Imfundo:Umlando

Ubani umbusi wokuqala waseRoma?

UGaius Octavius Furin (igama lendoda ekuzalweni) wasungula uMbuso WaseRoma. Ehlakaniphile, e-quirky ne-enterprising, wayekade emlandweni. Kwakuyimbusi onomoya we-republica. Umbusi wokuqala waseRoma nguye, owaziwa ngokuthi u- Octavian Augustus.

Umndeni nokukhuliswa kwe-Octavia encane

U-Augustus ngokwakhe wayezibheka njalo (ngokusho kukaSuetonius) emndenini wasendulo futhi ocebile wabamahhashi. Uyise wakhe, uGaius Octavius - ocebile futhi ohlonishwayo - waba senenator. Wafa washiya izintandane izingane ezintathu. Okuthakazelisayo kakhulu yindodana yakhe evela kumkakhe wesibili ka-Attya (umshana kaKhesari), ozobizwa ngo-Agasti - umbusi wokuqala waseRoma, oyintandane eneminyaka engama-4 ubudala.

Ngokusho kukaSuetonius, wazalwa ngaphambi kokusa, okungu-23, noma ngo-24.09.63 BC. E., kungenzeka ukuthi inxenye yePalantine eViltrah (izazi-mlando azifaki lokho eRoma), lapho kamuva zizomisa indlu engcwele. Ikamelo labantwana bakhe endlini yendlu yomkhulu eVelitra ngenxa yezizathu ezithile ezingaqondakali kwavusa ukwesaba nokwesaba komuntu owangena ngaphandle kokuzihlambulula. Octavia osemusha wakhuliswa ugogo wakhe, udadewabo kaKhesari, futhi eneminyaka engu-12 wenza inkulumo emngcwabeni wakhe. Lapho eneminyaka engu-16 ubudala, wathola imiklomelo yempi evela kuKesari ngenxa yokunqoba kwakhe e-Afrika, nakuba yena ngokwakhe engazange ahlanganyele empini. Kamuva, engazange aphuluke ekuguleni okukhulu, waya eKesari waya eSpain futhi wanikezwa isihloko se-patrician. UCesari wamukela octavius ohlakaniphile, ohlakaniphile, ohlakaniphile ngo-45 BC. E. Intando yefa igcinwe yi-Vestals ekufihliwe okuphelele. UKhesari wathumela indlalifa yakhe e-Apollonia (okwamanje i-Albania) ukuze agcwalise imfundo yakhe futhi alungiselele impi entsha.

Ifa leDictator (44 BC)

Lapho ezwa ngokubulawa kukaKesari, u-Octavius wagibela eRoma futhi wafa njengefa. Ebonisa ubuhlungu bokulahlekelwa, wakhula intshebe njengesibonakaliso sokulila umcindezeli. Ngokuhlonipha ukunqoba kwakhe, wadlala imidlalo. Ngendlela, ngaleso sikhathi kuvele umculi, lapho abaningi babesaba khona. Kodwa u-Octavius wakwazi ukuqinisa amaRoma ukuthi lo ngumphefumulo ovela kuNkulunkulu kaKhesari.

Ukunqoba ukuthandwa, wathengisa ifa futhi wasatshalaliswa kumaRoma amathathu ama-sesterces amathathu. Okokuqala, iminyaka engu-12, kwakunguhulumeni ohlangene noMark Antony noMark Lepid, futhi kamuva - iminyaka engama-44 - engaxhunywanga. Ngakho kafushane wabonisa ukuphila okwaholela umbusi wokuqala waseRoma.

Izimpi

I-Octavius yaqhuba izimpi ezingu-5: uMutinsky, isiFilippian, uPerusian, uSicilian no-Actian. Njengempindiselo yokubulawa kukaKesari, waqala ukulwa noCassius noBrutus, kodwa u-Consul Antonius akazange amsekele. Wabe eseqala ukulwa no-Antony. Kodwa ngokungalindelekile wathola ukusekelwa kwabaphathi kanye namabutho, ngakho-ke u-Octavius wasebenzisa ikhono lokubamba iqhaza futhi waphinde wabambisana no-Antony.

Ukubhubhisa amaBrutus, ndawonye baqeda ngempumelelo impi yasePhilippine. U-Antonia wathunyelwa eMpumalanga ukuze athole umyalo wamaRoma. I-Octavius yayihlanganyele ekuvuselelweni kwama-veterans emazweni kamasipala. Ngalesi sikhathi, wakhuliswa ePerusia, futhi emva kokunciphisa kwakhe, u-Augustus wabonisa ubuhlukumeze ekunqothulweni.

Impi yeSicilian noSextus Pompey yahlala iminyaka engama-4. Kwakuyinkimbinkimbi ngobuthakathaka buka-Octavius njengomphathi wezempi kanye nemibandela yemvelo: iziphepho zabhubhisa le mikhumbi. Ebizweni lakhe evela e-Afrika uMark Lepid oqhoshayo weza ukusiza futhi wafuna indawo yokuqala kuhulumeni. U-Antony wanxusa ibutho lakhe kuye, futhi uLepidus wathunyelwa e-Circe kuze kube sekupheleni kosuku. Ukubambisana no-Antony kwakungakaze kube namandla.

Impi yaqala, futhi empini yolwandle ngaphansi kwesenzo sika-Antony sahlukunyezwa. Washushiswa e-Aleksandriya, lapho u-Antony ebalekela khona uCleopatra nalapho ezibulala khona. Kamuva, indodana kaCleopatra, uKhesarion, yabulawa. Ngakho i-emperor yaseRoma yokuqala yaqala ukusebenza.

Isimiso

Ngonyaka ka-27, u-Octavius ushiye abantu kuphela ababengabalingani bakhe obonakalayo e-senate, futhi bamemezela ngesibindi ukuthi umbuso kufanele ube ngowabantu kanye ne-senate.

I-senators "yamkholisa" ukuba ihole umbuso, futhi u-Octavius waba yindlalifa kuzo zonke izifundazwe lapho amabutho ayekhona, okungukuthi, wahola lonke ibutho. Wathola isihloko se-Princeps - isenenja yokuqala yombuso. Lokhu empeleni kwakusho ukuthi wayenguMbusi wokuqala waseRoma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wanikezwa igama elihloniphekile. Ngakho umbusi wokuqala weRoma waba Agasti ("ophezulu"). Kamuva kancane waba umpristi ophakeme, umbonisi omkhulu. Ezandleni zika-Augustus wagxila kuwo onke amandla kuhulumeni: ezempi, ezombusazwe kanye nabapristi. Umbusi wokuqala weRoma waba yinkosi engumthetho.

Inqubomgomo yangaphandle ngaphansi kuka-Agasti

Ekunqobeni kwakhe kwakukhona inhlanhla kanye nokunqoba okuhle, kodwa wonke umbuso wawwandiswa kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwamandla aseRoma kwakuyi-Alps, ibhange elifanele le-Danube, lonke laseGallia kanye namaPyrenees, eNyakatho Afrika, iGrisi, uJudiya, iSiriya, iBosspor Kingdom.

Konke lokhu kwenzeka ngemuva kokuba umbusi wokuqala waseRoma enze izinguquko ebuthweni, ngenxa yokuthi lo mkhakha waba yiprofethi. Le mikhumbi yaguqulwa. Ngokwesilinganiso, u-2/3 wezintela eziqoqiwe waya ebuthweni.

Umnotho

Ngaphansi kuka-Agasti, kwakhiwa umshini wemali ohlelekile. Ubuhlobo be-Barter babubhekwa njengesihluku. Umbusi wokuqala waseRoma lasendulo waqinisa kakhulu ukuhweba - izimpahla zokunethezeka zalethwa enhloko-dolobha, futhi ezifundazweni ukuhweba okusanhlamvu, amafutha omnqumo newayini kwakunzima. Ukuguqulwa kwama-piracy kwaqedwa, futhi ukuhweba kolwandle kwaqhamuka.

Ukuziqhenya kukaMbusi waseRoma

Umbusi wezitini kancane kancane waba ngu-Roman marble. I-Carrara marble yahamba ekwakheni ithempeli lika-Apollo - isakhiwo sokuqala esikhulu. Iforamu (isikwele) sika-Augustus esethempelini likaMars i-Avenger elimi kuyo yaba isakhiwo esibalulekile samasonto.

Esigabeni, isithombe sika-Augustus sahlelwa enqoleni. I-altare lokuthula lakhiwa ngokuhlonipha ukunqoba eGaul naseSpain. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbusi obuhlungu kakhulu waqala ukuziphathisa yena kanye nezihlobo zakhe ekwakheni i-mausoleum e- Champ de Mars. Umbuso wamakhosi wawubeka uphahla lwangcwaba.

Ngokuphelele, wakha futhi wamisa izindawo ezingcwele ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalombili nambili eRoma. Futhi lokhu kwamphakamisa ngokuphawulekayo ubuntu bakhe, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kunciphisa ukungasebenzi.

Kukhona nokwakhiwa komphakathi okunamandla: imigwaqo, izitaladi, izimakethe, izindawo zokugcina impahla, amanzi, amanzi, amanzi okugeza amanzi, umtapo wolwazi.

Wayengubani u-Agasti

U-Augustus washada kathathu, kodwa wayenomntwana oyedwa kuphela kumkakhe wesibili, indodakazi uJulia. Kodwa-ke, ukuziphatha kwakhe okungahambisani naye kwaphoqa umbusi ukuba athumele intombazane ekudingisweni.

Ingaphandle yombusi odumile kuyaziwa kakhulu ngezithombe ezikhona.

Kwakuyindoda engaba ngu-1 m ubude, ubude obuyi-70 cm, okwakungaphezulu kokuphakama okujwayelekile kwabantu baleso sikhathi. Kodwa ngenxa yombusi, wayebonakala engenakwanele, ngakho-ke u-Augustus wembatha izicathulo nge-platform. Wayenezinwele ezimhlophe namehlo namazinyo angavamile, futhi isikhumba sombusi waseRoma sasine-hue yegolide.

Umlingisi

Izinkolelo-ze, ukukholelwa ukuthi izibonakaliso namaphupho athatha ulwazi futhi zibaluleke kakhulu, ingenye yezinto eziyinhloko zobuntu buka-Augustus. Wayesaba kakhulu ukubulawa, ngakho-ke lapho i-Octavian yayiseSénate, yayinezikhali ngaphansi kwezembatho zakhe.

Umbusi wayelele kabi, wayevame ukuvuka, ngenxa yalokho ayevuka ekuseni. Ebusika waqhwaza futhi wagqoka i-toga efudumele, wafaka izinyawo zakhe. Wayengafisi ukudla. Yidla ukudla okulula bese uphuza kancane. Umbusi wayemthanda ukudlala idayisi, evame ukudlalwa ngemali, futhi futhi, wayekuthanda ukudoba. Ukuzivocavoca umzimba wezinga eliyinkimbinkimbi leyinkimbinkimbi ehilelekile ebusheni bakhe. U-Augustus, umbusi wokuqala waseRoma, wayazi kahle isiGreki, kodwa akazange abhale kuso.

Ezempilo

I-Octavian yayiyindoda ebuhlungu, kodwa impilo yayihlala isikhathi eside - iminyaka engu-76. Akazange avumele ukushisa nokubandayo. Iphunga le-Runny lahamba naye cishe sonke isikhathi, futhi ku-rheumatism yakudala.

Okumangalisa ukuthi igama lika-umbusi wokuqala waseRoma laligqokwe umbusi wakhe wokugcina, ohlala nabo abahlezi ngegama eligcwele, kodwa nje ngo-Augusten.

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