Kuyini lwesinaphi igesi?

War - esesabekayo njalo nelesabekayo. Kodwa ezinye izikhali sinesihluku ukuze zawumisa kube nemihlangano yezizwe icatshangwe emkhakheni zempi. Lezi zingozi zihlanganisa ama lwesinaphi igesi, ngokuvamile eyaziwa ngokuthi lwesinaphi ejenti.

Ubunjalo bomuntu kanye amakhemikhali

Lokhu ejenti zamakhemikhali has ifomula (Cl-CH ₂ CH ₂₎ 2S. Mustard iphathelene vesicatory ngokuphelele ebhubhisa amaphaphu nge ephefumula ngisho amanani elincane igesi. Ngokuphelele ingena emzimbeni ngesikhumba, iraba buso ejwayelekile futhi permeable.

Ingqikithi ayinakho umbala, kodwa kwezinye izimo wabonakaliswa okuncane tinge aphuzi noma ogqamile. Kukholakala ukuthi lwesinaphi uthola igama layo kusukela iphunga eyinqaba efana iphunga imbewu fresh zalesi sitshalo, kodwa yabasindileyo ngokuvamile ukukhumbula mayelana nephunga horseradish.

"Ukubhapathizwa umlilo"

Okokuqala eqoshiwe ukulwa nokusetshenziswa e kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, lapho ohlangothini German wadubula amagobolondo lwesinaphi igesi amabutho Russian. Kwathi ngaphansi edolobheni Ypres (Belgium) ngo-1917.

Endabeni usebenzisa ngowokuqala ukulwa ubuthi kwavele abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-2.5, nge wafa 87 babo. wemithi English ngokushesha bakwazi ukwenza lwesinaphi igesi ekhaya, kodwa ukukhiqizwa yayo wakwazi ukusungula kuphela ngonyaka, futhi izinyanga ezimbili nje ngemva ukuxolelana esasayinwa.

Qaphela ukuthi Okokuqala Umhlaba waziwa ngokuthi ngesikhathi ejenti ezinobuthi esetshenziswe omningi. Ngisho eMpini Yezwe II bachitha incane kakhulu. Cabanga nje ngalokhu: eminyakeni embalwa nje usebenzisa lwesinaphi igesi amakhanda amasosha elachithwa cishe abayizigidi ezingu-12 amathani ushevu! ubuthi ezinzima wathola abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-400.

Kungani kuyingozi kangaka

Ingqikithi ngokushesha umshini idumela elibi kakhulu ngisho phakathi amabutho aseJalimane. Qala nge yokuthi lwesinaphi igesi (ngaphambi kwathatha isimo gaseous, vele) kancane kakhulu iyasha. Insimu, okuyinto baye bangenwa kubo izinsuku ezimbalwa obulalayo ukuba zonke izinto eziphilayo.

Kodwa ngcolile kuyinto ngomphumela okuba emzimbeni womuntu.

umphumela yesiteleka

Njengoba lwesinaphi igesi has a ejenti ibhamuza, pass wokuqala adjudged isikhumba. On the isikhumba ngokushesha kwakhiwa Bubbles elikhulu eligcwele ichor aphuzi futhi ubomvu. abantu athintekayo hamba impumputhe, yathi lacrimation, nokugxaza amathe (kwenyuke amathe), kanye ubuhlungu zandiswe sinuses. Ngemva ukuxhumana ukuhlakazwa particulate udaba pheshana emathunjini ukuthuthukisa uhudo olubi, isicanucanu futhi cramping esiswini.

Mustard gas omshoshaphansi kakhulu iqiniso lokuthi ngisho nalapho udle izimpawu zaso umthamo phakathi kungenzeka amahora kuphela ngemva kuka-12 noma kamuva ngisho ngosuku. Uma okuhlushwa nesikhathi ukuchayeka baphakeme, ukubonakaliswa ebonwe kwamahora ambalwa.

ISIBONELO ukulwa ukusebenza

IsiZulu Major White Jikelele ngo-1918 kwakulandelwa iqembu amasosha alimele futhi elimele kusukela lwesinaphi isitimela esibhedlela. Fika esiteshini esilandelayo, kwadingeka sithathe esinye nqwaba amasosha alimele. Omunye abakhuzi bamasosha bebona ukuthi ukhohlwe izinto zabo abayizisulu, phakathi kobani omabonakude e lesikhumba icala emsamo. Wasuka ngokushesha akuthatha, abese elengiswa e gumbi yakhe waya embhedeni.

Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, kwakulokhu amathonsi ambalwa ejenti zamakhemikhali mayelana naleli cala. Phakathi nobusuku bahamba yanyamalala. Ngisho umthamo elincane kangaka ngokwanele esikhulwini zaphazamiseka kakhulu ukuba amehlo. Ngenhlanhla, wakwazi ukwelapha, kodwa kwathatha ezintathu (!) Izinyanga. Cabanga nje ngalokhu: kusukela ambalwa amathonsi umuntu izinyanga eziningana. Yini sikhuluma lapho amasosha bazithola phakathi ...

ngokwempilo yangenyama

Kukholakala ukuthi le gesi lwesinaphi (sulphur lwesinaphi) imiphumela hhayi 100% we izimo, ukufa. Ngokuvamile iphutha lezisulu kuthiwa ululama, nakuba kuthatha isikhathi eside kakhulu. Nokho, "alulame" lingahunyushwa ngokuthi elula, njengoba abaningi izibazi omkhulu phezu konke ukuphila kwakhe. Ingxenye enkulu abathintekayo ngokushesha bebhekene nenkinga kungazelelwe yavela nezifo ezingamahlala khona.

Uma i-pair of lwesinaphi igesi ngisho lokuhlala ngomzuzu angangena emzimbeni nokuthumba owesifazane owayezithwele, khona-ke (ngaphandle kwe-ezinkathini zakamuva), kuba pheze 100% ithuba ubelethe umntwana nge ukukhubazeka kwezakhi zofuzo, kwamaphutha ekuthuthukisweni ngokwengqondo nangokomzimba.

Abscesses, okuyinto akhiwa kule isikhumba womuntu ngenxa yokuchayeka lwesinaphi igesi, ziphathwa kakhulu, kubi kakhulu. Abasele kufanele usinqume esitho ethintekile njengoba Izilonda omkhulu iqhubeka uqale ukwesabisa ukuthuthukiswa esibhibhayo, ushevu womuntu imikhiqizo umzimba kwamazinyo.

Endabeni ephefumula lwesinaphi umusi cishe njalo ukufa kwenzeka (90%), ngoba amaphaphu kuthiwa ukubola acishe kweso, kodwa uma othile bayosinda, konke ukuphila ke kuzokhutshazwa.

Izimo letitsintsa nekusebenta lwesinaphi

Cishe ngokushesha nje ngemva kokuqala ukusetshenziswa lwesinaphi igesi Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi abaningi ngempumelelo okusebenza kushisa futhi yomile. Isizathu sisobala: ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu izinga ukuhwamuka we agent emoyeni impi kuyathuthuka kakhulu, futhi esikhumbeni Sweaty usengozini kakhulu ubuthi.

Ngezinye lokushisa 14 nje Celsius lwesinaphi ngokushesha eqina ngenxa yamakhaza. Ngeshwa, izithasiselo nje ekhethekile Kuye kwasungulwa, okuyinto ingeza chemical ejenti kuba esitebeleni kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumelana zeqhwa inyuka ukuze ingasetshenziswa ngisho sikhula kahle ezindaweni ezibandayo kakhulu.

Ikakhulukazi, ngaphambi nje kokuba ukuvinjelwa lwenzelwe lwesinaphi ingxube, okuyinto ikuvumela ukuba ngempumelelo ukuyisebenzisa ngisho e-Arctic. Mshini wezenzo ilula: esinobuthi amagobolondo umlilo, bese amancane ushevu amathonsi kuxazululwe phezu izingubo nezikhali isitha. Uma abantu beze egumbini ucishe efudumele, uqala ngokushesha shabalala ngokushesha futhi imbangela ubuthi.

Njengoba sazi ukuthi lwesinaphi igesi iyona 1 st Umhlaba namanje anobuthi, sezwe okunobuthi sikhula kahle ezindaweni ezibandayo e ngokuvamile ahlale esiyingozi amashumi eminyaka.

Imiphumela yesikhathi eside

Maye, ngisho ngalesi ubuthi imiphumela lwesinaphi igesi akugcini lapho. Iqiniso lokuthi yalolu ketshezi enobuthi cishe kulimaze -DNA yomuntu. Amasosha, ngaphansi ukuhlaselwa bamakhemikhali e Ypres, hhayi walibulala. Abanye babo babuyela ekhaya, abaningi kuzo ubudala enzalo. Amaphesenti sengozini nezifo ngenxa yezakhi zofuzo e lezingane zabo nabazukulu kukhona izikhathi eziningi ngaphezu kwezihlalo izinkomba evamile.

Mustard igesi - umdlavuza anamandla futhi mutagen. Ngezinye Ypres, lapho kwase kuqala asetshenziswa, namanje kukhona nokuholele yomdlavuza.

isimo yamanje

Njengoba sishilo, umphumela ukusetshenziswa lwesinaphi gas washaqeka ngakho emphakathini international, ukuthi leyo minyaka waqala izwakale amazwi mthetho yakhe ephelele. Lesi sihloko wavuswa futhi iNhlangano Yezizwe ne-UN, egcwele nomlandeli wayo. Yilokho kuphela ngemva engapheli zamahlelo bureaucratic esiqaliwe WWII, bese ukuthatha izinqumo ezifanele ngokuphindaphindiwe yoniwa.

Kwakungenxa nje ngo-1993, cishe ngemva kweminyaka 100 iminyaka kusukela ukulwa ukusetshenziswa lokuqala lwesinaphi igesi, yena, njengabo bonke abanye chemical impi ejenti, wavalwa ngokuphelele. Okwamanje emhlabeni wonke oseleyo ezikhali zamakhemikhali ilahlwe. Ikakhulukazi, akunjalo kudala, insimu yase-Aramu ushiye zokugcina lwesinaphi igesi. Ubuthi maduzane elizobe kabusha ngokuphelele.