Kuqhoqhoqho kanye bronchi: imisebenzi kanye nezifo

Ukuze unikeze umzimba izakhi, sidinga ukudla. siphinde ngeke akwenze ngaphandle kwamanzi, ngoba ngaphezu kwesigamu yakhiwa lolu ketshezi esibalulekile. Kodwa konke okunye, nomzimba womuntu budinga nomoya-mpilo, isimiso sethu zokuphefumula ithatha kusukela emoyeni. Kuleso ngenkuthalo ukusiza kuqhoqhoqho kanye bronchi.

Uma ukufinyelela emoyeni kunzima ke ukuze uthole lemali edingekayo yomoya-mpilo emishinini yokuphefumula, umgudu wokuphefumula , kanye inhliziyo ziqala ukusebenza. Kodwa kuyathakazelisa ukuthi obuntu uhlelo lokuphefumula vumelanisa nezimo zemvelo.

Ukubaluleka umgudu wokuphefumula

Indima uhlelo lokuphefumula neze overestimated. Singazi kanjani ukuthi kukhona kusukela sifundo biology, uma exhale thina ukuqeda carbon dioxide CO _2. Uma uhogela emaphashini iza mpilo, omunye wabo eyalo isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi ukuba zonke izicubu zangaphakathi. Ngakho, negesi lokushintshisana Kwenziwa. Ukuba uphumule thina, kudle 0.3 amalitha ngomzuzu ka-mpilo ngayinye, ngaleyo ndlela ukwakha ethile CO ₂ futhi lincane emzimbeni.

Kwezokwelapha, kukhona eside ebizwa ngokuthi quotient zokuphefumula, okutshengisa ratio inani carbon dioxide okungukuthi ngaphakathi emzimbeni kwinani ngokufaka kuqhoqhoqho kanye nowe-oxygen bronchi. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, isilinganiso sakhona 0.9. It is nekugcina lokulinganisa kuyinto umsebenzi oyinhloko ukuthi yenza abantu umgudu wokuphefumula.

Isakhiwo umgudu wokuphefumula

uhlelo zokuphefumula kuyinto eziyinkimbinkimbi esakhiwa zingxenye ezilandelayo:

• acinene;
• sinuses paranasal;
• amalaka;
• kuqhoqhoqho;
• bronchi;
• emaphashini.

Ukuze siyiqonde kangcono indlela ube nesifo esithile esivela umgudu wokuphefumula, kubalulekile ukuba baqonde indlela ezinye izingxenye zalo ahlelwe.

Futhi ufunde ukuthi indima abayidlalayo futhi emzimbeni wethu. Kuphela sihlolisise ukuhlaziywa bronchi kanye kuqhoqhoqho, njengoba ngokuvamile othambekele izinguquko sokugembula.

kuqhoqhoqho

Uqhoqhoqho kuyinto Lesisemkhatsini phakathi amalaka futhi bronchi. Futhi kuqhoqhoqho, futhi bronchi akheke ezivamile futhi libukeka ngamapayipi. ubude zokuqala kuphela imayelana 12-15 cm kanye ububanzi of mayelana 1.5-1.8 cm, kodwa ngeminyaka ingase kancane washintsha. Ngokungafani wamaphaphu kungumzimba ayibhangqiwe. Lena umzimba ukunamathela njengoba emelelwe elibona nxazonke 8-20 amasongo uqwanga.

Itholakala phakathi lesithupha amathambo wesibeletho kanye yesihlanu amathambo thoracic. Ingxenye engezansi amagatsha kuqhoqhoqho ku iziteshi ezimbili eziyinhloko, kodwa tapers kancane phambi division. Lokhu bifurcation ngolimi sezokwelashwa igama layo - a bifurcation. Le ndawo has a lot of receptor sezinzwa. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kuqhoqhoqho has a kancane isicaba umumo, uma focus kusukela phambili kuya emuva. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, cross-section yayo amamilimitha angu cishe ambalwa ephakeme kunaleyo ipharamitha sagittal.

Ukuqhubeka kokucubungula kuqhoqhoqho (bronchi kanye njengoba uzobe kuchazwe), kuyafaneleka ukuthi phezulu tube tracheal nalokho eduze indlala yegilo, futhi ubabonisa ngemuva emphinjeni. Lines umzimba mucosa, esibonakala by ikhono ukuncela. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ukwelashwa okuhle ngu ephefumula. Futhi, uphahlwe izicubu imisipha cartilaginous, okuyinto has a isakhiwo fibrous.

ama-apharathasi bronchial

Ngokombono ezibukwayo umbono, bronchi zifana kwesihlahla, njengoba nje uma sibheke phansi. Thanda ukukhanya, ibuye abhanqiwe sitho, kwakhiwa okuyinto by division of the kuqhoqhoqho ku ngemibhobho emibili, okuyizinto bronchi main.

tube ngamunye, esikhundleni salokho, ihlukaniswe emagatsheni amancane ukuthi iya ku izingxenye ezahlukene emaphashini kanye namasheya. Kulokhu, umzimba kwesokudla kancane ezahlukene kusukela kwesokunxele: kuba okuncane mkhulu, kodwa amafishane futhi ilungiselelo mpo evelele. Eziningi zalezi tracheal futhi bronchial yizifo ezihlobene nokungabikho umgudu ukuvuvukala.

Yonke isakhiwo inegama ejwayelekile - kwesihlahla bronchial, isakhiwo zazo, ngaphezu bronchus main, kuhlanganisa eziningi amagatsha:

• nokulingana;
• segmental;
• subsegmentary;
• bronchioles (lobular, esibulalayo futhi zokuphefumula).

I somuthi we is nabokhulumile uqobo kuqhoqhoqho, okuyindawo bronchus ezimbili eziyinhloko (sokunene nesobunxele) nimuke. Kulo bayizinkulungwane nokulingana tube mncane, futhi iphaphu ilungelo womathathu, futhi kwesokunxele - amabili nje. Lezi amashubhu nazo ihlukaniswe ezincane segmental bronchi kanye, ekugcineni, konke kuyaphela bronchioles. ubukhulu labo lincane kuka-1 mm. Ngesikhathi semikhawulweni yokugcina ezincane vesicles kanjalo ngokungeyikho, okuthiwa ama-alveoli, lapho, eqinisweni, kukhona lokushintshisana kwe-carbon dioxide ngoba i-oksijini.

Kuyini ezithakazelisayo, kuqhoqhoqho, bronchi, amaphaphu ehlukile isakhiwo (nakuba izidumbu ezimbili zokuqala zifana). izindonga bronchial kuthiwa ringed isakhiwo uqwanga, okuyinto kuvimbela ukusikwa yabo nokuguqulwa.

bronchi Ngaphakathi kuthiwa uphahlwe mucosa nge epithelium ciliated. Isimiso sonke isihlahla kunikwe amandla nge imithambo bronchial okusuka elikuyi-aorta thoracic, futhi ukusebenzisa yayo ngokusebenzisa-lymph kanye namagatsha emsipheni.

Ukusebenza kuqhoqhoqho zokuphefumula futhi bronchi

Umsebenzi we kuqhoqhoqho kanye bronchi akuyona kuphela ukuqinisekisa negesi lokushintshisana efanele emaphashini, futhi ezinkulu zamazwe omhlaba. Ngokwesibonelo, tube nezimo emzimbeni usebenza njengoba elalinembobo, kusukela emoyeni sidlula yezwi. Ngakho, uqhoqhoqho ehilelekile kumiswa izwi. Ngokuqondene bronchi, bayakwazi ukuchitha iwukudambisa ezinye ezinobuthi ukuthi ziyingozi emzimbeni wethu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amalaka lwamafinyila, kuqhoqhoqho, bronchi embozwe epithelium ciliated equkethe cilia. ukunyakaza kwabo kuqondiswe womphimbo nomlomo. Yethula nezindlala mucosal secrete imfihlo esikhethekile lapho nabo nomzimba angaphandle ngokushesha elilizungezile futhi ngokusebenzisa ciliary ukunyakaza ikhuthaza esiphethweni ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo. Ukuthola neqembu elikhulu angaphandle ibuyisele kubangela ukhwehlela.

Kodwa, iningi kuyathakazelisa emoyeni edabula kuqhoqhoqho kanye bronchi, uyabaselwa kuya lokushisa edingekayo futhi buba manzi. Izindlala zamanzi bronchi zinengxenye izinqubo ezibalulekile mzimba emzimbeni.

izinguquko sokugembula e umgudu wokuphefumula

Ngokuvamile tracheal noma izifo bronchial zenzeka ngendlela ukuvuvukala mucosa. Abakwazi kwenzeke kokubili oyingozi futhi ngefomu ezingamahlalakhona. Ngokuphathelene ubunjalo ukuvuvukala, kungaba:

• catarrhal;
• fibrinous;
• ubovu;
• Putrid.

Ukwephula tracheal umsebenzi , futhi amashubhu bronchial kusho ukunqotshwa ze- bronchi noma kuqhoqhoqho. Kulokhu, uma sicabangela lokuqala, ushintsho bronchi ezinkulu libizwa makrobronhit futhi bronchioles - mikrobronhit noma bronchiolitis. Ezinye pathologies ezivamile zihlanganisa ufuba nasekulweni tracheitis - ukuvuvukala kuqhoqhoqho.

yezifo kuqhoqhoqho

Isibalo tracheal stenosis ingena izifo, fistulas futhi ezishile ezishisayo. Ezimweni eziningi, tracheitis, okuyinto esakazwa, kungase kwenye zokugula - ukucinana kwemigudu yokuphefumula, lapho kwenzeka njengoba tracheobronchitis ezaziwayo. Pathology kubonakala ayinangozi, kodwa ungakwazi kamuva kube sengozini yokuthola izifo. Ngakho-ke, ukwelapha lesi sifo kungcono hhayi alibale.

Tracheitis, ezimweni ezingajwayelekile, ibonakala njengedrayivi isifo ezizimele (Inkulumo eyinhloko), ngokuvamile kuba ngenxa yimuphi yezifo ezingathathelani zelashwe umgudu wokuphefumula (ukubonakaliswa zesibili). Simo singenzeka kunoma yimuphi umuntu, kungakhathaliseki ubudala nobulili. Ngokuvamile ezisengcupheni kubalwa emaphashini, bronchi, kuqhoqhoqho, amalaka izingane ngoba amasosha omzimba ubuthakathaka kakhulu ukuba akwazi ukubhekana kahle izinsongo ezithile.

Kunezinhlobo eziningana:

• acute;
• ezingamahlalakhona;
• samafayela;
• non-samafayela;
• okuxubile.

Kulokhu, ubunjalo ezithathelwanayo lesi sifo kungase kube viral, ukukhunta virus.

Izifo bronchi

Uma kwenzeka njalo kuyinto kokunqotshwa kwe-ukucinana kwemigudu yokuphefumula bronchi, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi kokusho. Pathology liphinyiselwe ukuvuvukala zokuphefumula tube izindonga. Izimbangela zesifo ingase ibe izici ezihlukahlukene, okungabandakanya:

• Ukuba khona amagciwane noma ama-virus.
• A isikhathi eside ukusetshenziswa kukagwayi.
• Ezifweni emiphumeleni nomzimba.
• Imiphumela chemical noma ayingozi.

Ngakho, lesi sifo kungase kube uhlobo elandelayo:

• webhaktheriya;
• viral;
• chemical;
• ukhunta;
• nomzimba.

Ngakho-ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi udokotela ngesisekelo imiphumela izifundo kwakhomba uhlobo lwesifo ze- bronchi, kuqhoqhoqho. Njenganoma iyiphi isifo, ukucinana kwemigudu yokuphefumula kuzibonakalisa amafomu oyingozi futhi ezingalapheki.

Ifomu okukhulu kwemali nge izinga lokushisa eliphakeme, kulandele ukukhwehlela ezimanzi noma ezomile. Empeleni, nge ukwelashwa okufanelekile senzeka ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa. Kwezinye izimo, kuthatha izinyanga eziningana. Ngokuvamile labizwa ngokuthi ukucinana kwemigudu yokuphefumula oyingozi noma catarrhal ukutheleleka. Njengomthetho, ke akugcini yilutho.

Ifomu ezingamahlalakhona Ukucinana kwemigudu yomoya emaphashini ingahlala iminyaka eminingi. Kulokhu, kukhwehlela isiguli samanje, futhi njalo ngonyaka zikhona acute, kuze kube nini nanini wenyanga eyodwa.

Into esemqoka - ukuba sinake ngenxa esigabeni oyingozi kakhulu lesi sifo, ukuze awuphasiswa efomini ezingamahlalakhona. ukuvezwa kwesikhathi eside lesi sifo emzimbeni ziyasibona futhi kungaholela eziyinkimbinkimbi, nemiphumela awushintsheki kubo bonke zokuphefumula.

ukwelashwa

Kuye uphethwe (ukucinana kwemigudu yokuphefumula, tracheitis), lesi sifo nesenzakalo, inikezwa amathuba nokuba exacerbation ukwelashwa kudingekile. Uma ucabangela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi yisishiso tracheal kungabangela exacerbation okunzima amashubhu bronchial, noma cha, udokotela enquma ubheke isiguli esibhedlela, noma ingelapheka ekhaya.

Therapy kuhlanganisa iqoqo olunzulu izinyathelo, okuyinto ngaphezu imithi futhi lifaka phakathi inombolo ukuze athole ukwelashwa komzimba: kusukela efudumele futhi ephefumula ukumbhucunga kanye umzimba.