Kwakuyini isikhathi sikaCatherine 2? I-portrait yomlando

Ngomhla ka- 12 Febhuwari 1744 ekuseni, ebusika ebusika, edlula isango lomngcele waseRiga, inqola nabesifazane ababili bangena ensimini yombuso waseRussia. Omunye wabo wayengumkakhe we-German prince Anhalt-Zerbstsky - Johann Elizabeth. Eceleni kwakhe kwakunendodakazi yakhe eneminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu ubudala, uSophia Augusta Frederika Anhalt-Zerbstskaya - umbusi waseRussia ozayo kanye no-Catherine 2, owazuza imisebenzi yakhe njenge-Great. Omunye wamakhasi ahlabayo kakhulu emlandweni waseRashiya uhlotshaniswa negama lalo wesifazane.

I-Russia, izuzwe njengefa

Inkathi yokubusa kukaCatherine II yaqala ngombuso wesigodlo ngoJuni 28, 1762, ngenxa yalokho okwenzeke ngalo izolo indodakazi yenkosi yaseJalimane enesizotha futhi engaqondakali, eyathola igama likaCatherine e-Orthodoxy, ithatha indawo yomlingani wakhe ongathandwa kakhulu, uMbusi Peter III.

Njengoba uCatherine 2 efakaze emibhalweni yakhe, iRussia, eyayizuza ifa lakhe kuMphathi Elizaveta Petrovna, yayidinga izinguquko ezinkulu zendlela yonke yokuphila. Ibutho alizange likhokhise amaholo, njengoba umgcinimafa usuke uphelele kakhulu. Ukuntuleka kokuhleleka kahle komnotho wombuso kwaholela ekunciphiseni kwezebhizinisi, ngoba amagatsha ayo amakhulu ahlonishwa.

Izinkinga ezinkulu zabonwa emnyangweni wezempi namasosha. Inkohlakalo phakathi kwezikhulu zikahulumeni, ezithatha ubukhulu obukhulu kunayo yonke iminyaka edlule, yayinzima kakhulu. Ukukhwabanisa kwasusa izitho zobulungiswa, futhi imithetho yayisebenza kuphela uma izuzisa abantu abacebile nabanethonya.

Izibalo ezivelele zesonto likaCatherine

Njengombusi wesigaba esiphezulu, uCatherine II wayenemfanelo eyigugu kakhulu - ikhono lokubamba yonke ingqondo enengqondo, bese eyiqonda ngezinhloso zakhe. Abantu ababeyingxenye yembuthano wakhe osondelene kakhulu, uMmpress wakhetha ngesisekelo sezimfanelo zabo zebhizinisi, engesabi abantu abanamakhono abanamakhono. Ngenxa yalesi sikhathi sokubusa kukaCatherine II kubonakala ngokuvela komkhosi wonke wabantu abavelele, abaholi bezempi, abalobi, abaculi nabaculi. Kwakuyimibandela eyakhiwe ngalesi sikhathi eyasiza ekudaluleni ngokugcwele amakhono abo.

Izinombolo ezinjalo zeCatherine II njengabalawuli abakwa-AV Suvorov noP. Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky, abalobi uD Fonvizin no-A. Radishchev, isazi-mlando uN. Karamzin kanye nomlobi-owandulela u-A.S. Pushkin-G. Wangena kuze kube phakade. Derzhavin. Okulandelayo kufanele kubhekiswe kulabo ababemi emsuka wesiko lomculo waseRussia: umqambi, uthisha nomqhubi uDkt Bortnyansky, u-violin ovelele u-Ivan Khandoshkin, kanye nomsunguli we- opera waseRussia u-Pashkevich.

Uhlelo Lokusebenza

Umlando wenkathi kaCatherine 2 eyakhiwe ngokusekelwe emisebenzini, umjikelezo owakhulunywa ngawo umakhosikazi kanje:

1. Kumele kwenziwe yonke imizamo yokufundisa isizwe, esabe esilawula.
2. Ukuze kulawulwe impilo yombuso, kubalulekile ukukhuthaza inhlonipho ngemithetho ekhona emphakathini.
3. Ukuze silondoloze i-oda langaphakathi kuhulumeni, kubalulekile ukwakha amandla ahlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo ezidingekayo.
4. Kubalulekile ukukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wezwe kanye nokuchichima kuwo.
5. Kudingekile ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwebutho lempi ngendlela enokwenzeka, ngakho-ke ukwandisa igunya laseRussia ebusweni bezinye izifunda.

Ukuqala kwezinhlelo ezihleliwe

Isikhathi sonke sikaCatherine II saba yisikhathi sokubonakaliswa kwalezi zizathu. Kakade unyaka olandelayo, emva kokufika emandleni, uMpress wenza uhlelo lokuhlelwa kweSénate, okuyinto, ngezindlela eziningi, kwandisa ukusebenza komphakathi. Ngenxa yezinguquko ezenziwe emsebenzini walesi sakhiwo sikahulumeni, iSenate, yahlukaniswa ngeminyango engu-6 ehlukene, futhi yalahlekelwa imisebenzi yokulawula izikhali zombuso, yaba isikhungo esiphezulu sezokwehlulela kanye nokuphatha.

Ukwehlukaniswa kwemvelo kwamazwe esonto

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaCatherine II IIRussia kwaba yindawo yokuthatha isenzo esikhulu sokubamba (secularize) nokudluliselwa esikhwameni sombuso samazwe esonto. Isidingo sokwenza okunjalo, okuhlangene nokuphendula okuxubile kakhulu emphakathini, kubangelwa isifiso sokugcwalisa ukulahlekelwa kwesabelomali kahulumeni nawo wonke amandla.

Ngenxa yezinyathelo ezithathwe, amakhomitha angaba ngu-500 aqedile, okuvumela ukuthi ukudluliselwa kwezinsizakalo eziyizigidi ezingu-1 zibe ngumnikazi wobunikazi. Ngenxa yalokhu, umgcinimafa waqala ukuthola izimali ezibalulekile. Ngesikhathi esifushane uhulumeni wahlawula isikweletu ebuthweni futhi wakwazi ukwehlisa inkinga yomnotho jikelele. Enye yemiphumela yale nqubo yayibucayi obuthakathaka benethonya lebandla ebusweni bomphakathi wezwe.

Ukuzama ukulungiswa komthetho

Inkathi kaCatherine II nayo imakwe ngomzamo wokukhulisa idivayisi yokuphila kwasekhaya yaseRussia kuze kube sezingeni eliphakeme. Ummeli wayekholelwa ukuthi ukungabi nabulungisa okuningi esifundazweni kunganqotshwa izindlela zomthetho, ngemuva kokusebenza kwemithetho ehlangabezana nezithakazelo zazo zonke izinhlaka zomphakathi. Wayezofaka esikhundleni seKhodi kaCatherine ye-Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, eyamukelwa ngo-1649.

Ukuze kusetshenziswe lolu hlelo, ngo-1767, iKhomishane yakhiwa, eyakhiwa ngamaphini angu-572 abamele abahlonishwayo, isigaba sabadayisi kanye neCosacks. Ummeli ngokwakhe wayehilelekile emsebenzini wakhe. Ngemva kokutadisha ngokucophelela imisebenzi yabacwaningi baseNtshonalanga, wabhala incwadi, ethi "I-Empress Catherine's Decree," equkethe izahluko ezingu-20, ihlukaniswe ngezihloko ezingu-526.

Yagcizelela isidingo sokuba impahla kahulumeni kanye nokudala kuyo izimo eziqinisekisa amandla asemandleni aqinile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkinga eziningi zacatshangwa, zomthetho nezokuziphatha. Ngeshwa, le misebenzi yakhe ayizange ithole umphumela olindelekile. Ngemva kokusebenza iminyaka emibili, iKhomishane ayikwazanga ukuthuthukisa ikhodi edingekayo yemithetho, ngoba wonke amalungu ayo ayeqaphele kuphela izithakazelo kanye namalungelo abo.

Ukuguqulwa kwesigaba sombuso sombuso

Kubalulekile ukukhuluma ngomunye umsebenzi obalulekile owenziwe nguCatherine 2. Inkathi yokwenza i-absolutism kuwo wonke amazwe ngaphandle kokungabonakali kuboniswa amandla asemandleni amakhulu. Ngokwenhlinzeko yakhe ephumelelayo kakhulu eRussia, uMmpress waqala ukuhlukaniswa kokuphatha kukahulumeni ngo-1775.

Kusukela manje, insimu yonke yezwe yayinezifundazwe ezingu-50, izakhamuzi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-300 kuya kwezingu-300, ezahlukana zibe yizigaba ezinabantu abangaba ngu-20 kuya ku-30 000. Lokhu kwafaka isandla ekulawuleni izimpilo zabo bonke, ngisho nasezindaweni ezikude kakhulu zezwe, kodwa futhi nakwe-akhawunti enembile yemiphefumulo, okungukuthi, abantu abakhokhiswa intela.

Ukwandiswa kwamalungelo okuhlonipha

Inkathi kaCatherine II yayiyisikhathi esihle kakhulu sokuhlonipha isiRussia. Ngo-1785, incwadi eyakhiwe nguMmpress yakhishwa futhi yanikezwa isihloko esithi "I-Letter Grant to the Nobility". Ngesisekelo salesi setha samalungelo, okwenziwe ngokomthetho, amalungu eklasi eliphezulu ahlukaniswe ngokukhululekile nakubantu bonke bezwe.

Baqinisekisiwe ukuthi bavunyelwe ukukhokhwa kwentela kanye nemisebenzi ephoqelekile, njengoba kwakunjalo kusukela esikhathini sikaPeter Omkhulu. Amacala obugebengu namacala omphakathi kufanele acatshangelwe yinkantolo ekhethekile ehloniphekile, futhi bavinjelwe isijeziso somuntu. Ngokombono we-Empress, lokhu kwakuwukusiza ekuqedeni phakathi kwabahloniphekile besigqila sengqondo kanye nokuthuthukiswa komqondo wesithunzi kubo.

Umphathi - uthisha wabantu

I-Russia ngesikhathi sikaCatherine II yenza isinyathelo esikhulu ekuqhutshweni kwemfundo yomphakathi. Ngenxa yenguquko elandelayo yombuso, uhlelo lwezemfundo yesibili lwasetshenziswa. Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwaso, lonke uchungechunge lwezikhungo zokufunda ezivaliwe laqala ukusebenza kulo lonke elaseRussia, phakathi kwawo kwakuyizindlu zokufundisa, izikole ezihloniphekile nezasemadolobheni, kanye nezikhungo zamantombazane ahloniphekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhungo seminyaka emibili esingenakunqunywa esikoleni kanye nezikole zeminyaka emine edolobheni sekuye kwasakazeka esifundazweni. Ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokufundisa iziyalo ezahlukene, izinhlelo zokuqeqesha ezihlanganisiwe zafakwa.

Isikhathi sokukhanyiswa kukaCatherine 2 futhi sikhumbule ngokudala uhlelo lwezemfundo yabesifazane. Kwaqaliswa ukuvulwa eSt. Petersburg ngo-1764 eSmolny Institute of Noble Maidens kanye nokudalwa kweNhlangano Yezemfundo kubo. Kusukela ngalesosikhathi abafana abancinyane babesadingeka ukuba babe nezilimi eziningi ezingaphandle, kodwa futhi bafunde izifundo eziningi zezifundo.

Phakathi nokubusa kukaCatherine 2, i-Academy of Sciences yaseRussia, ekhuphukele ekuphakameni okungakaze kube khona, yathatha indawo ehamba phambili eYurophu. Ngokweqile, iKhabhinethi yomzimba kanye nokuhlola, ingadi yezitshalo kanye ne-kunstkammer, indawo yaseshashalazini kanye nelayibrari enkulu yakhiwa. Ngakho-ke, isiko lenkathi yeCatherine 2 lidale isisekelo esiqinile sokuthuthukiswa komqondo wesayensi eRussia.

Izenzo ezinhle ze-Empress

Ngaphansi kukaCatherine II, ngokufanelekela isihloko seGreat, kwaba nenqubekela phambili kuzo zonke izindawo zokuphila. Isizwe sezwe senyuke kakhulu, okuyiqiniso elingenakuphikwa lokuthuthukiswa kwempilo yabakhamuzi bayo. Ngenxa yalokho, kwavela amakhulu emadolobhana namadolobhana amasha. Imfucuza engakaze ibe khona ekuthuthukiseni kwayo yanikezwa embonini nasezolimo, ngenxa yokuthi iRussia okokuqala yaqala ukuthekelisa okusanhlamvu. Konke lokhu kunikeze ukwanda okukhulu kwezezimali, okwenze ukuthi i-treasury ikwandise izikhathi ezine.

Ngegama leMpress, izenzakalo ezimbili ezibalulekile zomlando waseRussia zixhunyiwe, njengokubonakala kwemali yamaphepha kanye nokuqala kokugoma ngokumelene nesibungu sezinambuzane, noCatherine, ukuze abeke isibonelo kwabanye, owokuqala uvumelekile ukuba agonywe. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukuvinjelwa kwalesi sifo esibi, okwabulala izinkulungwane zabantu, kwaqala ukuqhutshwa njalo.

Ukwandiswa kwensimu yaseRussia

Ukufaneleka kukaCatherine the Great kanye nokwandiswa kwemingcele yezwe akunakuphikwa. Phakathi neminyaka yokubusa kwakhe, izimpi zahlaselwa kabili noMbuso Wase-Ottoman (1768-1774 no 1787-1791). Ngenxa yokunqoba, iRussia yakwazi ukuthola ukufinyeleleka oLwandle Olumnyama futhi ifaka ensimini yendawo eyayitholwe negama laseRussia encane. Lezi zihlanganisa iCrimea, iNorthern Black Sea Coast, kanye neKuban Territory. Ngo-1783, iRussia yamukela iGeorgia ngaphansi kobuzwe bayo.

Inkathi kaCatherine II nayo yaphawulwa yimicimbi ehlobene nokuhlukaniswa kwe-Commonwealth yasePolish-Lithuanian. Ngenxa yemisebenzi esebenzayo yempi eyenziwa ngo-1772, 1793 no-1795, iRussia yaphinde yahlanganisa amazwe ayebanjwe kuwo abahlaseli basePolish-Lithuania. Lezi zihlanganisa i-Western Byelorussia, i-Volhynia, i-Lithuania ne-Kurland.

I-serfdom yokuqinisa

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ukubusa kukaCatherine II kubonakaliswe yinto enjalo engalungile njengegqila elikhulu nakakhulu. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi, ekubeni ngumuntu okhanyisiwe futhi ocabangelayo ezingeni laseYurophu, lo makhosikazi waqonda konke ukulimala kwe-serfdom, futhi waze wasebenza kumsebenzi wokuqeda, waphoqeleka ukuba afake emlandweni wekhulu leminyaka.

Ngisho nasezinsukwini zokuqala zokubusa kwakhe, uCatherine wakhipha umyalo ofuna ukuba abalimi baqede futhi balalele ngokungenakuqhathaniswa abanikazi bezindlu. Kuye, umkhuba wokusabalalisa umhlaba nabalimi abahlala kuwo ubunikazi bezintandokazi, futhi njengomvuzo wokuhlonipha emisebenzini yomphakathi, uthatha indawo enkulu nakakhulu.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, indlela efanayo yokuxhaphazwa kwabasimilayo yaba nzima. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ikakhulukazi kulabo abakhokhela umnikazi we-obrok (laba bekungabahlali abahlala ezindaweni ezisenyakatho zaseRussia, lapho ukulima kungasebenzi khona), inani elibekwe icala liphindwe kabili. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isimo sabasimili, sibophezelekile ukusebenza emagcekeni asezikhungweni ezikhungethekile, sibi kakhulu. Uma ngaphambi kokuba umsebenzi wabo ukhawulelwe ezinsukwini ezintathu ngesonto, manje le mithetho ikhanseliwe, futhi konke kuncike ekucindezelweni komnikazi.

Ukusabela ekucindezelweni okunjalo kwakuyizinguquko, okwakuvame ukuvela ezindaweni eziningana zezwe, okuyinto enkulu kunazo zonke eyayiyimpi yamazwe eholwa u-Emelian Pugachev, owachitha i-Urals nesifunda seVolga phakathi no-1773-1775.

Epilogue

Ngemuva kokuqeda iminyaka yakhe engamashumi amathathu nesine kahulumeni, uMpress wadlula ngoNovemba 17, 1796. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuzange kuphele eRussia isikhathi sokuqothulwa kwezindlu. UCatherine II washiya indlalifa yakhe esihlalweni sobukhosi - indodana yakhe uPaul, umqhele ngo-Ephreli 16, 1797 futhi wabulawa ngabalungisa iminyaka engu-4.