Umthethosisekelo wokuqala emhlabeni: kusukela Sparta US

Lapho ama-Israyeli umthethosisekelo lokuqala? Lo mbuzo zizozama ukuphendula kule athikili. Kodwa okokuqala, sihlaziya umqondo.

Umthethosisekelo ngomqondo wesimanje

umthethosisekelo wokuqala emhlabeni ngomqondo wesimanje e-United States. Ngaphansi lo mqondo libhekisela umzimba omkhulu emthethweni olawula izisekelo uhulumeni. Lena akuyona nje iqoqo izenzo zomthetho - kuyinto eliyisisekelo nesisekelo esingokomthetho lapho konke okunye yakhiwe.

Prototypes we imithethosisekelo endulo

I ubuntu kunazo owaziwa abaye ukusebenza isipiliyoni lokuqala nokubambisana somthetho phakathi isimo futhi izakhamuzi - Solon (archon Athene), inkosi Roman Servius Tullius, le Spartan Lycurgus. Bonke baye wadala iqoqo imithetho umphakathi wahlala. Ngokwesibonelo, e Sparta enkulu Retro amalungiselelo amandla abantwana bakwa-egunyeni eliphakeme kunawo wonke, adlula ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane ngomlomo. UMkhandlu esasinayo ngokuphinde sihlangane emfuleni nokwenza izinqumo owawukade uzilungiselele kusenesikhathi.

Umthetho San Marino

umthethosisekelo emhlabeni wokuqala kwavunyelwana ezweni yemifino YaseYurophu San Marino. UMthetho Basic bamukela khona ngo-1600, kwaba ngesisekelo idolobha lakhona sisekelo ekhulwini XIV.

Elingabonwa uMthethosisekelo Filippa Orlika

kuqala umthethosisekelo emhlabeni - idokhumenti Filippa Orlika e 1710. It wabhalwa Bendery ensimini yoMbuso WaseTurkey. Namuhla uyisikhonzi ensimini ka-republic Pridnestrovian (Moldova). Umtsetfosisekelo isivumelwano phakathi Hetman Filippom Orlikom kanye abadala ambalwa. Nokho, wayengenayo yimaphi amandla ngokomthetho. wokuqala ikhodi emhlabeni kwemithetho, okuyinto wayebizwa nangokuthi umthethosisekelo, kodwa kwadingeka nomphumela elisemthethweni endaweni of lonke izwe - umthetho eziyisisekelo-United States.

US umthethosisekelo lokuqala

Umthetho main US lidlule Septhemba 17, 1787 eMkhandlwini Philadelphia, kuyinto umthethosisekelo ngomqondo wesimanje. Siqukethe lwezihloko eziyisikhombisa. Nokho, zonke izichibiyelo (ezingamashumi amabili nesikhombisa) zibhekwa kuyingxenye ebalulekile kuso. Izinhlinzeko ichaze isimiso sezombusazwe eziyisisekelo, ukusungula ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla phakathi zomthetho (Congress), esiphezulu (umongameli) lwezobulungiswa (izinkantolo, aphakeme zazo unguMbusi Ophakeme).

US umthethosisekelo lokuqala ekugunyazeni kubhekwe ngowokuqala emhlabeni ngomqondo wesimanje zomthetho kwethemu.

Umlando sokudalwa

Ngisho ngesikhathi Olusheshayo, saxoxa amaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene yomthetho eziyisisekelo. Ngo 1777, i-Second Continental Congress zamukela le-Articles Confederation. Lo mbhalo uchaza US njengoba ukuhlanganyela, t. E. inyunyana ezifundazweni eziningana ezimele kanye namandla ubuncane kuhulumeni. Bekungelula umthethosisekelo wezwe wokuqala, kodwa lakhiwe ngokunembile ngesisekelo the Articles Confederation.

Ukuba buthaka kwezindlela le dokhumenti kwaba ukuthi iyiphi ivoti, isimo ngasinye yanikezwa ilungelo lokuzikhethela amandla ilungelo likasihlalo lokunqabela, isb. E. Ayikwazanga ukuvimba noma yisiphi isinqumo we Confederation Congress. Le mithetho ungavumeli kudingeka senze izinqumo ezibalulekile on ezisemqoka, eqinisweni, Congress wayengekho iphila.

Ngo-September 1786 amalungu 5 uthi wahlangana e Annapolis ukushintsha Articles Confederation. Nokho, abameleli bamazwe noma ngokuphelele indiva inhlangano, noma akatholakalanga. Amasekela kusuka 5 uthi ukuvusela uMkhandlu ukuba abize e-Philadelphia abamele ngenhloso ukubukeza izigaba sihloko.

Umthethosisekelo wokuqala eYurophu

Ngo-1772 e-Russia, Prussia futhi Austria zakala yobuthakathaka Poland - wathatha ngowokuqala kwesigaba-Commonwealth. Eqinisweni, abahlukumezi eziyinhloko zaseYurophu ukuluma endaweni yakhe omkhulu ngaphandle ukumelana.

Usongo esizohlasela nolokubhujiswa isimo kwaqina nempi yangaphakathi nezombusazwe ePoland. amaqembu amabili ayelwa empini Ukudla ekudlayo: yokushisekela izwe (izinguquko abasekeli) kanye staroshlyahetskaya (Conservative).

Okthoba 6, 1788 Party Patriotic waqhubeka. Kuye kwakushintsha kusukela Ukudla ezejwayelekile ukuhlanganyela. Lokhu kwakusho ukuthi manje isinqumo kufanele sithathwe ngevoti leningi, futhi akekho wayenalo ilungelo lokwenza Veto.

Party Patriotic wafuna ukushintsha ngokuphelele isistimu nezombusazwe ePoland, kodwa kwaba kukhulu amandla abaphikisi babo. Khona-ke nabashisekeli bezinguquko waya Iqhinga: basebenzisa ngamaholide futhi amalungu ePhalamende ukuphikiswa yokutholwa ngoMthethosisekelo omusha ka-May 3, 1791.

Yabantu UMthethosisekelo Commonwealth ngo-1791, nakuba ayengafiki waqeda inkululeko yezikhulu, kodwa egunyazelwe ukwenza abavamile ezibanzi amalungelo wedemokhrasi: ubuqotho siqu, khona umhlaba ubunikazi, ilungelo ukumelwa ku Ukudla, nabanye.

UMthethosisekelo Meyi 3, 1791 ungowokuqala e-Europe.

Umthethosisekelo lokuqala RSFSR

Umthetho wokuqala eyisisekelo republic abasha baseSoviet uvele 1818 futhi lalinabashumayeli izingxenye eziyisithupha:

1. amalungelo abasebenzi futhi abantu bexhashazwa.
2. hlinzeka Jikelele.
3. Inhlangano kwalesi simiso uhulumeni omusha.
4. Suffrage.
5. Umthetho Ibhajethi.
6. On the elingenamikhono izingalo kanye ifulege.

UMthethosisekelo lokuqala RSFSR kwaba iqoqo vaults ngabanye, ngalinye elikwazi alawule nobukhulu bayo. Igunya ophakeme kwakungu iCongress Zonke isiRashiya abaseSoviet ka Workers, Amabutho ', Abalimi' futhi Cossacks 'amasekela. Njengoba ukubutha zonke abameleli kunzima kakhulu, phakathi congresses imisebenzi yayo kuyenziwa Russian Central Ukhetho Committee (Central Executive Committee). Unobhala wakhe kanye amalungu akhethwe ngesikhathi Congress.

Congress kanye Central Executive Committee ayenikezwe umyalo ezibanzi ngenqubomgomo basekhaya nabamazwe angaphandle: ukwamukelwa republic entsha RSFSR, isinqumo ukuba bahoxe ekungeneleni ezweni, ubudlelwane namazwe angaphandle, kuhlanganise isimemezelo impi nokuthula, ukwethulwa izintela entsha, kanye nabanye.

Congress kanye Central Executive Committee - isishayamthetho nge amandla ezibanzi, abakwazi ukuxazulula inkinga yamanje yesikhashana. Lezi izimo wahlanganyela uhulumeni - eMkhandlwini wase Yabantu Commissars (SNK). SNK wayenalo ilungelo ukukhipha izinqumo, ama-oda, imiyalelo, okwakukhona ukusebenzisa izwe kudingeka.

Ngokuvamile, umthetho-sisekelo RSFSR phansi ngokuphelele umbuso ubudala: ukungena wobushiqela lwesigaba sabasebenzi, ukuze simemezele amalungelo abasebenzi futhi abalimi ukukhulula zabasebenzi, imfundo khulula nemithi. Izwe idale umnotho sezenhlalo.