Kuyini igama langempela lomuntu Mark Twain?

Namhlanje ikusho emhlabeni odumile umbhali waseMelika, abaqavile emphakathini kanye nezintatheli. igama Real Mark Twain - Samuweli Clemens. Yazalwa ngo-Missouri, edolobhaneni Florida, ngo-1835, ngomhla ka-30 Novemba. USamuweli efa ngo-1910, 21 Apreli. lokusungula yakhe ihlanganisa ezihlukahlukene izinhlobo - ukubhinqa, amahlaya, journalism, eqanjiwe, zefilosofi nabanye, futhi bonke kuthatha isikhundla uhambisane - entandweni yeningi futhi sezifundo.

Uphenyo Mark Twain nabanye abalobi

Uilyam Folkner wathi kuSamuweli Clemens (igama Mark Twain langempela) owayiloba wokuqala American ngempela. Futhi u-Ernest Hemingway wayekholelwa ukuthi izincwadi zanamuhla American weza ngokuphelele incwadi ngokuthi Twain "The Adventures of Huckleberry uFinn." ERussia, abalobi yasekhaya ikakhulukazi ngokufudumele okukhuluma ngoSamuweli Clemens waphendula Alexander Kuprin futhi Maxim Gorky.

Umsuka isidlaliso

Igama samanje umbhali Mark Twain esihlatshiwe lingasetshenziswanga kubo ukuba zinyatheliswe emaphephandabeni imisebenzi. Ngaso sonke isikhathi ngemvume mbumbulu. Umbhali umangalele ukuthi ngalo leli gama elithi waba insizwa bazibiza - Marku Tven - igama elithi livela navigation emfuleni. Ngaleso sikhathi, umbhali esizayo ababebakhonza Mississippi umsizi umshayeli ukukhala lokhu (nge yesiNgisi "uphawu kabili" umsindo ngokwezwi nezwi lisho "uphawu ezimbili") ubonisa ukuthi uphawu emgqeni Ukushaywa ifinyelele efanelekayo aphansi kakhulu ukudlula emfuleni ahlukahlukene sokucaba-2 ukujula kungamafathomu (mayelana 3.7 amamitha).

Kodwa kukhona enye inguqulo ye kusolwa umsuka kwezincwadi isiteketiso: kwelinye omagazini American ngo-1861 kwaba khona indaba ezihlekisayo "I-North Star" Artemus Lesigceme, utshela amatilosi ezintathu, igama oyedwa wabo Mark Tven (igama langempela Mark Twain, thina ngachaza). USamuweli walithanda umnyango yamahlaya ye umagazini obizwa ngokuthi "Ize Fair". Umlobi othile ukusebenza wokuqala (abhalwe ngezansi) ukufunda okusebenza Artemus Lesigceme.

Ngaphandle alias ngenhla, ngo-1896, USamuweli uyaphinda ngemvume igama "Sieur Lui De Conte". Ngaphansi kwalo wanyathelisa omunye amanoveli akhe.

umbhali esakhula

USamuweli wazalwa edolobheni elincane elibizwa ngokuthi Florida, etholakala e-United States, e isimo Missouri. Kamuva lo mlisa babenza ukuthi isibalo sezikhungo izakhamuzi zakhona ngamaphesenti omunye ukubukeka kwayo emhlabeni. Ingane kwaba yesithathu ezinganeni ezine ZikaJohane Jane Clemens. Lapho esemncane kakhulu, abazali bami bathuthela e beyofuna ukuphila okungcono emzini uHannibal e isimo esifanayo. Nguye futhi izakhamizi zakhe zatholakala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi immortalized imisebenzi abadumile kaSamuweli Clemens, ikakhulukazi eshicilelwe ngo-1876 kule noveli "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer."

umsebenzi wokuqala

Ngo-1847, ubaba wakhe wabulawa i-pneumonia Clemens, ngenkathi beshiya izingane eziningi izikweletu. Indodana endala okuthiwa Orion ngokushesha waqala ukusakaza iphephandaba ayo futhi Sam waqala ukwenza umnikelo imbangela njengoba typesetter, futhi ngezinye izikhathi nombhali izihloko ezehlukene. Bekuba ngasuthi amanye amatheksti impikiswano kakhulu futhi ephapheme amaphepha zilotshwé nje omncane, lapho i-Orion kwaba ngaphandle kwedolobha. Sam futhi ngezinye izikhathi waya eNew York futhi St. Louis.

Isikhathi ukuqala umbhali i-career

Call of the Mississippi ekugcineni wahosha Mark Twain, futhi waqala ukukhonza emkhunjini njengoba umshayeli. Kwaba umsebenzi okuyinto wavuma ngu Clemens, yena ayezonikela konke ukuphila kwakhe, kodwa ekuqaleni yombango, okwaphela ngo-1861, inkampani lokuthumela yangasese. Ngakho-ke umbhali esizayo waphoqeleka ukuba afune omunye umsebenzi.

Ukungena Masonic Lodge

Wahlanganyela namaFreemason Lodge "Polar Star" ngoMeyi 1861 ngo-St Louis. USamuweli wayesebamukisa ngesikhathi evakashele isimiso iPalestine "isando" ebhokisini ikheli, ukuze ehambisana incwadi, ulele isitayela ezihlekisayo. Kuyo abazalwane ukuthi isibambo isando ukuthi ezibaziweyo wawakhipha isiqu umsedari oseLebanoni, okutshaliweyo eduze kwezindonga zeJerusalema, Gotfrid Bulonsky.

Mark Tven (igama langempela lomuntu umbhali - Samuweli Clemens) ngemva komngane emfushane izidlamlilo (isipiliyoni, yena sichazwe ngokucacile le 1885), ngo-July 1861 empini waya entshonalanga. Ngaleso sikhathi, umfowabo Orion wacelwa ukuba abe umbusi Nevada uNobhala-Iphathwe. Orion noSam sagibela Prairies amasonto amabili endaweni stagecoach eVirginia idolobha lezimayini elinabantu, lapho esiliva sasithathwa.

entshonalanga

Twain njengendlela umlobi kwakhiwa ngokunembile lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho abahlala entshonalanga ye-United States. Yena wakha sisekelo encwadini yakhe yesibili. Enethemba wenze umcebo Nevada, Clemens wayeqashwe wokumba futhi waqala ukukhipha esiliva. Umlobi kwadingeka ukuba aphile isikhathi eside ekamu nabanye abantu abasebenza - le ndlela yokuphila kwachazwa kuye kamuva izincwadi. Kodwa wehlulekile ube yimpumelelo prospector USamuweli yena, waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye impango kanye uthole iphephandaba elilodwa eVirginia, lapho eqala ukusebenzisa okokuqala wamenza mbumbulu abadumile Mark Tven. Umlobi e 1864 wathuthela eCalifornia, San Francisco, lapho eqala ukushicilela ama-athikili kanyekanye amaphephandaba amaningana. Ukuze Twain ngo-1865 kwafika impumelelo kuqala emkhakheni izincwadi, lapho edala indaba ezihlekisayo wazizwa kangcono ukudala eMelika umkhiqizo e uhlobo ezihlekisayo kanye zibhaliwe yonkana Melika.

USamuweli Clemens wahola iphephandaba Hawaii "Sacramento Union" entwasahlobo ka-1866. Wayekhona Yiqiniso yohambo lwakhe ukuze ubhale izincwadi mayelana ezamehlela esikhathini esidlule naye. umbhali wabo ukubuyela e-San Francisco elinde impumelelo engakaze ibonwe. Dzhon Mak Funisisa, uColonel, umshicileli lephephandaba ngokuthi "Alta California" wasikisela Mark Twain lizobona emhlabeni isimo nge ukufunda izinkulumo kuyajabulisa. Zagijima ngokushesha eyathandwa kakhulu, futhi umbhali, futhi ejabulisa izilaleli njalo isilaleli lokuqoqa dollar, bahamba lonke isimo.

Incwadi yokuqala eshicilelwe

Mark Tven (igama langempela lomuntu umbhali babe sethule ngenhla) njengoba umbhali uye baphumelele kokuqala kwenye yohambo lwakhe. Wancenga e 1867. Mack Comba umxhasi uhambo lwakhe oluya eMpumalanga Ephakathi naseYurophu. Njengoba intatheli Juni kulo nyaka ke abagibele "Cracker City" waya Izwe Elidala. Ngo-August, umbhali waqala Sevastopol, Yalta nase-Odessa. Mark Tven (igama langempela Mark Twain - Samuweli Clemens) lichaza ekwakheni ithimba wavakashela umkhumbi Russian yokuhlala zombusi e Livadia.

izinhlamvu eyabhalwa kuye phakathi nohambo lwakhe e-Asia naseYurophu waya ehhovisi futhi washicilelwa ephephandabeni, bese kwaba yisisekelo incwadi ebizwa ngokuthi "The abangenacala Kwamanye Amazwe." Wazalelwa ngo-1869, kwaba impumelelo enkulu. Abantu abaningi babeyazi indlela umbhali kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe kwaba njengoba uMdali umsebenzi.

Ngo-1870 Samuweli washada Olivia Langdon, wayohlala emzini Buffalo, esemgwaqweni esifundazweni US of New York. Kamuva, wathuthela Hartford (CT). Le nkathi kwaba izinkulumo e-England nase-United States. Ngemva omlobi waqala ukwakha ukubhinqa abukhali, egxeka osopolitiki kanye umphakathi waseMelika. Lokhu kunjalo ikakhulukazi nobuntu ukuze Published 1883 iqoqo onesihloko esithi "Ukuphila Mississippi".

umsebenzi wakhe

Elikhulu kakhulu yembhali izincwadi American futhi izwe kubhekwa inoveli yakhe "The Adventures of Huckleberry uFinn." ethandwa kakhulu babe futhi baqhubeke "The Prince and the umpofu," "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer," "A Connecticut Yankee", kanye eshiwo ngenhla encwadini "Ukuphila Mississippi", ehlanganisa izindaba ngokuphila kwakhe. Umlobi Waqala inkambo yakhe kwabathobekileyo amavesi yamahlaya, futhi igcwaliswe Tindzaba nokuziphatha komuntu, egcwele indida esihle kanye amapheshana satirical futhi ukucabanga zefilosofi ku isiphetho yonke impucuko.

izinkulumo eziningi kanye indlela ayebukeka ngayo emphakathini noma azizange aqoshiwe noma kwalahleka, ezinye izincwadi nemisebenzi kungavunyelwe ukushicilelwa uMdali esikhathini sakhe, futhi sekungamashumi eminyaka ngemva kokufa umbhali.

Mark Tven khona eyiqaphuqaphu kakhulu. Ukuba udumo wathola nokubonwa, wayehumusha isikhathi esiningi ukusesha neziphiwo abasha, esiza ukuba baphule ngosizo ithonya kanye nekushicilela inkampani yayo, aluthola umbhali.

Isithakazelo kwezesayensi ubungane Nikola Tesla

USamuweli asithandayo izinkinga ngokwesayensi. Wayengumuntu umngane Nikola Tesla wachitha isikhathi esiningi lab yakhe. Umsebenzi esithi "Connecticut Yankee" umbhali kuhlanganisiwe travel sikhathi, esiye saholela yokuthi ubuchwepheshe wesimanje phakathi nesikhathi iNkosi Arthur eNgilandi. Icashunwe enovelini imininingwane yezobuchwepheshe zisikisela ukuthi umlobi wayeyazi impumelelo yezesayensi nkathi yakhe.

ukucwaninga mpikiswano

Ngezinye izikhathi imisebenzi ngazinye Mark Twain, ukucwaninga izici American kungavunyelwe ukushicilela, ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Lokhu kungenxa kakhulu ngenxa isikhundla asebenzayo zenhlalo nezomphakathi lembhali. Ezinye zazo kungenzeka ukucasula imizwa benkolo besikhathi sakhe, ngakho-ke Twain akazange ukushicilela le misebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, wahlala lungashicilelwe kuze 1916, "I Stranger Engaqondakali". Abanye imisebenzi ukuma anti-zenkolo kuze 1940 kuze kube.

Kowezi-2000, imizamo wamphilisa wamenza e-United States ukuba zivimbele "The Adventures of Huckleberry uFinn" ngenxa yokuthi abaqukethwe incazelo okungokwemvelo ngamazwi okuhlaselayo ngenxa yokuqashwa kwabantu abansundu. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umlobi wayephikisa nababusi balo kanye nobuhlanga kanye bo rejection wale mithandazo waya okuningi kunokuklabalasa labantu besikhathi sakhe, izwi, okuyinto ezinsukwini zika lo mbhali aye lisetshenziswa jikelele namuhla umsindo ngempela izethuko zohlanga. E-United States ngo-2011, ngo-February, kube nephutha uhlelo lokuqala "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" futhi "Huckleberry uFinn", adalwe umlobi ngaphansi mbumbulu likaMarku Tven (igama langempela - Samuweli Langhorne Clemens) lapho lezi zinkulumo kwathathelwa indawo abanye, kwezombusazwe lesifanele .

Njalo is Biography emfushane somlobi.

Ngakho, sathola igama langempela Mark Twain. Foreign Temibhalo (Grade 4) lisisiza ukuba sazi lo mbhali. umbhali esebenza njenge-umfundi esikoleni sabaqalayo. Nokho, amakilasi aphansi akuvamile yisho yokuthi uMarku Tven - mbumbulu. Manje uyazi igama langempela inganekwane Mark Twain sika "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" - umsebenzi ngokuvamile zihlanganisa yezifundo zezikole.