Kuyini utshwala obuyimpuphu

Ikhulu leminyaka lama-20 yesintu laliyisikhathi sokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo nokutholakala okuthakazelisayo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zesayensi nobuchwepheshe. Enye into enjalo ingu-uphuzo oluyimpuphu.

Ukwakhiwa okusha

Indlela evamile yokukhiqiza imikhiqizo yotshwala iye yaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Kudinga ukutholakala kwemithombo eluhlaza yemvelo, imishini ekhethekile kanye nemibandela ethile yokuziphatha kwenqubo yezobuchwepheshe. Umphumela umkhiqizo olungele ukusetshenziswa. Kodwa unezinselele ezimbili - isisindo kanye nokupakisha. Esikhathini esivamile ingilazi yomkhiqizo wamanzi umkhiqizo udala izinkinga ezengeziwe ngokuhamba. Yizici eziye zacwaninga ngokucwaninga ososayensi abazibekele umgomo wokwakha utshwala obuyimpuphu. Izinzuzo zomkhiqizo onjalo ziyabonakala. Ukuhamba emgwaqweni noma eholidini, kulula ukuletha isikhwama se powder kunesikhwama esinamabhodlela. Ngesikhathi esifanele, ukuphathwa okulula kuphela okuzoshiywa, futhi isiphuzo esifunyiwe siyobe sesilungele kungakapheli imizuzu embalwa.

Lo mbono unesithakazelo abaningi, futhi ososayensi bazimisele ukusebenza. Ngenxa yalokho, utshwala oluyimpuphu lusekhona. Abakhi bohlobo olutshwala olutshwala bazama ukuba nesithakazelo kakhulu kumakhasimende akhathi esizayo. Bayiqaphela ukuthi umkhiqizo onjalo uzodla imali encane kunomlingani wayo wegazi. Futhi inzuzo enjalo ayinakwenzeka kuphela kodwa inzalo abangakwazi ukuyenza.

Ngilindele ukuthengisa

Abathuthukisi bezenzo zokuvuselela bamele utshwala oluyimpuphu njengento edingekayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Isibonelo, uketshezi oludakayo lungasetshenziswa yizivakashi njengendlela yokwelapha amanxeba. Futhi ngesikhathi sasebusika, abashayeli bamapulisi abakhiwe ngokwezifiso ezikhethekile bangakwazi ukulungiselela ukuzivikela kwabo siqu, noma, njengoba bethi kubantu, "akukho-ice". Konke kulula, ngokushesha, ungakhathazeki ngokupakisha okunamandla. Isitshalo sokuqala somkhiqizo omusha sise-US, e- Arizona. Uhulumeni usuvele ucabangile kuyo yonke imibuzo mayelana nemanani kanye nentela. Umkhiqizo ungavela ngokushesha ngokudayiswa. Okokuqala, abakhiqizi bahlose ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo emihlanu:

• Vodka,
• Rum,
• I-cocktail «i-Cosmopolitan»,
• Cocktail «i-Lemon Drop»,
• I-cocktail ebizwa ngokuthi "Pauderita", okuyinto ukunambitha kakhulu ifana neyaziwayo "Margarita".

Ngokuthakazelisayo, ukuxuba okunjalo kotshwala akuhlanganiswa nomthetho wemingcele yeminyaka. Ngakho-ke, intsha ingakwazi ukuthenga kalula izinto ezinjalo enethiwekhi yokuthengisa. Mhlawumbe lokhu akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele, kodwa ukuqinisekiswa kwezenzo ezinjalo akuphikisana nanoma ubani.

Isimiso esivamile

Ezweni lakithi abantu base bejwayele imikhiqizo enjengethiyi esheshayo, ikhofi noma iziphuzo ezithambile. Kodwa bambalwa kakhulu abantu abakwaziyo ngokuphuza utshwala. Kuyini nokuthi ungayisingatha kanjani? Ubuchwepheshe kulokhu buyinto elula kakhulu. Kufana nokukhangisa: "Yengeza nje amanzi!" Ngempela, akukho okuyinkimbinkimbi. Kunezinketho ezimbili:

1. Tshela i-powder ibe esitsheni esihlanzekile, bese usithululela ngamanzi alula.

2. Thelela amanzi kwisitsha esilungisiwe, bese uthele ingxenye ye-powder kuwo.

Empeleni, akekho umehluko. Futhi kulokho, futhi kwezinye izimo isiphuzo esifanayo sizovela. Kulula kakhulu. Ungathengi ibhodlela lesigamu-litre le-vodka ukuphuza ingilazi eyodwa kuphela. Kungani ukhokhela ngaphezulu? Yini okufanele uyenze ngayo yonke i-vodka?

Futhi isimo siyoshintsha kanjani uma usebenzisa utshwala oluyimpuphu? Kuyoba yini: inzuzo yezimali noma ithuba lokunciphisa inani lotshwala oludliwe? Mhlawumbe bobabili. Noma, isibonelo, umama wendlu wanquma ukubhaka ikhekhe. Ukuze angenelele amaqebelengwane, udinga amagremu angu-100 we-rum noma i-cognac. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, uphoqeleka ukuba athenge ibhodlela lonke, futhi lokhu, kubiza, kubiza. Ukusebenzisa i-concentrate eyomile, umnikazi womhlaba angapheka i-dessert enomnandi futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo alondoloze imali. Yini akuyona inzuzo?

Indlela yokwenza i-powder eyigugu

Abaningi, abakhumbula izifundo ze-chemistry zesikole, bayaqiniseka ukuthi utshwala obufana ne-powder alinakwenziwa, ngoba utshwala u-ethyl lukhululeka ngokushisa okuphansi (-114.3 degrees Celsius). I-powder enjalo ingagcinwa kanjani ezimweni ezijwayelekile zasekhaya? Lapha, i-supramolecular chemistry iya ekuhlanguleni. Nguye ozosiza ekuqondeni ukuthi yiyiphi utshwala obuyimpuphu. Ukwakhiwa komkhiqizo omusha kungabekwa ngokomzimba ngesimo sezinto ezimbili: i- ethyl utshwala kanye ne-cyclodextrins. Emuva ngo-1974, ososayensi baseMelika bakhiphe ilungelo lobunikazi lobuningi, lapho i-molecule yotshwala ingafakwa khona njengokungathi esitokisini esineqembu elithile lama-carbohydrate, elihlukaniswa kalula nesitashi esivamile.

Kamuva, lapho kuhlangana namanzi, i-ethylene molecule "ikhululwa emasongweni" futhi iphendule isisombululo esiphumelele ibe yinkinga yotshwala ethile. Lena yonke imfihlo. Kukhona ukwesaba ukuthi abanye abantu bangase banqume ukuzama ukumane nje baphuthukise le powder, ngaleyo ndlela bakhulise umphumela wayo odakayo. Kodwa lapha konke akuxhomeki kumkhiqizi, kodwa kumthengi kuphela. Wonke umuntu ngokwakhe ulahlekelwa isiphetho sakhe futhi abe nempilo.

Imibono ehlukene

Uphuzo oluguquguqukayo seluthole igama elingavamile ePaulohol. Kusukela ngesikhathi sokusungulwa kwakhe kuze kube manje, izingxabano ezingenakuqhathaniswa ziye zenzeka emphakathini. Abanye bathi ukuphuza utshwala akuyona nje indawo engcono kakhulu yokufaka iziphuzo ezivamile, kodwa futhi kuyinto edingekayo kakhulu kulezo zindawo nezindawo zomsebenzi lapho isisindo kanye nevolumu akuyona into ebaluleke kakhulu (ukuvakasha, inhlangano yokuhambela). Noma kunjalo, abaphikisi babo bathi konke lokhu akulutho kuqhathaniswa nobubi umkhiqizo omusha obulethela emphakathini. Phela, i-powder elimnandi, ukufaka enye ye-cocktails, ingathenga ingane, futhi uyisebenzise, isibonelo, ngaphandle kokuhlanza ngamanzi. Kulesi simo, umphumela ungaba lusizi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhwama esincane singathathwa kalula kunoma iyiphi indawo, okusho ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kotshwala akukwazi ukukhawulelwa. Abantu bazoqala ukuphuza yonke indawo. Futhi yikuphi okuhle okungabangela umphakathi wokuphuza? Amazwe amaningi asekela lo mbono. Isibonelo, i-Canada ayingakavumelani ukuthengisa lo mkhiqizo ezweni lakubo. Okunye okunye kuthatha isimo sengqondo sokulinda nokubona. Mhlawumbe umkhiqizo omusha awuhloselwe ukuvela emashalofini ezitolo? Isikhathi sizobeka konke endaweni yaso.