Kufanekisa asankondlo izincwadi

Ekuqaleni kwawo-19-20 amakhulu eminyaka lalifanekisela izincwadi imakwe isici isikhathi isigaba ekhethekile. amathonya yakhe yezwakala e namashumi okugcina eminyaka yawo yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye. Lalifanekisela izincwadi yezifiso zakhe yobuhle nefilosofi wavuthwa ngokumelene okwenza wokusabela zezombusazwe ezalandela kokunqotshwa populism wamavukelambuso. Le nkathi kuyinto yokujama tsi nomphakathi. Kulomkhakha wekuvuselela kufanekisa isakhasa.

Kuye kwanyatheliswa izincwadi, izinkondlo ngokukhethekile, ngokuthi lesi sifo, ukwehla ngaleso sikhathi. Izinkondlo, ngalahlekelwa amandla yayo yangaphambili, amandla kanye ukuphakama, egqwalile futhi buphelile. Imishini inkondlo ngokwayo ilahlekelwe amandla alo futhi lokusungula kweqiniso.

Lalifanekisela izincwadi kwavela njengoba wokumelana phansi, usefuna ukubuyela ekuphileni kwakhe amandla, zwi fresh. Ngesikhathi efanayo uye wasondeza nalo ukusabela okungekuhle ukugxekwa Russian nge ukubukwa yalo yezinto ezibonakalayo. Kamuva waqala le ngxabano nomcwaningi kaMarx. Kufanekisa asankondlo izincwadi ukunyusele inkolo futhi ukukhohliseka.

I ukubonakaliswa okuqala ezinhlangano zomzabalazo kucaca ku indatshana Dmitry Merezhkovsky, iqoqo lakhe izinkondlo "Izimpawu". Ngo 1894-95. ngaphandle "ukugxeka abanye Russian." Kulezi amaqoqo amathathu imisebenzi ephrintiwe Briusov advantageously abasha Bal'mont. Kulezi imisebenzi, omunye wazizwa Umkhuba omusha.

ERussia, kwakukhona lalifanekisela izincwadi aziqabukeli avela eNtshonalanga. izimbongi Young enikeziwe ngezinga elithile kwethonya English, French, izinkondlo German. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi e beqonda Symbolist ezinye indlela kwenanela ifilosofi Schopenhauer futhi Nietzsche, bona sigcizelele kakhulu waphika ukuthi banalo kwencika eliyisisekelo izincwadi Western Europe. Bazama ukuthola elisuka bomdabu izincwadi, imisebenzi feta, Tiutchev, Fofanova. Were izimfanelo ukusungula uhlobo "Ubuhlobo" ngemisebenzi Lermontov futhi Pushkin. Ngokusho Balmont, kufanekisa sekuneminyaka isikhathi eside. Wayebheka Symbolists Calderon futhi Blake, Baudelaire futhi Edgar Allan Poe nabanye.

Akungabazeki ukuthi lokusungula Tiutchev nezibonakaliso feta kufanekisa samanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, cishe inkambo ethile ubuhlobo isiko ezingokomoya yeRussia, inhlabathi yayo kazwelonke kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi isiqondiso akafile, kodwa kunalokho, ekuthuthukiseni, bavumelana amandla amasha embhedeni walo.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lokhu kufanekisa Russian ezincwadini kusukela West kwahluka ngempela ngokucijile. Lokhu kwakubangelwa, ngokuyinhloko, ingokomoya, ingcebo, impumelelo kule isiqondiso eRussia.

Esikhathini nezikhathi ekuqaleni kumiswa ukugeleza Symbolist isebenza ngokuvamile usulu ngisho ngaphansi inhlekisa. Imbongi isananyathiselwe igama ohlehlela emuva, ngaleyo ndlela yokuhlaziya isimo sabo ohlehlela wokungabi nathemba, a wokuziqambela evelele, umuzwa impilo ukungamukeleki. Nokho, ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu esilandelayo lokhu kufanekisa waqala ukuvelela njengoba ukunyakaza etemibhalo kuzo zonke izici ngokuqiniseka. Kwakunzima ukudida nezinye izenzakalo yobuciko, waqala ukuba aesthetics zayo, Poetics, ukwakheka yabo nokufundisa. 1900 isibe uhlobo phesheya - kule nkathi waqinisekisa "ubuso" ka lalifanekisela izincwadi. It kwaphawulwa ukukhululwa kwamaKristu avuthiwe, zaveza ubuntu elikhanyayo we umbhali wencwadi ethi Balmont "izakhiwo evuthayo" nemisebenzi Bryusov "Esesithathu unogada» ( «tertia Vigilia»).

Esikhathini izincwadi, symbolist ukunyakaza owawuqondene Romantics, ayephefumulelwe ifilosofi uyiphupho, beqaphela kokuhileleka enkolweni ye ohlangothini olusha. I Symbolists bakwazi ngozwelo abambe futhi baveze umuzwa asabisayo yezinhlekelele edabukisayo social ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili.