Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna: Biography, izithombe

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna. igama ajwayelekile kuwo wonke umuntu. Kodwa iningi khumbula kuphela ukuthi uyilowo unkosikazi Vladimira Ilicha Lenina. Yebo, kuyiqiniso. Kodwa futhi Krupskaya khona sezombusazwe esivelele futhi uthisha ngesikhathi sakhe.

ebuntwaneni

Usuku lokuzalwa kwakhe - Februwari 14, 1869. umndeni Nadezhda Konstantinovna sika ingeyamakhosi isigaba yabakhulu abampofu. Ubaba uConstantine Ignatievich, owayeyisikhulu isikhulu (uLieutenant), kwaba umsekeli imiqondo wamavukelambuso-yeningi, wabelane imibono abahleli kwavukelwa Polish. Kodwa hhayi ikakhulukazi ukunakekela, ngakho Krupskaya wayephila ukuphila okulula, ngaphandle frills enhlalakahleni yomkhaya. Ubaba wakhe washona ngo-1883, lapho u-Hope kweva emashumini emabili. State ngemuva umkakhe nendodakazi Konstantin Ignatievich akuwenzanga, kodwa naphezu kunokushoda kwezimali, unina, u-Elizabeth V, njalo ahaqa indodakazi kukaJesu uthando, isisa nokunakekela.

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna wafunda sokuzivocavoca. Obolensky, lapho ethola imfundo ehlonishwayo ngaleso sikhathi. Umama akuyona ikakhulukazi kungagcini inkululeko yakhe, bekholelwa ukuthi wonke umuntu kumele ukhethe indlela yakhe ekuphileni. Elizabeth V uqobo kwaba ozinikele kakhulu, kodwa ebona ukuthi indodakazi is awathandi inkolo, akazange enetiseke futhi siphoqa inkolelo. Umama babekholelwa ukuthi isihluthulelo senjabulo kungaba indoda abayomthanda futhi intando ukuvikela indodakazi yakhe.

intsha

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna ebusheni bakhe, ngemva kokuphothula esikoleni esiphakeme, ezibuza ukuthi kazi nabulungisa ezazikhona emhlabeni. nangobudlova abathukuthele kwamandla bobukhosi, bacindezele abantu abavamile, bawaletha ku usizi, ubuhlungu nokuhlupheka.

Wathola umbimbi esiyingini kaMarx. Lapho, ngemva kokutadisha izimfundiso Marx, kuyaqondakala ukuthi indlela ukuxazulula zonke izinkinga isimo, eyodwa kuphela - inguquko kanye nobukhomanisi.

Biography Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya, njengoba kunjalo nangazo zonke ekuphileni kwakhe manje atehlukaniseki emibonweni Marxism. Ukuthi baye bathola indlela yayo okunye empilweni.

Yayibafundisa yesigaba sabasebenzi khulula kusihlwa kuSonto-sikole, lapho izisebenzi ukuze uthole okungenani abanye ulwazi. Lesi sikole siye saba kungaphelele ngaphesheya Nevskaya Zastava, kodwa akazange okwesabisa Ithemba yenza ngokuphelelwa yithemba, ume isibindi. Elapho abaqeqeshiwe hhayi kuphela abasebenzi zibhalwe futhi izibalo, kodwa futhi Marxism, ngenkuthalo iqhaza inhlangano imibuthano encane ibe inhlangano eyodwa. V. I. Lenin, owafika Petersburg, uqede inqubo. Lena yindlela "iNhlangano Ukushikashikekela yokukhululwa isigaba sabasebenzi", lapho Krupskaya matasa endaweni emaphakathi.

Ajwayelane V I. Leninym

Bahlangana ekuqaleni 1896 (February). Kodwa isithakazelo kuqala Hope uVladimir Ilyich akazange abonise. nokho, yena wenza abangane nomunye isishoshovu, Apollinaria Yagubova. Ngemva kokuxoxa naye isikhashana, waze nesibindi ukwenza Apollinaria isiphakamiso, kodwa wenqaba. Lenin kwadingeka kwabesifazane uthando njengokuthola imiqondo Revolution. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yokwehluleka akuyona ecasukile. Ithemba, Okwamanje, is more bayahlonishwa isethembiso sakhe sokwethembeka kumngane imibono wamavukelambuso, ngomdlandla ukuhola kwakhe izimfanelo. Baqala ukuxhumana kaningi. Isihloko izingxoxo yawo kwakuyilawa imibono kaMarx, amaphupho ayenawo kanye nobukhomanisi. Kodwa phezu siqu futhi sithulule nazo ngezinye izikhathi okukhulunywa. Ngokwesibonelo, yodwa azi Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna umama Vladimira Ilicha ubuzwe. Iningi Lenin ezizungezile wafihla izimpande Swedish-German kanye samaJuda unina.

Ukuboshwa nokudingiswa

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna waboshwa ejele lezingane ngo-1897 kanye nezinye amalungu enyunyana. oneminyaka emithathu wakhe exoshwa Petersburg. Ekuqaleni, yena wadingiselwa Shushenskoye, elise eSiberia. Futhi kuleso sikhathi wayesevile eminyakeni engu odingisiwe V I. Lenin.

Bashada ngo-July 1898. Emcimbini wedding kwaba ngaphezu nesizotha. Ezisanda benana wedding izindandatho, eyenziwe penny zethusi. umndeni yomkhwenyana kwaba ngokumelene emshadweni. Vladimira Ilicha izihlobo ngokushesha abathandanga loyo, ucabangela ukuthi sesomile, ithafa futhi unemotional. Isimo sibe sibi nakakhulu ukuthi Lenin futhi Krupskaya babengakaze bakwazi ukuba nezingane. Kodwa Nadezhda ukubeka wonke umphefumulo wayo othandweni ngomyeni wakhe, abe umngane wakhe, nomngane kumngane oqotho. Yena, kanye Vladimirom Ilichem wema ngasemnyango umsuka ubukhomanisi wahileleka kakhulu inhlangano ezindabeni party, kuvuleke indlela yokuba ngesikhathi kushintsha uhulumeni.

Ukuba esekudingisweni Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna (bheka isithombe. Lower kunasebusheni yakhe) wabhala incwadi yakhe yokuqala. Lalibizwa ngokuthi "abesifazane abasebenzi". Kulesi umsebenzi benamandla imibono Marxism likhuluma ngabantu besifazane abasebenza, mayelana kanzima kanjani ukuphila kwakhe manje futhi njengoba wahlala, uma kwakunokwenzeka ukuba agumbuqele kwamakhosi. Uma kwenzeka of ukunqoba yesigaba sabasebenzi owesifazane elinde wenkululeko ekucindezelweni. Umbhali wakhetha mbumbulu Sablin. Incwadi ishicilelwe phesheya ngokungemthetho.

ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe

Xhumanisa seliphelile entwasahlobo ka 1901. Ngonyaka odlule kube Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna aphethwe ku Ufa, kusukela kwesobunxele kuya umyeni wakhe. V. I. Lenin ngaleso sikhathi kwaba phesheya. balandela unkosikazi. Ngisho phesheya, iqembu abayekanga umsebenzi. Krupskaya ubelokhu ikhankasela imisebenzi, ema-ofisini we kwamaBolshevik izincwadi uNobhala-eyaziwa ( "Phambili", "Abasebenzi")

Lapho inguquko ka 1905-1907., Lo mbhangqwana wabuyela Petersburg, lapho Nadezhda iba unobhala Party Central Committee.

Kusukela 1901, uVladimir Ilyich waqala ngemvume imisebenzi yabo mbumbulu ephrintiwe Lenin. Ngisho emlandweni wakhe isidlaliso, njengoba kuzo zonke zokuphila, indima ebalulekile kukhala kumka - Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna. Igama langempela lomuntu "umholi" - Ulyanov - ngaleso sikhathi kakade wayaziwa imibuthano kahulumeni. Futhi lapho kwadingeka ukuba size siye kwamanye amazwe-ke, ngenxa yesigijimi zalo zezombusazwe, kwakukhona ukukhathazeka kufaneleko mayelana Ukukhishwa ipasipoti ziphume ziphele kuleli zwe. Isivuno watholakala kusukela isimo ngokungalindelekile. umngane Old Krupskoy Olga Nikolaevna Lenin basabela isicelo usizo. Yena is eliqhutshwa imibono kwezenhlalo-yeningi, wathatha ngasese passport kuyise Nikolaya Egorovicha Lenina wasiza komlayezo enye idatha (usuku lokuzalwa). Kuyinto naleli gama Lenin waya kude. Ngemva kwalesi sehlakalo, alias sahlala naye impilo yakho yonke.

Life e-Paris

Ngo-1909 lo mbhangqwana kangangokuthi wanquma ukuthuthela e-Paris. Kube ngajwayelana Inessa Armand. Ithemba futhi Inessa babe azifane izinhlamvu, kokubili ngokuqiniseka walandela canons wamaKhomanisi. Kodwa, ngokungafani Krupskaya, Armand futhi unobuntu eqinile, izingane eziningi, umngenisi wezihambi emangalisayo, umphefumulo yenkampani nobuhle siyakhazimula.

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna - wamavukelambuso kuze kuyofika emnkantsheni. Kodwa wayebuye owesifazane ohlakaniphile futhi ebucayi. Futhi Ngiyaqaphela ukuthi isithakazelo umyeni wakhe ukuba Inessa kude ayebadlula imisebenzi yangaphandle. Ikhathaze, wathola amandla ukwamukela leli qiniso. Ngo-1911, yena, okubonisa esiphezulu yokuhlakanipha zesifazane, wangicela ukuba uVladimir Ilyich isehlukaniso. Kodwa Lenin, kunalokho, ngavele ngayeka ubuhlobo nge Armand.

Nadezhda Konstantinovna kwadingeka izindaba party abaningi kangaka, nabakholelwa ukuthi sasingekho isikhathi sokukhathazeka. Yena egxilile yena umsebenzi. imithwalo yakhe ifakiwe ukuxhumana amalungu inhlangano komhlaba eRussia. Yena ngasese ubathumela izincwadi, futhi wasiza enhlanganweni womsebenzi wamavukelambuso, wadonsa comrades kusukela ezisicasulayo futhi amahlumela ihlelwe. Kodwa ngenkathi eziningi isikhathi esisisebenzisela ekutadisheni pedagogy. Ayenesithakazelo kuyo imibono noKarla Marksa futhi Fridriha Engelsa emkhakheni wezemfundo. Wafunda inhlangano sokufundiswa amazwe aseYurophu ezifana France naseSwitzerland, safike bajwayelane imisebenzi othisha olukhulu esikhathini esidlule.

Ngo-1915, Nadezhda kuqede umsebenzi incwadi "Education and Democracy". Ukuze wakhe, liye adunyiswe eceleni komyeni wakhe. Lo msebenzi wokuqala kaMarx, ukhululeka ngothi Krupskaya, etshela mayelana nesidingo semfundo, lapho abasebenzi abavamile babekwazi ukuthola imfundo polytechnic. Ukuze le ncwadi Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna (isithombe ke okusesihlokweni esithi) wathola isihloko udokotela wesayensi Pedagogical.

Buyela Russia

Ukubuyela iRussia yathatha indawo ngo-April 1917. Lapho, Petersburg, ukuyaluza ze umsebenzi mass kusithatha sonke isikhathi sakhe. Izinkulumo ngesikhathi amabhizinisi lwesigaba sabasebenzi, emihlanganweni namasosha, inhlangano emihlangano lamasosha - lawa imisebenzi eyinhloko Nadezhda Konstantinovna. It wakhuthaza Leninist iziqubulo ukudluliselwa wonke amandla kuze kube amaSoviet, wakhuluma ukuphishekela KwamaBolshevik Party ushintsho sezenhlalo.

Ngaleso sikhathi esinzima, lapho Lenin waphoqeleka ngicasha e Gelsingorfse (Finland) ibalekela ushushiso Yesikhashana Uhulumeni, UNadezhda ebesizenza wasendlini, esivakashele kuye. Ngokusebenzisa kwakhe, iQembu Central Committee lithole oda kusukela umholi wabo, uLenin futhi wafunda isimo ekhaya.

Krupskaya wayengomunye walaba abagqugquzeli kanye kubahlanganyeli utho lwesikhala, ukwenza ukulungiselela wakhe ngokushesha Vyborg wesifunda futhi Smolny.

Ukufa V I. Lenina

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ubuhlobo Inessa Armand Lenin yawudabula eminyakeni embalwa edlule, imizwa lwakhe futhi akazange kudambe. Kodwa umsebenzi kuye bekulokhu kuqala ebaluleke kakhulu empilweni yakho kanye nobuhlobo ne Armand ilibele bathikamezeka imisebenzi yangaphandle, ngakho akazange ukuzisola ngesinqumo sakhe.

Lapho Inessa ebulawa isifo sofuba ngokungazelelwe wavula, uLenin washaywa ke. Kuyena, 'kwakuyithuba buhlungu ngempela. Abantu ayephila nabo bathi inxeba ngokomzwelo kanzima saba sibi kakhulu empilweni yakhe waphuthuma ihora sokufa. Lenin wayithanda le wesifazane futhi ayikwazanga bakwemukele ehamba. Izingane Armand wasala eFrance, futhi Lenin ucela umkakhe ukuletha nawo baya eRussia. Yiqiniso, yena azinakubuphika indoda ukufa. Washona ngo-1924. Futhi ngemva kokufa kwakhe, Krupskaya wayengaselona efanayo. "Nkulunkulu" lifane wakhe wayengekho lapho isikhathi eside, kodwa ukuphila ngaphandle kwayo yaphenduka khona. Noma kunjalo, wathola amandla ukuba baqhube umsebenzi okunye ukuthuthukisa imfundo emphakathini.

Yabantu Commissariat wezemfundo

Nadezhda wayesebenza esikhumulweni Yabantu iKomidi Ezemfundo ngokushesha emva kwempi. Waqhubeka ukulwela amandla ukudalwa umsebenzi ecole Polytechnique. Ukukhulisa izingane kwelinye umoya wobukhomanisi isibe emaphakathi ekuphileni kwakhe.

Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna, ogama isithombe lizungezwe amaphayona itholakala ngezansi, abakhanukelayo phezu izingane. Wazama ngobuqotho ukwenza ukuphila kwabo kujabulise ngokwengeziwe.

Krupskaya negalelo elikhulu imfundo engxenyeni zesifazane sabantu. batibandzakanye abesifazane ukubamba iqhaza ukwakhiwa sezenhlalo.

Amaphayona

Nadezhda wayengomunye wabasunguli lenhlangano Samaphayona, zinegalelo elikhulu nentuthuko. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo it is hhayi kuphela esihlelwe izenzo inhlangano, kodwa futhi ukuba bahlanganyele emsebenzini ngqo nezingane. It amaphayona yambuza zokubhala okukhuluma. Krupskaya Nadezhda Konstantinovna, okuyinto ebekwe Biography emfushane esayo ku "Ekuphileni Kwami", yinjabulo enkulu abathintekayo ngokubhala yayo. Wanikezela lo msebenzi namaphayona yezwe.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Nadezhda Konstantinovna Izincwadi ku pedagogy namuhla zomlando eziligugu kuphela kulabo abacwaningi ambalwa abanentshisekelo imibono amaBolshevik ngemibuzo izingane. Kodwa umnikelo wangempela Krupskaya emlandweni wezwe lakithi ukuthi nokulekelela sinikeze kuyo yonke impilo yomyeni wakhe Vladimiru Ilichu Leninu. Wayengumuntu isithixo sakhe futhi asebenza naye. Wayengumuntu wakhe "nkulunkulu" lifane nje. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, uStalin waqala ukubusa ngo-zonke indlela wazama yini ukususa wakhe kusukela isimo kwezombusazwe. umfelokazi kukaLenin kwaba kuye iva iso, okuyinto wazama ngazo zonke izindlela ukuqeda. Kwakuyoba abe kwengcindezi omkhulu ngokwengqondo. In biography ethinta inhliziyo, ekhishwa oda Stalin, ke wasonteka eziningi amaqiniso ekuphileni kwakhe, ezombangazwe kanye siqu. Kodwa wayengenakukwazi ukushintsha isimo. Nadezhda wancenga wonke umuntu angakwazi ngcwaba umyeni wakhe. Kodwa akekho wezwa. Ukubona ukuthi umzimba kothandekayo akasoze afumana Phumula, futhi wayengasoze ulale eceleni kwakhe, ke Ukudabuka.

Ukunakekela Impilo yakhe okwakuxaka futhi kungazelelwe. Lumenyezelwe esinqumweni sakhe ukukhuluma ngesikhathi XVIII, iCongress of the Party. Akekho owayazi kahle-hle ukuthi wayengadlali wayefuna ukuthi ngenkulumo yakhe. Mhlawumbe, enkulumweni yakhe, kwakungase ubuhlungu izithakazelo uStalin. Kodwa noma ngabe kunjalo, Februwari 27, 1939 washona. Ezinsukwini ezintathu ngaphambi komhlangano ukuthi yonke into ihamba ngendlela. Yena Februwari 24 isingathwe izivakashi. Ufunde abangane abaseduze. Sahlala itafula nesizotha. Ntambama ngosuku olufanayo samane wagula. Udokotela, owafika amahora amathathu nesigamu, uma sezibonakele emzimbeni womuntu "acute appendicitis, peritonitis, thrombosis." Kwakudingekile ukuba usebenze, kodwa hhayi elicwengwé izizathu kanye msebenzi nenzile kuze kube namuhla.