Kuyini umphakathi eRussia lasendulo?

Izazi-mlando ukuthi umphakathi abatadisha eRussia lasendulo, ihlaba umkhosi ezimbili izinhlobo amaqembu omphakathi - ezisemadolobheni nezisemakhaya. Babehlala iningi labantu East Slavic isimo.

emiphakathini yasemakhaya

Izakhamuzi e Rus sidilizwa babehilelekile isilwane nenhlanzi ukudoba kanye, yebo, ukutshala umhlaba. Abantu abahlala imizana nasezindaweni zasemaphandleni ezikude akuhlanganisileyo ukwenza kube lula ukukhula isivuno ocebile, futhi ukukhokha izintela izikhulu. Kuyini umphakathi, uma sisebenzisa nesilulumagama isikhathi? Lokhu intambo. Musa ukudida lo mqondo nge endaweni lapho imikhumbi isakhiwo. Verwey wathola igama ngenxa izindophi ngawo ibeka ezweni.

Lona impendulo yombuzo othi kuyini umphakathi. Omunye intambo kungabandakanya imizana eminingana. Ibanga isilinganiso phakathi kwemiphakathi kwaba amakhilomitha angaba ngu-30.

Ukusetshenziswa komhlaba Imininingwane bekulokhu sivamile wonke amazwe medieval ku obekukhona kuwo eziningi ezweni, kodwa isimo ezolimo wahlala ezingeni ezilula (amathuluzi alula nokunye. D.) Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhlelo umphakathi esilungele amandla phezu kwesikhulu. Abathelisi (labathelisi, Tiunov) kwaba lula kakhulu ukuba baxhumane neqembu elikhulu abalimi kuka imikhaya eminingana ngamunye.

izici zayo

Isici esibalulekile salo imiphakathi zesiSlavic fanele kuze lo noma kuleyo nsimu. Leli siko kukhombisa ngokusobala ukubaluleka emaphandleni, hhayi uhlobo (njengoba kwakunjalo kwezinye izizwe zangaleso sikhathi). Ukuze uqonde ukuthi umphakathi, nje sibheke amagama Izinyunyana tribal Eastern lwamaSlav. Glade ithole igama laso yokuthi ayehlala emasimini, drevlyans esezinzile zamahlathi, amahlozi izihlahla, nokunye. D.

Zonke mlando ezazini eziye zahlola ngokuhlanganyela ukuthi umphakathi Ephakathi, wagcizelela ukubaluleka isimiso indawo, efana izimiso nabazali bokutholwa lapho etivume- zamaKhosi.

Ukulingana kwamalungu Verviers

uhlobo kubaluleke kancane akuvumelekile ukuba bathuthukele phambili kwamaqembu umndeni ahlukahlukene. Ngisho kwandzisa lwati kancane kancane imiphakathi futhi umkhiqizo okwandisa ngaphakathi kubo akuvezi ukungalingani okukhulu. Izinzuzo anikezwa cishe ngokulinganayo phakathi wonke amalungu Verviers.

Le ndlela yokuphila walondolozwa phakathi lwamaSlav eminyaka. Kungenxa yokuthi lokhu abantu Russian zihlale osolisayo futhi walahla lo grabbers ohahela okuyinto ingcebo kwakuyiwona kakhulu. ISolidarity, alinganisele ekhaya - okusho ukubamba komphakathi.

Okungu emiphakathini

Ubudlelwano ngenhla echazwe ababewujabulela esitebeleni kakhulu. Azizange zivunyelwe ukuba zihlangane ukuthuthukisa "capitalism" emaphandleni, lapho ngamunye wathola yena. Kunalokho, isimo sezulu zimbi kakhulu amalungu Rus ophoqelelwe Verweij ohlangothini-by-side bukhoma futhi unakekele nomunye uma kwenzeka nokonakala kwesivuno.

Impilo ongumlimi kwaba incike ngokuphelele kangakanani esehlakulele nemikhiqizo yezolimo. Uma kungakabi isikhathi impi yomshoshaphansi noma nullified imiphumela yomsebenzi wakhe, intambo babasiza lezisebenzi enjalo abathintekayo. Ukuze uqhathanise: eYurophu ubudlelwane wezolimo zazihlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, e-England medieval ubelokhu isigaba abalimi abampofu - paupers.

Umzabalazo ne boyars

Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XIV, abalimi enganikanga nokubumbana noMbusi wababusi uthole zonke emazweni wezolimo yezwe. Lesi sici esibalulekile iqembu yezenhlalakahle phambi kwethu waphinda ubonisa ukuthi umphakathi emlandweni Ephakathi, futhi yini ukuthi libaluleke kanjani. Nakuba eRussia zigcinwe oludala, capitalism European Ibilokhu yonakalisa amapulazi amaningi ngabanye.

abalimi Western akakwazanga ukwakhela umphakathi eqinile ezazizovikela izithakazelo zabo, ngenxa predominance of ubudlelwano tribal edolobhaneni. Konke lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni ukuba izinduna abacebile kancane kancane ukubophela zonke abampofu. Ngo Rus lasendulo 'akwenzekanga ngenxa ubumbano Verwey. Ngisho nasezikhathini ezinzima kakhulu uhulumeni akazange imingcele inkululeko yanoma abalimi. In an icala ngokwedlulele zokudla anda intela ezibanjwayo okwakukhona esikhungweni (isibonelo, eKiev noma Vladimir). Kodwa e-Europe ngalesi sikhathi kakade umsebenzi emhlabeni ayimpoqo ngesikhathi amakhosi Manor Kwasakazwa. Ngakho ocebile ukusizakala zabasebenzi khulula abalimi, kuqina ngokwandisa umehluko phakathi abacebile nabampofu.

izikhulu Ukusekela

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, umphakathi ongumlimi eRussia, futhi walivikela amandla phezu kwesikhulu. Ababusi principalities basakaza umhlaba ngaphansi kwesizwe sakhe kwezempi, kuyilapho e-Europe wathenga amapheshana enkulu kwezicebi abacebile Earls. Amandla wasebukhosini buthaka, futhi kukhona akakwazanga ukumelana kakhulu kule nqubo engokwemvelo. ERussia, nababusi, engasafuni ngideleleke ayo, akhonze okunikeziwe (the boyars) umhlaba elinganiselwe.

Rurik futhi akazange avumele abantu bakhe ukuba bayobamba imiphakathi ongumlimi, ngenkathi sigcina ibhalansi edolobhaneni, okuyindawo kwakuxhomeke ngoba ukudla lonke isimo. Imikhuba of ubudlelwano phakathi abantu kanye nezicukuthwane abangu livikeleke "Iqiniso Russian" - iqoqo lwamaSlav Imithetho lidlule ngaphansi Yaroslav the Hlakaniphile. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we wakhuluma umthetho ophakeme izinduna isikhulu yahlulelwe ukucasula ezenziwa emphakathini.

Lyudin futhi smerdy

Ukuba khona okucishe kufane nalokhu mahhala futhi unfree abalimi - lokhu kungenye isici esisiza ukunquma ukuthi umphakathi eRussia lasendulo. Lokhu umehluko phakathi bakule ndawo ngisho washaya ulimi. abalimi Mahhala ngokuthi Lyudin nabangane - abondliwa. Lesi sakamuva empeleni zazingu impahla isikhulu - basebenza ezweni zabasebenzi inkonzo akhe amthwala umusa.

"Iqiniso Russian" ngokomthetho kuqinisekisa ukungalingani ngamazinga amalungu omphakathi (i ubabulala inhlawulo ka-40 hryvnia) bese serfs (inhlawulo ukulahlekelwa ukuphila kwaba 5 Euro). amacala obugebengu futhi yisigwebo inkantolo kwesikhulu. Ngakho, masenze konke esingakwenza manje, ikhumbula lokhu isici, zama ukwakha ukuthi umphakathi eRussia lasendulo. Incazelo ngempela ziyabonisa futhi abalimi khulula, serfs wahlala ngcono kakhulu, abangaphandle emphakathini.

City umphakathi

Medieval Russian city - kungenye isimo senhlalo, ngaphandle cwaningo okuyinto okunzima ukuchaza ukuthi umphakathi. Ngokusho umlando lesi sihloko yilezi ebangeni 6. Izingane kudingeka zazi ukuthi kwakukhona imizana enkulu emazweni Eastern amaSlav ekhulwini IX. Ayehlukile eziqhamuka ezigodini abavamile izivikelo zokuzivikela ezidingekile zokuzivikela ngokumelene Amabutho esitha kanye ayimizulane. Amandla kweminye yale mizi yahlakazeka endaweni ezungezile. Babizwa ngokuthi bangabantu "umhlaba" noma "ilokishi".

Njengoba sekuzoqala wekuba sive Slavic umphakathi zasemadolobheni ngempela ziqondiswe Chamber - OMhlangano Yabantu. Ilungelo lokuvota has zonke isivakashi sehlo. Akumangazi ukuthi Rus Basendulo manje ubhekwa ezweni yeningi, lapho isinqumo abantu ngokuvamile yema phezu intando kokwesikhulu. Okwaphawuleka ngokukhethekile kwaba isimiso e Veliky Novgorod, lapho Chamber laliyisikhungo ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe kuze 1478, lapho izwe lonke ukuthi lebhalwe Muscovy.

Kodwa emabandleni ethandwa kwaba nezihibe. Heterogeneity izithakazelo kanye nokuntuleka uhlelo ecacile ivoti yokubala kwaholela ukuvela izingxabano abukhali ngisho nezibhelu ezisemadolobheni. Ngokuvamile lezi zimo kuholele nezinxushunxushu. Ngakho-ke, phambi kwesikhulu, ubani kungenza njengesithiyo ahluleli phakathi kwezinhlangano ephikisayo, njengoba kwakubalulekile ukuba abantu enokuthula. Ngandlela-thile, esimweni ngasinye, kokuthathwa kwesiqunto ngenxa ukufinyelela ukusilela phakathi kwamalungu eliphikisa omphakathi ezisemadolobheni.

Ukubaluleka Chamber

amandla Sole kwesikhulu kwakubaluleke ngokukhethekile edolobheni, uma kuziwa endabeni nomkhankaso wempi. Lapho kuziwa ekulawuleni Ratiu, kungaba khona ukubukwa okuningi - ke wayengeke abhubhise ibutho. Ngakho-ke, kulokhu, yileso naleso babenegunya lapha kwakubaluleke kakhulu ukuba alondoloze ngobungcwele amandla.

Lapho Old isimo esisodwa Russian lahlukaniswa laba principalities eziningana, izikhulu ezincane waqala ubunzima ubudlelwano kokubili ibutho nomphakathi ezisemadolobheni. Isibonelo Novgorod efanayo, lapho 1136 waxoshwa Vsevolod. Funky bammangalela wobugwala bese Obalekela senkundleni yempi ngesikhathi impi yokulwa Yuriya Dolgorukogo. Ingxabano kwaholela yokuthi amandla phezu kwesikhulu edolobheni ngokuphelele ngaphansi kokulawula ebukhosini futhi LoMhlangano labantu.

A bokwakhiwa zezombusazwe efanayo kwaba engumakhelwane Pskov. Kube Izikhulu akazange azuze isihloko kusuka ubaba endodaneni, nabantu akhethwe. Ngakho Pskov ku XIII ekhulwini emandleni wazibonakalisa Dovmont - izakhamuzi Lithuanian owazalelwa ngubani izuzwe ukuqashelwa ngoba isibindi nokwethembeka kwakhe.