Ukuvolontiya. Kuyini kwezombusazwe, Psychology nefilosofi?

Ukuvolontiya. Kusho ukuthini lokhu? Lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi lesiLatin elithi ukuzikhethela (voluntas) - kuwuhlobo nokuhileleka kwezombusazwe mayelana nale ndaba, ogxile izifiso kanye nezifiso, futhi engayinaki imiqondo injongo yokuphila zezombusazwe. Voluntaryists cabanga inqubo mgomo wokwenza izinqumo nokuguqulwa ukuthi azisekelwe uhlelo lwemisebenzi.

Ukuvolontiya - kuyini? Lokhu umqondo esivamile osopolitiki nge ukunyakaza komugqa ngemicabango nangezenzo, yona evame ukuqonda isici ukusibekela ngenxa, kodwa ngokuyinhloko lungafinyeleleki. Lona isizathu ukuzikhethela njengoba kubekwe inqubomgomo ezibonakalayo kuzibandlulule ukuhlanganiswa zezombusazwe kanye nokuhlanganiswa, futhi ngokuvamile ungamandla elimazayo.

Lisho ukuthini igama elithi "ukuzikhethela" kwezombusazwe?

ukuzikhethela Political evela etintfweni yangaphandle yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle. Kodwa ngokuyinhloko kuhlukaniswa kwabantu, amaqembu omphakathi kanye kwezakhi zenhlabathi imisebenzi osopolitiki kanye uhulumeni umsuka ukugeleza ezifana ukuzikhethela. Kuyini lokhu uma hhayi inkulumo kakhulu yenkolelo yokuthi isikhalo sokuziphatha, esekelwe zokuziphatha inkululeko yomuntu? Igama elithi "ukuzikhethela" kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala nge-German sezokuhlalisana kwabantu ithenisi ekhulwini XIX. Kodwa umbono nokuziphatha voluntarist ukubeka phambili ngaphambili. Njengoba nje kuwukuphikisana okwandisa phakathi kwabantu nasemphakathini, ukuqonda ukuzikhethela seyande kangaka.

Igama elithi "ukuzikhethela" kwengqondo nefilosofi

Lokhu kuthambekela ifilosofi kanye psychology umelana ekuqaleni sangamabomu isizathu kanye nemithetho mgomo bemvelo umphakathi. Eqinisweni, ukuzikhethela uthi ngokuzijamela ngentando yomuntu kusukela ngokoqobo, idealizes indima ubuntu emlandweni, futhi kuthinta indlela kwezwe elisizungezile. Umqondo ukugeleza usukela kusuka Ephakathi. Kodwa umqondo wegama elithi "ukuzikhethela" kwengqondo uvele kuphela ngasekupheleni XIX leminyaka, sibonga W. Wundt - sokusebenza kwengqondo isiJalimane, udokotela physiologist.

Lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo ukuzikhethela kwengqondo:

• ukuqashelwa elilinganiselwe yokuthi intando kuyinto qualitatively mkhuba esiyingqayizivele phakathi kwezinye izinqubo ngokwengqondo;
• esishoyo ukuthi zonke zisekelwe entandweni nezinye izinqubo bokuphila kanye izenzakalo voluntaryism - ukuthi ngeke ncamashi limelela umthamo kokuqala, okuyinto kuncike kuphela phezu isihloko; engenanzalo isisekelo umgomo.

Abasekeli ukuzikhethela

Ngokusho ifilosofi German kanye psychology Wundt, izizathu ngokwengqondo obonakaliswe isenzo volitional, ikakhulukazi apperceptions. Isazi sefilosofi kwengqondo James wagomela ngokuthi ukuziphatha komuntu unesibopho neze ngenxa isinqumo ngamabomu. Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo German H. Münsterberg wacabanga ukuthi ngeke sikunqobe lonke izinqubo ngokwengqondo. imibono yakhe zisekelwa nezinye izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo Western yesikhathi. Abazange phezani ukushumayela lokho sizalwa nawo nekhono labantu lokukwazi ukukhetha injongo yabo nezindlela yokulithola. Kulokhu, ukuzikhethela ukhonza njengomdala umphumela isenzo, okuyinto ngemuva izenzo bemvelo ekhethekile ngokomoya.