenxa ngokusebenzisa "Vykhino" abantu izakhiwo zokuhlala ezintsha, ukwakhiwa Kuyaqhubeka emaphethelweni ijubane yashesha, lapho beya khona. Emini, esiteshini kuthatha abantu mayelana anamakhulu mahlanu amawaka. Ukugcwala umzila irekhodi! Lesi simo ziwumthwalo isigxivizo empilweni yonke indawo ezizungezile. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ibhasi trolley imizila zivuliwe, abantu bajwayele ukusebenzisa izithuthi komhlaba, okuyinto kuyinkinga kakhulu.

Yingakho-ke uyathandwa phakathi kwabantu ngohulumeni eMoscow unaka ngokukhethekile. Neziphathimandla zedolobha unqume angakuhlomisa elise emhlabeni esiteshini ndawo. Namuhla, izakhamuzi eziningi kule ndawo nezivakashi ebuzwa lo mbuzo olandelayo: yini eyakhelwe "Vykhino" mayelana esitimeleni? Kuyoba impambano-node ekhethekile, okuyinto isakhiwo elikhulu. Ngaphansi kophahla olulodwa, kuyoba ukuhlanganisa izindlela bonke imigqa etholakalayo yokukhulumisana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba ingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuzokwenza ukumboza indawo amahektha kuka amabili, kuyoba hhayi kuphela platform kokwehla, kodwa futhi ezihlukahlukene ezitolo kanye nezimakethe. inhlokodolobha Manual ukholelwa ukuthi isikhungo ezinjalo ngeke kuphela lula isimo zokuthutha kule ndawo, kodwa futhi adale izimo zokuphila esihle sabantu.