Norman imfundiso yokuziphendukela umsuka isimo Russian lasendulo: nesisekelo umbono

Lutho neze nomaphi kungenzeka ukuthola abantu ngokwanele, noma ukwakheka zezombusazwe ubudala, umsuka okuyinto ngabe awubona ngokucacile umphakathi kanye nezazi-mlando. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isizathu kuba paucity emithonjeni umlando nemivubukulo Ephakathi, ngakolunye uhlangothi - futhi lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu - ke isifiso, ngokuvamile hhayi ngokugcwele bayazi, ukuba baphakamise izwe lakhe imnika umlando nobuqhawe. Omunye izindikimba eziyisisekelo historiography Russian nje Norman imfundiso yokuziphendukela umsuka Old isimo Russian. Iminyaka yokuqala bokuba khona Kievan Rus, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, i-yisandla sokuthuthuka, babé ndaba ebalulekile kakhulu impikiswano mlando Russian amakhulu eminyaka mhlawumbe.

Norman imfundiso yokuziphendukela umsuka isimo Russian lasendulo

Kievan Rus 'njengoba kumiswa eyodwa yezombusazwe njengoba kuqinisekiswa zonke imithombo eyamukelwayo, bavele isigamu kwekhulu IX yesibili. Kusukela ekuzalweni umlando eRussia kwakukhona ezihlukahlukene izinkolelo-mbono umsuka Old isimo Russian. abacwaningi abahlukahlukene baye bazama ukuthola umsuka wekuba sive Russian futhi izakhi Iranian (ukhuluma ngani ophilayo lapha izizwe ngesinye AmaSkithe Sarmatians), kanye Celtic Baltic (leli qembu labantu e ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi ukuthi esihlobene eduze lwamaSlav). Nokho, ethandwa kakhulu futhi iningi linesisekelo bekusolo ukubukwa ezimbili kuphela ephikisayo kakhulu ngalolu daba: Norman imfundiso yokuziphendukela umsuka Old isimo Russian futhi antinormanskaya, omelene naye. Norman theory yaqale washayelwa isikhathi eside, ngisho e-phakathi nekhulu XIII, esigodlweni mlando Gottlieb Bayer.

Ngandlela-thile kamuva, imibono yakhe ezakhiwa amanye amaJalimane - Gerard Miller Agasti Schletzer. Isisekelo ukwakhiwa kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela Norman kwaba umugca kusuka umlando edumile ethi "Indaba esidlule Iminyaka". Nestor wachaza umsuka isimo Russian lasendulo ngokuthi inani King Norman Rurik nempi yakhe, elaba ezempi esigodlweni elite lokuqala eRussia. Ngokusho idokhumenti, izizwe Slavic elwa nabanye eziyizitezi futhi wakwazi wona awaxosha ngobani ezweni lazo. Kodwa-ke sekulandela inkathi yezinxushunxushu nombango olunegazi emazweni Slavic. Lokhu kwenza ukuba abantu ukuba ubuyele futhi ukubabiza siphuma olwandle lokubusa kuya Ruses: "Izwe lethu unothile, kodwa akukho oda kuwo ...". Kulendaba, izazi-mlando-German ukuthi ubani Rus engaqondakali kanye namakhosi zaseScandinavia. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa imivubukulo bese futhi kamuva. AmaViking ayenziwe ekhona la mazwe ku IX-X eminyaka. Ngawo la amagama wezikhulu zokuqala Kievan kanye Suites yawo kwakuyilawa cishe ngokuphelele imvelaphi zaseScandinavia. Abanye abahambi Arab nazo ekhonjwe amarekhodi Rus futhi eScandinavia. Kususelwa wonke la maqiniso wazalwa Norman imfundiso yokuziphendukela umsuka Old isimo Russian. Yena ngempela kwadingeka isisekelo ngokwanele okuqinile futhi iminyaka eminingi sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi buqinile.

okufushane antinormanistov

Kodwa iqiniso kubizwe amakhosi ebusa kwezilwandle kwakusho ukuthi lwamaSlav bazithola bamane nje abakwazi yakha Ephakathi ku isimo yabo bebodwa, njengoba yehlulekile ukwenza ezinye izizwe zaseYurophu. umbono sasingenakulibaleka kubangele ukuphazamiseka imvelo lezihlakaniphi yokushisekela izwe. Eyokuqala owakwazi ekholisayo ngokwanele ukuba simelane usosayensi German futhi aveze amaphutha emibonweni yabo, kwaba edumile usosayensi Russian Mikhail Lomonosov. Ngokusho kwakhe, kufanele bavezwe Rus hhayi kubantu bokufika nakulabo bendawo. Wakhomba kwamagama endawo emifuleni Ros, amathayi. amaViking efanayo ezishiwo zemihla wasendulo, ingabe (ngokuvumelana University) akuyona Scandinavians, futhi amaSlav, okuyinto manje eyaziwa mlando njengoba Wagram. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi antinormanskaya indaba kwashesha. Nokho Normanists amakhulu eminyaka bavikela isikhundla salo. Emashumini eminyaka yokuqala likahulumeni waseSoviet kwathiwa Norman theory eziyingozi kanye unpatriotic, ngokwezwi nezwi okusho ukuthi i-ilungelo likasihlalo lokunqabela ekukhuleni wayo. Nokho, ukuthuthukiswa kwe- indlela yomlando nemivubukulo izici eziningi wanika antinormanistov. Kwatholakala ukuthi inombolo lezihambi angaphandle IX ekhulwini lalibizwa Russ lwamaSlav. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwavela izakhiwo isimo zaziseza dokievskoe isikhathi. Kuqubuke ingxabano ebaluleke Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi Scandinavians ngaleso sikhathi akazange ukudala isimo, ngisho ekhaya.

okutholakele

Kusukela ngo-1950 bobabili eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma bayatfutfuka ngempela futhi ngokukhululeka. Inqwaba nelwati lolusha amaqiniso, kuqala nemivubukulo okubaluleke kunakho konke ukuthi wabonisa ukuthi ekugcineni give up yonke imiqondo Norman theory akusho. Mhlawumbe endaweni yokugcina abalulekile kule mpikiswano kwaba incwadi Lva Kleyna "Ukungezwani phezu Varyag". Lapha sichaza wonke nesisekelo izingxoxo phakathi kwezinhlangano, ukuhlaziya eningiliziwe-agumenti nemithombo. Iqiniso, njengoba njalo, kuba endaweni ethile phakathi. AmaViking kokuba angomakad 'ebona futhi abahwebi njalo uvele emazweni Slavic futhi kwadingeka oxhumana close kakhulu nabantu bendawo. Bona zisithonye ezibalulekile futhi elingenakuphikwa kwi ukwakheka izakhiwo isimo lapha, ngokuletha imibono evela kuwo wonke zwekazi. Nokho, nesenzakalo Kiev Rus akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ukulungela sangaphakathi umphakathi Slavic. Ngakho, kungenzeka ukuthi izikhulu wokuqala Russian babe Scandinavians (neNkathi bekungelona iqiniso isimanga Ephakathi), kodwa indima yabo akufanele overestimated.