Ngubani helmsman omkhulu?

Ecinga omagazini abadala be-nakomagazini Soviet zingatholakala inkulumo ethi "helmsman omkhulu". Thola ukuthi lisho ukuthini, lesi sihloko sizokusiza.

prehistory

Ngokokuqala ngqá inkulumo enjengokuthi butholakala izincwadi zobuKristu. Ikakhulukazi, ioann Zlatoust, owayehlala ekuqa- kwengu-4-5, e indatshana yakhe "Izingxoxo ku Encwadi KaGenesise," esibizwa ngokuthi i-Great helmsman oPhezukonke, futhi umkhumbi wakhe - eBandleni.

Izwi "umshayeli", kuba isiRashiya kuyinto eside zakudala nautical oluhambisana umqondo yesimanje ye "eziqondisa".

iosif Stalin

Ngo-September 1934 inkulumo ethi "helmsman omkhulu" lalisetshenziswa omunye zabahleli we iphephandaba "Pravda". Isihloko yayizimisele ukwedlulela uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho ophihliza iqhwa "Fyodor Litke" kusukela Vladivostok ukuze Murmansk. Kuleli phephandaba, amatilosi wanikezwa isitsha yocingo lapho kwathiwa: ". Le mpumelelo won ... ngiyabonga ... abasebenzi, ukuze akwazi ukufeza umsebenzi ngesisekelo ... ... ... imiyalelo Omkhulu helmsman Iqabane Stalin" Ukusetshenziswa kwalesi sihloko ngokumelene Iosifa Vissarionovicha e amatilosi imvelo ulungisiswa ngokugcwele, njengoba kwakunjalo bavumelane emkhakheni wabo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo amadoda neze wayesazi indatshana Ioanna Zlatousta futhi ngephutha ngokuthi Stalin lo epithet, okuyinto isazi semfundiso yenkolo abadumile WaseByzantium elisetshenziswa ngokuqondene noNkulunkulu.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, le nkulumo ethi "helmsman omkhulu" ebambelela ngokuqinile journalism kweSoviet futhi zazilokhu ukuhlangabezana emakhasini amaphephandaba nomagazini. Kusuka lapho, lifuduka ku isichazamazwi ka asebenza party, owaqala ukuba ngenkuthalo ukuyisebenzisa, ukukhuluma congresses zezitsha futhi imihlangano.

helmsman Chinese Mao Tszedun

Ngasekupheleni kwawo-40-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule, eChina, baqala ukuthatha balolonge sehlelo ubuntu umholi we-Chinese Communist Party. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abameli bendawo abaye bamukela kusukela nozakwabo Soviet yabo isihloko "helmsman Omkhulu" waqala ukuyisebenzisa maqondana Mao Zedong.

kweminyaka engu

helmsman Omkhulu of China - Mao Tszedun - wazalwa ngo 1893. Unebandla zisenezindinganiso ezinhle zokuziphatha ngaleso imfundo isikhathi, futhi eminyakeni umfundi e-Beijing wahlangana Marxists wendawo. Ngo-1920, lapho ekugcineni wanquma imibono yabo ezombusazwe, ngokuxosha abanye nobukhomanisi. Ngemva konyaka, Mao kwaba omunye wabahlanganyeli kule ababamele iCongress of the Chinese Communist Party.

Indlela eya phezulu

Ngo-1928, Mao Tszedun kudala republic eqinile Soviet entshonalanga sifundazwe Jiangxi. Kamuva, ekwindla ka-1931, sibonga izenzo asebenzayo we amaKhomanisi 10 izifunda abahlala engxenyeni ephakathi yezwe bangaphansi kokulawulwa Chinese iRed Army futhi abashokobezi. Kungenzeka ukudala isimo esisha lapho. Wabe usubizwa ngokuthi amaShayina Soviet Republic, eholwa eMkhandlwini wase Yabantu Commissars ithole Mao Zedong. Wathatha indima ebhekile Umzabalazo olwa Japanese, futhi wakwazi ukuba axoshe Gomindanskoe uhulumeni ngoludala, wokugubha ukuphela kulwiwa.

Okthoba 1, 1949 Tiananmen Mao Tszedun wamemezela ukwakheka PRC nenhloko-dolobha yalo e-Beijing. Yena ngokwakhe ungusihlalo uhulumeni wombuso omusha.

China ngaphansi Mao

Eminyakeni yokuqala ka helmsman China Omkhulu lalinethemba usizo kwezomnotho kanye lobuchwepheshe kweSoviet Union futhi ngezindlela eziningi walingisa umholi izizwe Iosifu Stalinu.

Esikhathini kusuka 1950 kuya ku-1956, Mao kancane kancane wachitha kwekuhlela kabusha nezokulima ngawo wayethemba ukuxazulula inkinga kwekudla yezwe. Nokho, ngo-1957-1958 bomnotho Kwagqashuka China. Khona-ke Zedong ukubeka phambili uhlelo, eyaziwa ngokuthi i- "eqa omkhulu phambili". Wathumela omkhulu angisebenzi ekwakhiweni amadamu yokufakelwa, kanye ukudalwa selhozkommun namabhizinisi ezimbonini emaphandleni Chinese.

Helmsman Omkhulu: Indlala

Ngo-1958, Mao Tszedun wakhipha umyalelo waphakamisela abhubhise bonke ondlunkulu, ngoba ngangicabanga ukuthi Peck ukuthi amasimu okusanhlamvu, futhi "wema wokuthuthukiswa komnotho of China."

Ukuze agcwalise umsebenzi esabekwa helmsman omkhulu, ajutshwa ukuba izinkulungwane zabantu. Ayihambisani nokubulalana amafulegi futhi abashaya izigubhu okwesabisa away nezinyoni kokwehla. Lezi zinyoni abampofu ababephathwa flying eside ukuze lube sikhathele siyingcuba, nokho akazange avume ukufa ngiyingcuba. Ngenxa yalokho, China uwile ngokucijile, inombolo yabo, kanti kwezinye izindawo wondlunkulu zanyamalala ngokuphelele.

Ezinyangeni zokuqala ezimbalwa emva kokuqala umkhankaso wokulwa ondlunkulu kanye nezinye izinambuzane ukwanda kancane okusanhlamvu ezithela sabhalwa, kodwa ngemva kokuba luqalile ayehlasela isikhonyane, okuyinto, ngalahlekelwa isitha zako ezisemqoka, ezifuywa Amazing. Umphumela kwaba nendlala esabekayo, salotshwa izinkulungwane amacala ubuzimu.

Waphoqwa ngokushesha ukuze alungise leso simo of China bayothenga okusanhlamvu phesheya, kanye ondlunkulu "bayakuthethelelwa" futhi ngisho ophoqelelwe ukungenisa lezi zinyoni abavela kwamanye amazwe.

Inguquko kwamasiko

Njengoba ungase ulindele, "Omkhulu Leap Phambili" Mao kancane kuhlulekile, futhi kwadingeka ukuba ushintshe "Yenan Model" ku kokuvusayo ngabanye. sokuhamba okunjalo kusukela izimiso zakhe akakuthandanga umholi we-Chinese amaKhomanisi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngo-1960 zokuqala, helmsman Omkhulu wayekhathazeke kakhulu mayelana izitayela umnotho kanye nezombusazwe e China. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthi uyakholelwa yini ukuthi CCP ngokwayo ekubeni olandelanayo kakhulu, futhi enhliziyweni yakhe revisionism osendlini.

Nqamula egudle uMfula umfula iYangtze

Mao Tszedun khona ubuntu okungavamile kuzo zonke izici. Ngokwesibonelo, wayemthanda ukwenza heats yemifula Chinese. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amalungu amaningi iqembu elibusayo ayikwazanga ngiziqhayise efanayo ifomu yezemidlalo kakhulu njengomholi wawo, hhayi ngaphandle nhlekelele. Ikakhulukazi, lapho helmsman Omkhulu, wawela uMfula i umfula iYangtze ngo-1966, eneminyaka engu-iminyaka engu-73, cishe usetha irekhodi emhlabeni, waminza induna Guangzhou Military Region, futhi akekho noyedwa kulaba baholi party ogwini abalunywe yinyoka. Inhloso yalo mcimbi esakazwa kakhulu kwakubonisa ukuthi Usihlalo Mao wayesalokhu egcwele amandla futhi bakwazi ukubhekana nazo zonke izitha Cultural Revolution.

eminyakeni yamuva

Ngoba "alulame" LamaKhomanisi, uye wathatha izinyathelo eziningana. intsha isisebenzi-ongumlimi ingemuva, ngubani kwadingeka lilwe labo aphambuka endleleni lamaKhomanisi - Ikakhulukazi, amaqembu "Guards Red" ayehlelwe. Mao wayebuye umqalisi emikhulu ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu wahlupheka izigidi zabantu ziye zaba.

"Cultural Revolution" yaphela ngo-1968. Esinye sezizathu Mao baba nokwesaba ayehlasela yaseSoviet yokuthuthela China, kusekelwa izenzakalo eCzechoslovakia.

Omkhulu helmsman Mao ngaphambilini kuhlakazwe amabutho Red Guards futhi wayala ibutho ukulawula isimo kuleli zwe.

Esikhathini kusuka 1969 kuya ku-1970 Zedong wazama ukubuyisela yaphihlizeka Communist Party. Ngesikhathi impilo yakhe base bamukelwe kakade kanzima baqede ihlandla labo. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, wazama zonke indlela ukuze balinganisele phakathi kwamaqembu party, ukuzama ukuvimbela uqhekeko.

Mao washona ngo-September 9, 1976 ngemva 2 isifo senhliziyo ezinzima, ukuphila engu-83. Emngcwabeni wakhe kwaba abangaphezu kwesigidi abantu.

Manje ngoba sewuyazi ukuthi othile etigabeni letehlukene umlando ngakho ngokuthi epithet yasekuqaleni - the helmsman Omkhulu. Mao Tszedun futhi Stalin nabizelwa ngakho iminyaka eminingi futhi waholela imikhumbi uthi, okuyinto zaziphuma, emgomweni wakhe omkhulu - nobukhomanisi. Nakuba ngesisekelo lesi amafilosofi babe imiqondo ukulingana welibhola letinyawo, eduze ebuKristwini, abaholi be-USSR futhi China, ngokuvumelana abantu abaningi ezweni lethu, baye bancishwa esiza abantulayo futhi ilethe ukuhlupheka kubantu babo.