Kungani abantu besakholelwa ukuthi kukhona khona umphefumulo?

Umzamo wokuqonda isimo sangaphakathi somuntu, ngokusekelwe kwimithetho yemvelo, akuyona into entsha. Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba uHippocrates abonise ukuthi amanzi amane asemzimbeni, odokotela bamaGreki, amaRoma nabamaNdiya babecabanga ngalokho "ukugeleza" kwamanzi ahlukeneyo kusho. Ukugeleza, njengombuso, kwakubhekwa njengokuwusizo, kanti ukuvimbela kwawo kuvame ukuholela ekuguleni okungapheli ngisho nokufa.

Okungabonakali akukaze kwazwakala kuze kube sekupheleni, ngakho-ke le mbono isiphelile. Imfundiso yama-embryos ekugcineni ayivumelani nalokhu mqondo, kodwa ngokuyinhloko umqondo wokuba khona komphefumulo ugcinwa.

Ukuxhumeka kwezwe langaphandle nelingaphakathi

Ukuze ulandele lo mkhakha wokucabanga, ngokusho ukuthi ubukhona bezwe langaphakathi nangaphandle buvumelanisiwe, izenzo zangaphandle kufanele zithinte izinqubo zangaphakathi, isibonelo, njengokugula.

Lolu hlobo lokucabanga lubonakala njalo. Isibonelo, abashumayeli bathi ukuzamazama komhlaba, isomiso neziphepho kubangelwa ukuvunyelwa ezingeni likahulumeni lomshado wobulili obufanayo. Kuphela ngesonto eledlule umhlangano we-Alabama uMo Brooks uthe abantu "abenza imisebenzi emihle" banempilo, ngakho-ke kufanele banikele kancane emachibini omshuwalense. Ukholo olunjalo oluyinkimbinkimbi luqukethe umbono we-metaphysical. Bambalwa abefundisi babheka ubuhlobo obuphakathi kwemvelo yangaphakathi nangaphandle.

Imibono kaMartin Luther

Igama likaMartin Luther ezweni lanamuhla lihlotshaniswa nokugxeka eSontweni LamaKatolika elisemthethweni, elizinikeza amaKristu amacala okuzithoba ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi angena ngokuphepha ngemva kokufa. Nakuba uLuther eba ngumzimba ongazange uphumelele, imibono yakhe ngomphefumulo yathonya kuyo yonke impilo yakhe.

Ukuguqulwa kweMfundiso yenkolo

Isazi semfundiso yenkolo uLuther saba umbhali wezinkulumo ezidumile, ezamletha udumo olukhulu futhi wabeka isisekelo sokuguqulwa kuka-1517. Ukuphikisana kwakhe okunonya ngokumelene nezinto ezinjengokukhonza izithombe, umshado nesakramente, ekugcineni kwafaka isandla ekuhlukaniseni inkolo. Wathwalwa umqondo wokuthi umBhalo usebenza kakhulu kunezimiso zamapapa noma izazi zemfundiso yenkolo. Ngakho ufanisa nomcwaningi wemfundiso yenkolo ovela e-Oxford University Roper.

Imibono yamaLuthela

UMartin Luther wayazi kahle indlela yokugwema ukucubungula nokuvikela imibono yabo, ekusakazeni kabanzi ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngamunye womsebenzi wakhe omusha wachaza okwamanje esinye isinyathelo esiqhamuka phambili esibhekene nezilaleli ezifisa ngaphezulu. Akekho oye wazama ukusebenzisa uphawu ngenhloso yalowo mphumela wokulimaza.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, uLuther wayengumzimba womuntu. Wacela ukuthi iwayini likhonjwe ngesinkwa ukuze umKristu amukele ngempela isibusiso sikaKristu. Ngesikhathi umshado engamukeleki kubafundisi, wathola ukuthi ubulili buhle ngempela, kodwa buhambisana nalokho okubonwa ngokujwayelekile ngendima yabesifazane emphakathini.

Izitatimende zeBold

Ngenye yezinsolo zakhe ezinkulu ezihlose iRoma, uLuther wathi igunya lapapa lavunyelwa. ULuther waphila ngokuphelele emcabangweni wakhe, ecabanga ngalolo lwazi oluntu oluqoqwe kuwo wonke amakhulu eminyaka adlule ngaphambili kweBhayibheli. Wayehlukaniswa ngokuqala kokucabanga. Uhlongoze ukutadisha impumelelo yanamuhla esikhundleni sokucatshangelwa kwesikhathi eside.

Umbono ongaphelele wezwe

Wabuye wajabulela injabulo yenyama: ubulili nokudakwa kwaba yingxenye yokuphila kwakhe kwansuku zonke. Noma kunjalo, wathi izizathu ezingokomoya zalokho okwenzeka ngaphakathi kwenyama, okwakuthandayo kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi, izifo zibhekene nezifo.

Nokho, yini ebonakala engavamile ekucabangeni kukaLuther? Ukholo lwaqanjwa ngumfundisi wezinkolo kusukela ekuhlangenwe nakho komzimba, kanti omdala waba, owembile lo mbuzo wayewusizo.

Wayekholelwa ukuthi umzimba wakhe waba ukubonakaliswa kwegama lesiNorway elithi "Ragnarok", okusho ukuthi amandla okugcina okuhle nokubi alwa ngaphakathi kwamathumbu futhi alawulwa kusuka phezulu.

Encwadini eya kummeli woLuthela uPhilip Melanchthon, wabhala ukuthi uDeveli wayeka ukumkhohlisa ngokomoya futhi wahlaselwa ngokomzimba. Ukuvalwa komzimba wakhe kwakuyisibonakaliso esiqondile sokunqoba komphik'ukristu.

Njengoba umzimba wakhe wehlulekile, "isimo sakhe sengqondo saba yilapho eqhubeka khona." Njengoba izitho zakhe azizange zisebenze kahle, lokhu kusho ukuthi umphakathi ngokwawo wawungekho emthethweni.

Umshintshi wezinguquko akazange avunyelwe ukungabi nalutho - umqondo wenkolo wokuthobeka, ngokusobala, izimfundiso zakhe eziyisisekelo azikho. Ukuzihlabelela kwakulokhu kuyindlela ebalulekile yokuthonya izingqondo zabantu, ayezisebenzisa "ekubhubhiseni i-aura yobungcwele." Isithombe somuntu sivela, ngubani ongangabaza ubuqotho bakhe futhi wazi ukuthi angayisusa kanjani isintu endleleni yangempela. Imfundiso yakhe yashiya uphawu olukhulu.

Isayensi Yokuqonda

Eminyakeni engamakhulu amahlanu emva kokuguqulwa kwamaLuthela, sibhekene nenye inguquko ekuqondeni ukuthi izinhlelo zethu zezinzwa zixhumana kanjani nemvelo ngokusebenzisa insimu yokwanda ye-neuroscience. Abantu abangapheli ngesineke balindele ukuthi zonke izindaba ezivelele ezihlobene ne-biology abanalo ilungelo lokuba khona. Kodwa-ke, isayensi yocwaningo kuyisiyalo esincane, kanti inqubekelaphambili etholakalayo ngezindlela ezitholakalayo isivele isimanga.

Nakuba izindlela zokuqaphela isayensi aziqondi kahle, into eyodwa ihlala ingenakuphikwa: ukuqonda kuncike emzimbeni. Akukho umzimba futhi akukho mqondo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, akukho into enjengomphefumulo.

Umqondo onjalo, njengokuqonda, usuvele unesithakazelo kubafilosofi uPlato no-Aristotle. Esikhathini sesikhathi esidala, lesi sihloko sakha isisekelo semisebenzi yabo eminingi.

Ingabe umzimba nomphefumulo uxhunyiwe?

Ekhulwini le-17, isazi sezibalo saseFrance, isazi sefilosofi nesazi sezinkanyezi uRené Descartes sandisa umbono wokuqaphela, okubonisa ukuthi umzimba nomqondo uyazimela futhi awuhambisani.

Njengoba uDaniel Dennett nabanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi, ukuqonda akuyona uhlelo olukhethekile ebuchosheni noma emzimbeni. Kunalokho kubangelwa uchungechunge lwezinqubo ezincane ezihlanganisiwe ngendlela eyingqayizivele yokwenza into ekhudlwana. Lokhu kubonakala ezifweni eziningi zezinzwa abantu ababhekana nazo lapho ukuxhumana okukodwa kulayini olulahliwe kudala ukuxhumana kwabo okuyingqayizivele.

Ayaziwa ukuthi ingabe i-chain ehlanganisiwe izotholakala, kodwa ingqondo nomzimba kuyizinto ezihlukile, njengoba nje ukucabanga kobuchopho kungenangqondo kuphela, kodwa kubhekwa ukuzwa okungokwenyama nokufunda.

UMartin Luther akakaze acabange ukuthi abantu bazoxoxa ngezihloko azibeka eSaxony eminyakeni engamakhulu amahlanu edlule. Ngenkathi isimo sakhe sokuvukela kufanele sithandeke, sisuka enhlokweni yomphefumulo.

Umoya kanye nesimo sezinto eziphilayo zomuntu siqu zihlukile futhi azihambisani nemiqondo. Ukuzenza sengathi konke akulungile, sizogxila ekucabangeni ngesithunzi odongeni esikhundleni sokubuyela emthonjeni wokukhanya.