KumiswaIsayensi

Kuyini i-biotechnology? Izikhombisi-main nokufeza

Ingabe uyazi ukuthi yini i-biotechnology? Kanti anizazeli yini okuthile ngakho wezwa. Lokhu kuyingxenye ebalulekile ye eziphilayo yesimanje. Waba, like i-physics, omunye Izinto eziseqhulwini emnothweni wamazwe omhlaba nesayensi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. Kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka edlule, kwakungekho muntu owayazi ukuthi i-biotechnology. Nokho, wabeka izisekelo usosayensi, owaphila ngekhulu le-19. I-biotechnology iye wathola yisisusa esinamandla ekuthuthukiseni ngomsebenzi abacwaningi ezivela eFrance Lui Pastera (iminyaka yokuphila - 1822-1895). Nguye owasungula ka kwezokugoma yesimanje wezinto ezincane eziphilayo.

Ekhulwini lama-20, ngokushesha lakhiwa zofuzo ezinto eziphilayo nasemkhakheni wezinto kwentuthuko zemvelo noma yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali. Ngalesi sikhathi, endaweni ebaluleke kakhulu kwakuyisimo ukuthuthukiswa izindlela ukuze sihlakulele nezitshalo nezilwane amaseli.

ucwaningo splash

Ngo-1980 kwakungekho yokwanda ucwaningo i-biotechnology. Ngalesi sikhathi izindlela ezintsha methodical futhi methodological ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kwathatha ukusetshenziswa emkhakheni we-biotechnology isayensi kanye umkhuba sezisunguliwe. Manje ungafunda kusuka kulesi omkhulu umphumela kwezomnotho. It is afakwa ukuthi imikhiqizo biotech kwadingeka benze ekuqaleni kwekhulu entsha, ingxenye yesine ka zekhofi emhlabeni wonke.

Umsebenzi eyenziwa ezweni lethu

ukuthuthukiswa-biotechnology Active yayiba ngalesi sikhathi ezweni lethu. I-Russian ukuthi nakhona kwafezeka ukunwetshwa abalulekile umsebenzi kule ndawo kanye nokwethulwa Imiphumela yabo 1980. Ezweni lethu ngalesi sikhathi lakhiwe futhi iqalise uhlelo lokuqala kuyi-biotechnology ngesilinganiso sesizwe sonke. izikhungo Special kweminyango, longcweti abaqeqeshwe biotechnologists ziye zadalwa, umnyango based futhi laboratory eyenziwe ngo amanyuvesi kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo.

I-biotechnology namuhla

Namhlanje bajwayele ngakho kule ndlela, bambalwa kakhulu abantu bazibuze: "Kuyini yokushintshwa kwezakhi zofuzo?" Okwamanje, ukuba azi ngakho ngokuningiliziwe bekungeke kube engadingekile. izinqubo Modern kulo mkhakha zisekelwe nokusebenzisa izindlela isakhi sokuzakhela DNA kanye enzyme ezibuthaka, organelles noma amaseli. i-biotechnology yesimanje isayensi amaselula kanye zofuzo zobunjiniyela nobuchwepheshe nezindlela sokudalwa nokusebenzisa izakhi zofuzo siguqulwe izinto yemvelo ukuze ziqinise ukukhiqizwa noma ukuthuthukiswa izinhlobo ezintsha imikhiqizo. Zintathu izindawo eziyinhloko esiyihambayo manje ukuchaza.

i-biotechnology zezimboni

Lokhu isiqondiso kungathiwa ezihlukahlukene obomvu-biotechnology (imithi). Kuthathwa esicini esibaluleke kunazo zonke e-biotechnology. Bayanda nendima ebalulekile abayidlalayo kuleli kwemithi (ikakhulukazi, ngoba wokwelapha isifo somdlavuza). ukubaluleka Omkhulu we-biotechnology ku uphethwe. esetshenziswa Basuke, isibonelo, uma udala biosensors, chips DNA. E-Austria, i-i-biotechnology abomvu namhlanje uyawuthanda ukuqashelwa kahle deserved. Wayecabanga ngisho injini ukuthuthukiswa kwamanye amagatsha.

Qhubekela ezihlukahlukene olandelayo we-biotechnology ezimbonini. Lokhu-biotechnology oluhlaza. Isetshenziselwa lapho ukukhethwa senziwa. I-biotechnology manje unikeza lesi izindlela ezikhethekile ngawo amathuluzi isakhiwa yokulwisana ngokumelene yokubulala ukhula, amagciwane, isikhunta nezinambuzane. Konke lokhu nakho kubalulekile kakhulu, niyabo.

Ukuze uthole emkhakheni we-biotechnology oluhlaza kubaluleke ngokukhethekile, ukushintshwa kwezakhi zofuzo. Ngalo idalwa ngokudlulisela izakhi zofuzo nomhlobo owodwa isitshalo kwenye, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ososayensi bayakwazi ukuthonya ukuthuthukiswa izici ukumelana izakhiwo.

i-biotechnology Gray isetshenziselwa nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. izindlela zayo esetshenziswa zokuhlanzwa kwendle, inhlabathi kulungiswa, ekhuhla qeda emoyeni, kabusha.

Kodwa akugcini lapho. Kukhona i-biotechnology ezimhlophe, ehlanganisa endaweni ukusetshenziswa embonini zamakhemikhali. izindlela Biotechnological kulokhu ezisetshenziswa ephephile kusukela iphuzu kwemvelo umbono futhi umkhiqizo othe enzyme, imithi elwa namagciwane, ama-amino acid, amavithamini, kanye notshwala.

Futhi ekugcineni, kwezinhlobo zokugcina. Blue-biotechnology kusekelwe isicelo lobuchwepheshe eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene futhi izinqubo wesayensi yezinto zasolwandle. Kulokhu, esikhungweni ucwaningo - begazi eziphilayo ezihlala izilwandle zomhlaba.

Yiya elilandelayo isiqondiso - Cell Engineering.

Engineering yeselula

It is bekwi-ukukhiqizwa hybridomas, cloning, cwaningo izindlela yeselula, "hybrid" amaseli, kwakhiwa amamephu zofuzo. Qala kungokwalabo iminyaka 1960 lapho kwakukhona indlela hybridization lamaseli ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo. Kuye ngcono ngesikhathi izindlela kulinywe, naletinye tindlela kwezicubu ezikhulayo. hybridization ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo, lapho nzalo zidalwe ngaphandle iqhaza inqubo ngokobulili, namuhla kwenziwe ngokuhlakulela cell imigqa ezihlukahlukene uhlobo olufanayo, noma ngokusebenzisa izinhlobo ezihlukene zamangqamuzana.

Hybridomas nencazelo yawo

Hybridomas, nzalo ou hlangana kwama-lymphocyte (amangqamuzana avamile wamasosha omzimba) kanye isimila, babe izakhiwo cell imigqa sabazali. Ziyakwazi, njengesifo somdlavuza, ukwabelana unomphela kwimidiya izakhi yokufakelwa (ie, kukhona "ukungafi"), futhi kungase, efana lymphocyte ukukhiqiza eyohlobo (monoclonal) amasosha omzimba kokuba ngokucacile kuchazwe. La masosha omzimba asetshenziswa izinjongo zokuxilonga nokwelapha, njengoba reagents e ebucayi izidakamizwa organic nabanye.

Esinye isici esibangela cell ubunjiniyela kuyinto manipulation amaseli entula nuclei nge nuclei khulula kanye nezinye izindengezi. Lezi manipulations ziyancipha ukuze ngokuhlanganisa izingxenye cell. Ekuhloleni okufanayo nge udayi noma microinjection ku-chromosome iseli Kwenziwa ukunquma indlela cytoplasm futhi nucleus ezithinta nomunye, yini izici lokulawula umsebenzi zezakhi zofuzo ezihlukahlukene, kanjalonjalo.

Ukusebenzisa kwakwakhe kusaqalwa ukuthuthukiswa ezahlukene iseli imibungu etshalwa ngakho ngokuthi izilwane KaMose. Kungenjalo, bebizwa chimeras. Zakhiwa 2 izinhlobo amaseli nge genotypes ezahlukene. Ngokuthola lezi ucwaningo, kokubili phakathi ukuthuthukiswa umzimba kwenzeka kwamangqamuzana kwezicubu namaseli.

cloning

i-biotechnology yesimanje Kuyinto engacabangeki ngaphandle cloning. Ukuhlolwa ezihlobene ukudluliselwa ezahlukene ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo cell nuclei ku enucleated izilwane (isb elingenalo nucleus) Iqanda ne ukutshalwa eminye i umzimba omdala okuholela umbungu sezenziwe amashumi eminyaka. Noma kunjalo, safike eyaziwa kahle kakhulu kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. Namuhla sikubiza ucwaningo ezifana cloning isilwane.

Bambalwa abantu namuhla abangalwazi Dolly izimvu. Ngo-1996, eduze Edinburgh (Scotland) ku Roslin Institute bakha sokuqala esincelisayo, okuyinto lagcwaliseka emangqamuzaneni i umzimba omdala iye yenziwa. Kwaba Dolly emfutshane Clone okuqala.

genetic engineering

Olwaqalwa ekuqaleni 1970, ukushintshwa kwezakhi zofuzo namuhla uye sakhombisa inqubekela phambili ebonakalayo. izindlela wakhe wokuguqula amaseli mammalian, imvubelo, amagciwane kulezi "ezimbonini" ngoba ukukhiqizwa kwanoma yiphi amaprotheni. impumelelo enjalo yesayensi kunikeza ithuba lokuyofunda ngokuningiliziwe Imisebenzi kanye nezimiso zakwa amaprotheni ukusetshenziswa njengoba izidakamizwa.

Eziyisisekelo we-biotechnology manje asetshenziswa kabanzi. E. coli, isibonelo, isibe e wethu umphakeli isikhathi esibalulekile-hormone okuthiwa i-hormone ukukhula insulini. Osetshenziswayo genetic engineering ihlose ukwakha molecule e-DNA isakhi sokuzakhela. Ngokwethulwa kungaphefumuli ngezakhi zofuzo, bakwazi ukunikeza umzimba kuyazuzisa izakhiwo womuntu. Ngokwesibonelo, ungathola "bioreactor", ie izilwane, izitshalo nezilwanyakazana ezincane ukuthi baye banyathelisa into pharmacologically kubalulekile kubantu. I-biotechnology kwentuthuko ziye zaholela kungenzeka yokuzalanisa isilwane izinhlobo kanye zezitshalo benezici ezibalulekile kubantu. Ukusebenzisa izindlela genetic engineering kungenzeka ukuba afeze isitifiketi zofuzo ukudala wokugoma DNA ukuxilonga izifo ezihlukahlukene zofuzo kanye nabanye.

isiphetho

Ngakho, siye waphendula lo mbuzo: "? Iyini i-biotechnology" Yiqiniso, kulesi sihloko iqukethe ulwazi kuphela eziyisisekelo ngakho, izinkomba efakwe ohlwini kafushane. Lolu lwazi isiqondiso ukunika kuphela umqondo jikelele ziyini biotechnology yesimanje futhi asetshenziswe kanjani.

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