UmthethoState kanye nomthetho

Labantu Estonia kanye nokusungulwa yobuhlanga

Ngo isimo depopulation Estonia kuyinto ekhulwini-quarter. Abanye abacwaningi bamanani abantu ukubikezela ukushabalala ngokuphelele yezwe e iminyaka eyikhulu: isizukulwane Estonia kwaphela kakhulu kunaleso sangaphambilini ngamunye, kusazoqhubeka. Lesi simo engenathemba akakwazi kukhanye up the izibalo lokubala ubuningi babantu konyaka. Dynamics omuhle, kodwa, bangakunaki abasebenzi. Nakuba iziphathimandla sibaqinisekisile European Union hospitality yayo, kodwa umphakathi Estonia ufuna ukukhula ngokuxhaphaza abantu bomdabu kwatheleka abangekho uyajabula ngabantu bezinye izizwe. Estonia kahle omakhelwane - Latvians naseLithuania, ogama izinombolo ziyancipha, futhi.

Inkinga Baltic lokubala ubuningi babantu

Inani labantu Lithuania, eLatvia Estonia aqala ukuncipha neSoviet Union. I last amabili nanhlanu kweminyaka yokuba esikhaleni esifanayo European Union awazange afake isandla ekukhuleni kwenani izakhamuzi.

labantu e-Estonia ngo-1991 lancipha ngu nanhlanu angu, Latvia - Samashumi Amabili Nesithupha amaphesenti, Lithuania - amabili nantathu per cent:

  • Estonia, 1991 - 1561 kwezigidi ezingu / 2016 - 1316 million
  • Latvia, 1991. - 2658 kwezigidi ezingu / 2016 - 1900 million
  • Lithuania, 1991. - 3700 kwezigidi ezingu / 2016 - 2800 million.

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kukhona kusimo ukubalwa kwabantu, kudingeka ucabangele izindlela ezimbili: iyini inzuzo zemvelo noma ukulahleka labantu, okungukuthi, ratio ukuzalwa nokufa, kanye ezingeni ukufuduka.

Lezi zibalo for eLatvia, eLithuania nase-Estonia azizinhle iminyaka eminingi. Uwoyela ubulala ezingaphezu kuka bazalwa, futhi nenombolo abashiya abaningi yangena kuleli zwe.

Ukwehla zemvelo nokuthuthela kwamanye amazwe emazweni aseBaltic

Iminyaka eyikhulu ikota, okwaholela abacwaningi bamanani izibalo sibonakalisa ukwehla labantu ngenxa azifele futhi ngenxa uphume emazweni aseBaltic. Labantu Estonia yehlile ngenxa azifele ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye, ngenxa kufuduka - omunye neshumi nanhlanu iwaka lamadoda. labantu Latvia lehla ngamaphesenti abantu cishe abayisikhombisa likhulu lamawaka, ngaphezu kwesigamu kwadingeka izakhamuzi bathutha. Lithuania ilahlekelwe yingxenye yesine yekhulu leminyaka, eziyikhulu namashumi ayisishiyagalombili nantathu namakhulu abantu ngenxa azifele, umphumela kufuduka - ekuncipheni amadoda ayisithupha namashumi ayisikhombisa ayizinkulungwane.

Izizathu ukunciphisa labantu Estonia

E-Estonia, bavame ukubona nezizathu zaleso depopulation alikho izici ezomnotho nezombusazwe, futhi mlando. Ngokuzimisela wenzalo wawa ngobusuku bangaphambi kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, futhi muva nje kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba ekwandiseni isikhathi sokuphila komuntu. Esinye isizathu, ngokusho kongoti, oba eSoviet Union. Migration notshwala aye anda, ukukhula mechanical wawumuhle. Nokho, ngo-1991, base bethuthele e-Estonia forties kanye nabangamashumi amahlanu waqala ukuba siguge, futhi labo bayafa, baba ngaphezulu labo bayakwazi abelethe.

Izinga lokuzalwa yehlile kakhulu futhi ngenxa zengqondo nokushintsha engu lapho sekuyisikhathi sokuba babe abazali. Ngaphambili, abesifazane wabeletha engamashumi amabili nambili ubudala, babe omama namuhla musa shesha, ukuzalwa komntwana wokuqala ubizwa lihlehlisiwe. Abantu abasha abafuna ukuba ngowokuqala ngezinyawo zakho, ukuthenga indlu, imoto.

Labantu Estonia iminyaka

ukwanda wemvelo, ukwanda jikelele labantu futhi kwenye indawo kwe ukukhula e-Estonia ayaqala ukuya kule negative kusukela ngo-1991. Labantu okubakhona labantu Estonia:

  • 1980 - abantu 1.472.190;
  • 1990 - abantu 1.570.599;
  • 1995 - abantu 1.448.075;
  • 2000 - abantu 1.372.710; wokukhula ongokwemvelo - -5 336 ukukhula Imininingwane - -7 116 kufuduka - 1 830;
  • 2013 - abantu 1.320.174; wokukhula ongokwemvelo - lokususa 1 713 ukukhula Imininingwane - -5 043 kufuduka - 3 300;

Ngo-2016, it wazalwa abantu abangaphezu kuka-anesine amawaka e-Estonia, ufile - nanhlanu nengxenye ayizinkulungwane. ukwanda Yemvelo - lokususa neshumi nanhlanu, ukufuduka izinqubo - abantu abangaphezu kuka amabili nambili.

Ukushintsha Ukwakheka ngokobuhlanga Estonia

Ukwakheka Ethnic yase-Estonia iminyaka engamashumi amathathu ishintshile. Kodwa hhayi kakhulu. Uma sicabangela lokho labantu Estonia, ukuthola ulwazi olulandelayo:

  • 1989 abantu base-Estonia. 61,5%, 30,3% isiRashiya, isi-Ukrainian 3.1, 1.8 Belarusians Finns 1.1;
  • 2011 Estonia: 68,7%, 24,8% isiRashiya, isi-Ukrainian 1.7%, 1.0 Belarusians Finns 0.6%.
  • 2016 abantu base-Estonia. 69%, 25% isiRashiya, isi-Ukrainian 1.7%, Byelorussians 1%, 0.6% Finns.

Russian ikakhulukazi uhlala e-dolobha yase-Estonia - eTallinn. Kakhulu "Russian" edolobheni e-Estonia - Narva, lapho amaphesenti angu-ayisishiyagalolunye eziyisikhombisa ubuzwe Russian.

idolobha Estonia ngokuya labantu

Uhlu emadolobheni by labantu ephethwe Tallinn - 440 702 umuntu. Khona-ke ungenza ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi weRiphabhulikhi (umuntu) top ten:

  1. Tartu - 97.322.
  2. Narva - 58.375.
  3. EPärnu - 39 784.
  4. Kastla-Jarve - 36 662
  5. Viljandi - 17.549.
  6. Maardu - 17.141.
  7. Rakvere - 15.303.
  8. Sillamae - 13.964.
  9. Kuressaare - 13,000.
  10. Johvi - 12.567.

Ngaphansi kuka sebebonke e Pussi, kancane kwenkulungwane abantu; e Kallaste futhi Mõisaküla - kwabantu abayisishiyagalombili.

Kanjani kwenye indawo kwe kuthinta Estonia Ukucwaninga amanani

ukwanda Mechanical kuholela ukwehla Ukucwaninga. Phakathi nenkathi yamaSoviet, amaqembu amaningi yobuhlanga ukuza Estonia, ngoba lapha sidalwe Ministry of Foreign Affairs, lapho amaJuda, amaJalimane yobuhlanga kanye Finns ungase bashiye amakhaya abo mlando.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, inani labantu e-Estonia ezihambayo kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva iSoviet Union iwa, abantu abaningi abafuni ukuhlala futhi balifulathela lelo zwe. ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe kwadlanga. Kodwa ngemva 2011 ke baqala inqubo reverse.

Namuhla, inani labantu Estonia liqhubeka lincipha nokushwabana. UMnyango Izibalo kunikeza izibalo ezilandelayo: a yingxenye yesine yekhulu leminyaka, labantu kwehle ngo-abantu abayizinkulungwane 200, ngo-2040 inani labantu ziyokuwa ngomunye 10%.

Izindawo Balts

Ukuze Baltic inkinga engathi sína ukungenwa ukufuduka kwabasebenzi izakhamuzi kwamanye amazwe. Futhi ingxenye kwesokunxele eLatvia, eLithuania nase-Estonia - abantu phakathi neminyaka engu-18 no-30, u-70% - sabantu kusukela eminyakeni eyishumi nane ezingamashumi amane.

ELatvia naseLithuania, iningi kuhanjiswe ku-UK eScandinavia. Inani elincane kwelinye izwe e-United States, e-Russia nase-Canada. Estonia ikakhulu akhethiwe Finland.

Njengoba ijubane labantu ukwehla eLatvia naseLithuania futhi ziphakathi kwezincwadi abaholi baseYurophu. Ngo-2016 Latvia ushiye 8 000 abantu abangaphezu kuka efika. Lithuania - abantu abangu-30 000.

Refract mkhuba edabukisayo kwaba Estonia kuphela. Izwe uqala ukwanda kancane ngenxa ukufuduka. Ukuze 2015-2016 biennium. Estonia ushiye abantu 19.000, kodwa emuva noma ukuza bazohlala 24.500.

Esimweni lapho ukwanda kulindeleke labantu lokususa, lutho uhlala Balts njengoba okwandisa labantu ngokusebenzisa inqubomgomo ezikhangayo yezenhlalakahle ukuze ababaleki. Lithuania, isibonelo, inikeza indlela elula ukuba bathole imvume yokuhlala e-EU kanye ongaphakeme kwentela osomabhizinisi. Ukuba nabafundi bakwamanye amazwe e-Estonia ingahlala futhi abahlala ezweni ngemva kokuthweswa iziqu.

Kodwa nemphumela lomkhulu emazweni aseBaltic okulindeleke izinyathelo ezihlose okwandisa izinga lokuzalwa.

Ukusekela Ingane e-Estonia, eLatvia naseLithuania

E-Estonia, eLatvia naseLithuania, wahlela ukuphathwa khulula zabasebenzi ezibhedlela zomphakathi, kanye reception ngesikhathi udokotela, ukuhlolwa kanye ultrasounds. Kodwa ubani ongakhokhela induduzo eyengeziwe:

  • ekamelweni - kusuka 50 kuya 80 € ngosuku;
  • ithuba lokukhetha udokotela ethize - kuka-400 no-600 €;
  • ndlela ngamunye nokubeletha - kusuka 50 abafika kwabangu-1000 €.

Isikhathi ikhefu okunakekela ingane e-Estonia sekuyiminyaka emithathu, eLithuania - kweminyaka emibili eLatvia - eyikhulu nengxenye.

abazali uzizwa ngendlela ehlukile ngazo zonke izinzuzo lizwe.

Inkokhelo eyisamba phezu ukuzalwa kwengane e Lithuania idlula € 400; nokukhokhwa kwekhefu lokuyobeletha e inani amaholo ezine umama; Benefit uyise ilingana ikhefu konyaka.

Inkokhelo eyisamba eLatvia - azungeze 420 €. Ukukhokhwa sokubeletha - 43% yomholo kamama. Allowance ingane anakekele isikhathi esingaba iminyaka emibili - 3300 €. angabonelela ingane yokuqala - 11 €, ikhokhwe nyangazonke kuze kube eyishumi nesithupha.

E-Estonia, i-isamba semali yokukhokha elilingana 320 €. Ukukhokhwa womama ashiye ku-akhawunti ezingeni komholo. Ingane nesabelo kuze kube iminyaka eyishumi nesithupha - 50 € ngenyanga. Inani sabazali nesabelo izinyanga eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili incike iholo abazali. Mhlawumbe lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izwe manje kungokwalabo European Union, amazinga nelabamemezeli lakhula kancane kancane ophilayo, inkokhelo kuyakhuphuka, kukhona ngezinto ezibonakalayo ukuze izingxenye ezahlukene sabantu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ezihlukahlukene izinhlelo ukuze bondle imindeni yabo nezingane eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, umndeni Estonia nezingane ezintathu kuphela ingane izibonelelo etholwe euro anamakhulu mahlanu ngenyanga. ELatvia nesabelo lingaphansi ayisikhombisa euro.

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