Kristofer Tolkin, uthunjana JRR Tolkien. Biography

Kristofer Tolkin (bheka ngezansi isithombe.) - uthunjana JRR Tolkien, nombhali ezifana imisebenzi yisakhiwo sodumo ngokuthi "The Lord Izindandatho", "The Hobbit, noma Kukhona futhi Back Again" nesithi "Silmarillion". Christopher wachitha umsebenzi omkhulu wokuhlela phezu amaphrojekthi sidle kayise. Nale ukubhala out "I Silmarillion", "Umlando umhlaba omaphakathi", izinhlamvu eseyi, Tolkien Sr. futhi ezinye imisebenzi yakhe yobuciko.

biography

Kristofer Ruel Tolkien wazalelwa emzini IsiZulu Leeds ngo-1924. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-19, ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, Wacela phakathi kwababusi zezindiza zasebukhosini isikhathi esenkonzweni asebenzayo. Ngemva kokunqoba amabutho azihlanganisa wayiswa esiqiwini.

Iphele nge umsebenzi njengoba umshayeli lempi, Kristofer Tolkin waya ezinyathelweni zikayise. Ngo-1949 wathola iziqu e-Oxford University ngezinga e "isiZulu". Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva wathola besigaba sesibili ezincwadini. Esikhathini 60 - 70s, bekatsatsa okuthunyelwe efanayo uyise - wayengumuntu uprofesa IsiZulu e-University of Oxford.

umsebenzi Editorial ngemisebenzi uyise

Eqinisweni, umsebenzi imisebenzi indodana JRR Tolkien sika Christopher waqala kusukela ebuntwaneni bakhe, eseneminyaka isilaleli kuqala bese umfundi zamaqhawe Bilbo Baggins, kamuva owaba noveli "The Hobbit, noma Kukhona futhi Emuva Ngokusha." Phakathi kweminyaka eyishumi nahlanu umsebenzi "iNkosi Izindandatho," uthunjana uyise unikezele okuningi nokugxeka okwakhayo futhi wasiza ukwakha ibalazwe okuphelele umhlaba omaphakathi, esetshenziselwa kuze kube yilolu suku.

Lapho Christopher ngaba mdala - eNgilandi kuyo '21 - ubaba wammemela iqhaza emihlanganweni "Inklings" club-Oxford. Christopher Young iqhaza ezingxoxweni etemibhalo ngezihloko ezihlukahlukene nge imidondoshiya enjalo uhlobo "fantasy okusezingeni eliphezulu" njengoba Klayv Lyuis, Charlz Uilyams futhi Rodzher Grin. benemibono engcono kwezincwadi uyise bomshado yakhe club kwagxila ku Christopher futhi lwamsiza ukuba baqonde umsebenzi kayise, nakho kwamsiza ukuba bakubuthe, hlela (futhi kwezinye izimo ukuze ungeze) nokukhululwa ukuphrinta amaphrojekthi sidle JRR Tolkien kangcono.

Ukusebenza kanzima Christopher Tolkien abalandeli "iNkosi Izindandatho" aphoqelelwe ukuba ezifana imisebenzi yisakhiwo sodumo ngokuthi "The Silmarillion", "Izingane Hurin" futhi iqoqo ocebile izindaba ezembula umlando umhlaba omaphakathi. Ngaphezu umsebenzi onzima ku ukudalwa amabalazwe, Christopher, ngesisekelo imibhalo yesandla sikayise, eqoqwe silulumagama ocebile kakhulu ngezilimi ezazikhulunywa abakhileyo kuleli zwekazi imilingo.

"I Silmarillion"

Ngemva kokufa J. R. R. Tolkien emahlombe indodana yakhe Christopher waya umsebenzi onzima - ukukhulula ukuphrinta ncwadi sidle ukuthi umshicileli "The Hobbit" nelithi "Nkosi" ekuqaleni sinqatshelwe. Christopher esetshenziswa umsebenzi ekuqaleni ukuthi uyise wayibiza ngokuthi "The Book of Tales Lost," okusalungiswa "I Silmarillion" futhi wazwakalisa isifiso sikayise mayelana ncwadi yakhe.

"I Silmarillion" kuyinto indaba Arda - emhlabeni, ingxenye okuyinto umhlaba omaphakathi. Incwadi inezingxenye ezinhlanu:

• "INgoma Ainur, noma Ainulindale" - liyakhuluma ngokuphela kwasekelwa izwe ngosizo iculo Ilúvatar kanye Ainur. Likhuluma ngamaphathi ukudalwa Ea - yonke lapho zomculo isihloko sokuqala ehlongozwayo ngu Iluvatar (uMdali), wathatha Ainur (amabutho) wadala Arda - ibonakale nezwe waqonda. Eyesibili theme music wanika lamatshwayo leli zwe, futhi ithathe amandla ngayinye Ainur. Esesithathu indaba ephathwayo ukuthi ezihlatshelelwa Iluvatar wedwa wabeletha abantwana bakwa Ilúvatar, Elves (izibulo) futhi abantu (abafayo).
• "Valakventa, noma umlando we Valar" - iqoqo Ukucaciswa izincazelo Valar, le Maiar, futhi Melkor. Ngokusho ingxenye "I Silmarillion" lesibili, labo abakha u-Ainur ababefisa ukuya ukuhlangabezana izibulo Arda, badedelwa kusukela Iluvatar Ea futhi atholwe izici ezihlukile. Elves okuthiwa isici yabo, noma Elven okusezingeni eliphezulu - Valar. Sinenkosi abasizi, eliphansi in amandla - Maillard. Morgoth - omunye enamandla kakhulu Ainur, Ilúvatar abalalelanga, owenza dissonance emculweni wakhe washiya Ea. I-prototype ye Lusifa kweBhayibheli, waba sikakhokho lokubi Arda kanye isitha esemqoka ye Valar.
• "Quenta Silmarillion, noma umlando we Silmarils" - indaba ka amagugu adalwe Feanor Elven ingcweti, okwakubekelwa agcinwe ngu ukukhanya Arda. Lena ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi "Silmarillion", echaza zonke Ubudala Okokuqala.
• "Akallabêth noma ekwindla ka Númenor" - indaba, wasebenzisa indlela yamaRoma yokubusa okuyinto ingane Iluvatar yesibili - abantu. Ingxenye yesine imayelana ukudalwa komkhulu yombuso wayo, nenkathi yokudlondlobala kwawo, ukwehla kanye nciphisa, okuholele ukufihla Valinor - ezweni Valar - angaphezu Arda.
• "On the Ring Amandla '- engxenyeni yokugcina yencwadi ukhuluma ngezenzakalo we Okwesithathu Ubudala, kancane oludalulwa" The Hobbit "nesithi" Nkosi we Izindandatho. "

"The History of umhlaba omaphakathi"

Elikhulu kunawo wonke umsebenzi wokuhlela iphrojekthi Christopher Tolkien ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "Umlando we umhlaba omaphakathi" kuhlanganisa amavolumu 12. Ngo iqoqo kwakhe eshicilelwe kuhlanganisa yonke imisebenzi ekuqaleni Dzhona Tolkina, kanye okusalungiswa yakhe, amanothi, tindzaba tekuticambela izinhlamvu eyahlelwa Kristofer Tolkin. unkosikazi, uChristopher eyingoduso e aziqondisa abahleli umukhwe.

Uchungechunge akusekelwe ngumuntu lwendaba ethize kanye ukuqinisela ukuhluza, kuhlanganise inkondlo, ingoma, izinkondlo kanye journalism. Laba bobabili amavolumu lokuqala "Umlando" ukwenza imisebenzi ekuseni khulu, ngemuva kwesikhathi ka Tolkien Sr, wayekade eqoqwe "The Book of Tales Lost."

"Tales Lost"

Ngemva kokukhishwa kukamagazini i "The Silmarillion" ezandleni Christopher wayithi okusalungiswa ezimbalwa kakhudlwana futhi yesandla isikhathi yokusebenza nge izindaba, kakade ezikhishwe encwadini. Ngokusho Tolkien, Jr., kungakhathaliseki le mibhalo yesandla Sihlome ngesikhali ngenkathi usebenza kuma "I Silmarillion", incwadi kwakuyoba ezahlukene ngokuphelele.

Enkabeni yalo, amabili amavolumu lokuqala "Umlando umhlaba omaphakathi" imayelana izenzakalo ezifanayo njengoba "Silmarillion", kodwa nezinye izithasiselo abalulekile futhi kwezinye izindawo ngisho ne umehluko. Dzhon Tolkin ngokuvamile ushintshe amagama ezindawo kanye izizwe umhlaba omaphakathi no-Arda, Ngakho-ke, eyanyatheliswa ngo "The Book of Tales Lost" okusalungiswa ukudida yomugqa wendaba ngohlelo lokulandelana kwezenzakalo nokuma yonke oqanjiwe. Yingakho uChristopher kwadingeka umsebenzi omkhulu ngokunikeza okudaliwe ekuseni kunezincazelo bakayise libe ngelawo nezinkomba imisebenzi kamuva.

"Izingane Hurin"

inoveli elilinganiswayo lapho uyise Tolkien sika waqala ukusebenza ebusheni bakhe futhi waqhubeka sidle. Ngendaba ebuhlungu eTurin Turambar futhi Nienor kwaba sidle Christopher Tolkien a ivolumu izindaba futhi zakhululwa ukuphrinta ngo-2007. Ngokusho Christopher letitsite ngesakhiwo wayefanele wakhele uqobo.

izinguqulo Copyright kanye isihenqo

Njengoba uChristopher iyona ingane kuphela Dzhona Tolkina, wayengumuntu chief executive officer isiKhwama Tolkien Estates, ukuba copyright imisebenzi umbhali. Kule ndaba, iminyaka eminingi kwakunezinkinga futhi bangene ezinkathazweni, ikakhulu ngokuphathelene lithathelwe "The Hobbit" nesithi "Nkosi we Izindandatho", okuyinto wamelana kakhulukazi Tolkin Kristofer. Nokho, Amalungelo samuntu umlando ezikrinini, kwathengiswa ngesikhathi ukuphila kayise.

sixoxe lithathelwe ifilimu ka "Nkosi" waya ngisho nalapho kwakuwukumpontshelwa umbhali kule noveli, okuyinto Kuhle kokusho, ngeke nomdlandla ekhethekile mayelana nomqondo Nokho enza ifilimu, futhi zange ajamelane. Dzhon Tolkin isikhathi esithile ngisho ahlanganyela kulo msebenzi ku script for okuzobe kudlalelwa ifilimu, kodwa wafa, anginaso isikhathi ukuqedela lo msebenzi kuze kube sekupheleni.

Nokho, umlobi, ephethwe ukuthengisa amalungelo ifilimu, futhi ngemva kokufa kwakhe, Isikhwama ayelithenge amagama nezinhlamvu, ngokuqondene okuyinto Kristofer Tolkin ayinalo ithonya endleleni okuqukethwe amabhayisikobho emisebenzini emibili ishicilelwe phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila uyise.

Ukuphuza ezincwadini Peter Jackson

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi trilogy "iNkosi Izindandatho" UPetru Jackson endaweni yonke waqaphela njengoba best of the ezincwadini ekhona, Tolkin Kristofer, abanezingane wasebenza kanye nezisebenzi, ngempela ngokhahlo ukugxekile lokhu incazelo yokuphambuka umsebenzi. Lapho exoxa ne-iphephandaba LeMonde wakhononda ngokuthi "iNkosi" - aliyona nje umkhiqizo ku "isenzo" uhlobo, hhayi Thriller ebhaliwe kahle, kodwa indaba ebudisi khulu ezingathinta bezibona emhlabeni. Piter Dzhekson trilogy, wasusa kuyo yonke ejulile futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi yaba-movie elula kubantu abasha.

Leyo sengqondo umsebenzi umqondisi futhi umehluko mayelana namacala inkampani ifilimu kwaholela izingxabano esikhipha kanye icala, okuyinto kakhulu behlisa "The Hobbit" ukuqopha futhi emenza uhlobo ngxabano "ngokumelene Kristofer Tolkin, uPetru Jackson."