IbhizinisiUmkhakha

Kuyini ACS? ukufakwa Self ezinezinjini wezikhali: ngezigaba, isiqu

Self ezinezinjini wezikhali amayunithi (SAU) ngokuthi izimoto ukulwa, okuyizinto lutho ngaphezu chassis-agibele amahhashi wezikhali isibhamu self ezinezinjini. Ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi izibhamu self ezinezinjini noma artsamohodami. Kulesi sihloko, sizobe sesibheka uyini ACS, lapho esetshenziselwa khona njengoba bahlukanisa zihluke ezinye izinhlobo izikhali.

isifinyezo

Ngakho, liyini ACS? Ngomqondo obanzi njengoba ACS kungabonwa zonke izimoto ukulwa, okuyinto bebehlome ngezibhamu. Nokho, ngomqondo eya endaweni ACS kuhlanganisa kuphela labo imishini ukuthi bebehlome ngezibhamu noma howitzers, kodwa akuzona amathangi noma izimoto zempi.

SAU izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene, kanye umgamu wawo. Bangakwazi ngesihlalo esinamasondo wayiswa noma zithwalwe ngezinyawo chassis, ukuvikela noma cha ukuthi ivikele zempi, usulungise noma umbhoshongo ukhweze isibhamu esikhulu. Abaningi wezikhali self ezinezinjini zomhlaba, ifakwe umbhoshongo ukufaka, bafana amathangi. Nokho, bayehluka kakhulu kusukela amathangi ukusetshenziswa Tactical nokulinganisela "Udibi izingalo."

Self ezinezinjini wezikhali iyunithi (ACS) waqala nomlando wayo emhlabeni ngesikhathi lapho inganono lokuqala nezimoto armored - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela umbono yesayensi yanamuhla lempi, amathangi lokuqala French kwakuthengwa Analogue kamuva SAU kuka amathangi. Engxenyeni maphakathi kanye yesibili ngekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili emazweni ehola kwafika inkathi ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha zonke izinhlobo wezikhali self ezinezinjini.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili nanye, sibonga gxuma omkhulu kwezesayensi lempi, ukuzilawula ngokuzenzekelayo, ngokusho kongoti eziningi, baqala ukufuna ukuphakama phakathi kwezinye izimoto zempi. Ngaphambili, ngokuqinisekile ingeyamakhosi amathangi. Indima ACS ku nemibandela izimpi wezempi wanamuhla ukhula minyaka yonke.

Umlando yentuthuko

Enkundleni, empini kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala esetshenziswa amayunithi self ezinezinjini, yakheke ngesisekelo amaloli, ogandaganda noma abakhasi. Kamuva, ukuthuthukiswa amathangi, onjiniyela waqaphela ukuthi base ithangi kangcono ukufakwa enamandla wezikhali izinhlelo. izibhamu Unarmored phezu chassis nazo akayikhohliwe, ngoba zingabantu elidume ukuhamba kwabo okusezingeni eliphezulu.

ERussia, le ACS lokuqala armored ahlinzekwa indodana D. I. Mendeleeva - vd Mendeleev. Phakathi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala futhi kulwiwa ngenkuthalo wasebenzisa isibhamu 72-milimitha Lander, ezakhiwe ngesisekelo iloli "Russo-Balt". Cabs abanye kuzo babeze kancane armored. Esikhathini 20s kwekhulu elidlule ukuthuthukiswa ACS bekwi-USSR, eJalimane nase-United States, kodwa iningi amaphrojekthi limane ukufakwa ngokwesivumelwano.

Lapho iSoviet Union neJalimane waqala ngenkuthalo ukuthuthukisa amabutho ayo armored, ithuba bakamalalahlengezela efakwe wezikhali chassis ethangini. Ngakho, eSoviet Union ngesisekelo T-35 amathangi ne-T-28-prototype izibhamu self ezinezinjini SU-14 yadalwa. EJalimane, ukuguqulwa ngaphansi SAU esetshenziswa amathangi ephelelwe yisikhathi PZ Kpfw I.

IMpi Yezwe II kudingeka ukusetshenziswa nabo bonke ababambe iqhaza. Germany massed ekhiqizwa ACS esekelwe amathangi ubudala futhi athumba. Kususelwa imishini yayo, benza ukufakwa elula kakhudlwana futhi ezishibhile. Indaba kuhlanganisiwe onobuhle ezifana German: StuG III, futhi StuG IV, Hummel futhi Wespe, izibhamu self ezinezinjini "uFerdinand" (okuthiwa fighters Hetzer futhi Elefant ithangi) nabanye abambalwa. Kusukela ekupheleni kuka-1944 ukukhiqizwa kwe-ACS eJalimane Udlule ukukhiqizwa umthamo amathangi.

I iRed Army balwa ngaphandle wezikhali serial self ezinezinjini. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-howitzer olulodwa self ezinezinjini SU-5 kuye kwamiswa ngo-1937. Kodwa ngo-July 1941, lapho kwaba izibhamu self ezinezinjini ZIS-30 uhlobo ngokwesivumelwano. Futhi ngonyaka ozayo emgqeni inhlangano waya lokushaya izibhamu imodeli SU-122. Kamuva counterweight German esindayo izimoto armored uvele abadumile SU-100 futhi Isitayela-152.

onjiniyela waseBrithani nowaseMelika baye bagxila amabutho awo ngokuyinhloko emsebenzini wokukhiqiza howitzers self ezinezinjini. Ngakho kwakunabantu abangu-imodeli: Sexton, uMbhishobhi, i-M12 kanye M7 Ophakeme.

Ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa main impi amathangi, isidingo ukusetshenziswa lokushaya izikhali wanyamalala. Anti-missile uhlelo nge indiza gunships ngempela ngempumelelo Ungashintshanisa ngumbhubhisi ethangini. Kodwa howitzers futhi anti-aircraft izibhamu bayatfutfuka kuze kube manje.

Njengoba ACS ububanzi bazo bakhula futhi lanwetshwa ngezigaba. Cabangela izinhlobo izibhamu self ezinezinjini, evele in isayensi lezempi namuhla.

tank abachithi

Njengoba leli gama lisikisela, imishini enjalo impi kukhona ezikhethekile ekubhubhiseni izimoto zempi. Ngokuvamile, basuke etholwe izikhali inqobo barreled izibhamu semiautomatic we ubukhulu 57 mm kuya ku-100 mm nge ebumbeneko ukushaja indlela evumela ukufeza nenani elikhulu umlilo. Heavy tank abachithi, ezakhelwe ukulwa okufanayo isitha umshini tanks esindayo kungenziwa bebehlome ngezibhamu eside barreled esehlukanisa ukushaja, ubukhulu lapho ufinyelela 155 mm. Ukufaka alesi sigaba ayizwakali ngokumelene elihamba futhi izinqaba. Nigxumagxume ekuthuthukiseni abazitholile ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili. abameleli Isici ithangi baphangi isikhathi yamaSoviet izibhamu self ezinezinjini SU-100 imodeli kanye "jagdpanther" German. Okwamanje, ukufakwa kwalesi isigaba wakhala izinhlelo anti-missile futhi ukulwa ezinophephela emhlane, okuyizinto kuphumelela kangcono ukubhekana nalesi simo amathangi.

ukushaya izibhamu

Ingabe izimoto armored ukwesekwa umlilo amathangi kanye elihamba phansi. ACS lolu hlobo ezinkulu-zingakuqeda yini ukuhlonyiswa ngezikhali (105-203 mm) noma izibhamu esifushane eside barreled, okuyinto kalula hit ebiyelweyo izikhundla elihamba phansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibhamu lokushaya angase wayisebenzisa ngokumelene amathangi. Lolu hlobo izibhamu self ezinezinjini, kanye esidlule, ayenziwa ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili. izibonelo ezisobala German lokushaya izibhamu eyayimfuqa steel StuG III, StuG H42 futhi Brummbar. Phakathi imishini Soviet zihlukaniswa: SU-122 SU-152. Ngemva kwempi, ukuthuthukiswa main impi amathangi kwaholela ekubeni iqiniso lokuthi ayengakhishwa zingakuqeda yini ukuhlonyiswa ngezikhali kanye ezinkulu-osezingeni izibhamu, uyakwazi abatelekile izinqaba isitha ngaphandle kwezinkinga kanye nemigomo unarmored. Ngakho, isidingo ukusebenzisa lokushaya izikhali wanyamalala.

howitzers Self ezinezinjini

Ingabe amathuluzi mobile umlilo ezikhundleni olufihliwe. Eqinisweni, yiyo kanye eyayimfuqa Analogue towed wezikhali. Okunjalo ACS osezingeni ahlomile wezikhali izinhlelo kusuka kwangu-75 kuya kwangu 406. Babefanele incwadi okuncane Ballistic, oluvikela ngaphandle umlilo esiphikisayo ibhethri. Zisuka nje, ukuthuthukiswa wezikhali self ezinezinjini athuthukiswe futhi howitzers self ezinezinjini. Izibhamu osezingeni enkulu engabe esakwazi ukuhamba okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi yesimanje positioning system ukwenza lolu hlobo kwezikhali phakathi ephumelela kunazo ngalolu suku.

Ikakhulukazi esetshenziswa kabanzi howitzers self ezinezinjini osezingeni mkhulu kunezinhliziyo 152 amamilimitha angu. Abakwazi ushaye at isitha sezikhali zenuzi, okuyinto wenza sikwazi ukuba achithe izinto ezinkulu futhi amaqembu amasosha inombolo encane isibhamu. Phakathi kwempi yezwe yesibili, izimoto German abadumile Wespe futhi Hummel, howitzers American M7 (Ophakeme) futhi i-M12, kanye British Sexton izibhamu self ezinezinjini no bhishobhi. ESoviet Union wazama usethe ukukhiqizwa imishini enjalo (model of the Su-5) ku-yalolucwaningo 40 kwekhulu elidlule, kodwa lo mzamo akuphumelelanga. Namuhla, ibutho yesimanje Russian ibhekene omunye the best howitzer self ezinezinjini emhlabeni - 2S19 "MSTA-S" ubukhulu 152 mm. Ngo amabutho NATO amazwe kuwufanele okunye 155-mm izibhamu oziphoqelela eyayimfuqa, "Paladin" enkonzweni.

anti

SAU kule kilasi semi evulekile noma vula umshini, ayehlome anti-tank izikhali. Ngokuvamile, basuke eyakhelwe base yokukhanya armored ithangi chassis, okuye zibuye ziphelelwe isikhathi ukusetshenziswa wawo ahlose ukuba usetshenziswe. Lezi Imishini ohlukaniswa inhlanganisela ezinhle intengo nekghono futhi ayatholakala amavolumu kuqhathaniswa eliphezulu. Noma kunjalo, namanje walahlekelwa izici bokulwa umshini ngaphezulu lunye. Isibonelo esihle waba umbhubhisi ithangi kweMpi Yezwe II kukhona umshini German Marder II lasezindlini SU-76M. Ngokuvamile, izinto ezincane zingakuqeda yini ukuhlonyiswa ngezikhali noma ukubeka izibhamu srednekalibernymi. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi kunezindlela inguqulo enamandla ngaphezulu, isibonelo, isiJalimane Nashorn ubukhulu 128 mm. Izinto zesimanje ibutho amayunithi azisetshenziswa.

antiaircraft

Kuyinto ezikhethekile inganono futhi izibhamu, umsebenzi kabani main ukunqoba ephansi engamamitha naphakathi engamamitha izindiza nezindiza ezinophephela emhlane isitha. Ngokuvamile benjalo esincane izibhamu okuzenzakalelayo ehlome (20-40 mm) kanye / noma osezingeni izibhamu ezinkulu (12,7-14,5 mm). Okuyisici esibalulekile anti-aircraft isiqondiso sesistimu akhatshana ezihambayo ngokushesha. Ngezinye izikhathi, basuke ngaphezu kwalokho behlome ngemibese ezicitshwayo we "phansi-to-air." Ngo ukulwa zasemadolobheni, futhi ezimweni lapho kudingeka ukuba simelane uquqaba enkulu elihamba, anti-aircraft izibhamu yabonisa uqobo kanye kungabi. Phakathi kwempi yezwe yesibili, ikakhulukazi zihlukaniswa German anti-aircraft izibhamu Wirbelwind futhi Ostwind, kanye ZSU-37 Soviet. ibutho Russian banamuhla buye ezimbili ZSU ehlome: 23-4 ( "Shilka") futhi "Tunguska".

ngokwesivumelwano

Ingabe ngokurhaba lokulwa izimoto, yakhelwe ngesisekelo amaloli kwezohwebo, wezikhali tractor kanye nogandaganda. Ukubhukha e SAU ngokwesivumelwano, njengoba umthetho, entulekayo. Phakathi ukufaka yasekhaya ukusatshalaliswa bafundzi beliklasi lefana yatholwa 57-mm self ezinezinjini anti-tank ZIS-30 ukulwa imoto ukuthi kusekelwe zilandelwa wezikhali ugandaganda "Komsomolets". Inqubo esetshenziswa kabanzi imishini ngokwesivumelwano, eJalimane lobuNazi nasemakamu wamaFascist Italy ngenxa yokuntula nezinye izimoto zempi.

A wezikhali self ezinezinjini ejwayelekile ye-USSR ngempumelelo ihlanganisa imisebenzi amakilasi amaningi. Isibonelo obusobala ngaloluhla kwaba imodeli Isitayela-152. AmaJalimane banamathela isu yokudala ezikhethekile kakhulu izibhamu self ezinezinjini. Ngenxa yalokho, ezinye amayunithi German zazingcono kakhulu e amaklasi abo.

ukusetshenziswa amaqhinga

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi ACS futhi yilokho abayikho, ake ufunde indlela yokusebenzisa nabo umkhuba. Injongo eyinhloko yawo wezikhali self ezinezinjini enkundleni yempi ukusekela ezinye izinhlobo amabutho ngezibhamu ezingontuluntulu ezikhundleni olufihliwe. Ngenxa yokuthi ACS abe ukuhamba okusezingeni eliphezulu, bangase ephelezelwa amathangi ngesikhathi sekhefu ngokusebenzisa izivikelo isitha, kakhulu okwandisa amakhono ukulwa kwezinhloko zamaviyo armored futhi elihamba phansi.

ukuhamba okuphezulu futhi kunikeza ithuba wezikhali self ezinezinjini sokuhlasela isitha. Ukuze wenze lokhu, pre-ibalwa zonke kwemigomo sokudubula. ACS ke ukuya isikhundla labadubuli futhi lokho kwaholela yahlasela isitha ngaphandle zeroing. Ngemva kwalokho, basheshe ukushiya umugqa labadubuli, futhi ngesikhathi lapho isitha ngeke abale indawo isiteleka sokuphindisela, isikhundla kufanele ingabi nalutho.

Uma amathangi isitha kanye embonini yezezimoto elihamba ikhefu wohlu lozalo ukuzivikela, wezikhali self ezinezinjini singasebenza njengesisekelo esiqinile sokufinyelela yimpumelelo anti-tank izikhali. Kuze kube yimanje, amanye amamodeli ACS bangene izinhlamvu amagobolondo lwabo olukhethekile.

Eminyakeni yamuva, wezikhali self ezinezinjini zaqala ukusetshenziswa ukubulala lokudutshulwa ukuthi afihle e sezimiso ukuhlasela kwezinye izindawo firepower.

Single wezikhali self ezinezinjini, ayehlome zenuzi ezicitshwayo ongabhubhisa izinto ezinkulu, nemizana enezivikelo eziqinile, kanye ekhukhwini amabutho esitha. Kulokhu, lo zenuzi ezicitshwayo ACS cishe akunakwenzeka ukuba ayothola. Nokho, ububanzi bamatshe kungenzeka okubhekiswe wezikhali nezinhlamvu ukuba ngaphansi kophawu noma izindiza nezikhali ezijikijelwayo Tactical, kanye namandla ngenxa yokuqhuma kwebhomu.

ilungiselelo

Okuvame kakhulu kude, imishini self ezinezinjini kuvame eyakhelwe base ethangini nokukhanya chassis armored izimoto zilandelwa. Kuzo zombili lezi zimo ilungiselelo izingxenye neyesifunda kuyafana. Ngokungafani amathangi, umbhoshongo ukufakwa ACS sise ezingemuva zempi izindlu, hhayi phakathi. Ngakho inqubo lokuveza izinhlamvu emhlabathini lula kakhulu. Engine-ukudluliswa band, ngokulandelana elise phambi nesabelo phakathi yalo. Ngenxa yokuthi ukudluliswa sise umnsalo, kungcono ukuthi amasondo phambi uholela. Nokho, lamanje ACS mkhuba maqondana nokusetshenziswa ezingemuva-wheel drive.

ukwehlukana ukuphathwa, yilo- kho - emsebenzini umshayeli, iseduze gearbox maphakathi umshini noma eduze lwesobunxele lwaso. Motor itholakala phakathi iphuzu kwelinye lamagumbi yokushayela kanye nezisebenzi. Ukulwa gumbi kuhlanganisa nezinhlamvu namadivayisi kuhloswe izibhamu.

Futhi echazwe samuntu ukubeka izingxenye kanye nasemihlanganweni emikhulu, isibhamu ukukhweza angase aqambe ka Tank isampula. Ngezinye izikhathi, benza ukumela abasebenzi ithangi umbhoshongo esikhundleni umbhoshongo ekhethekile nge rate of instrument futhi imishini isiqondiso. Lapha thina sikanye nawe futhi uthole ukuthi ziphathelene nani ACS.

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