Louis-Nicolas Davout. Okuwukuphela Marshal ka uNapoleon, ababengazange ehlulwa empini olulodwa

Lui Nikola Davu - omunye ojenene okuhamba phambili kaNapoleon Izimpi. Ingabe kuphela Marshal ka uNapoleon, akazange alahlekelwe impi eyodwa. Asithathe sihlolisise biography nokufeza lokhu umkhuzi abadumile wezempi.

Ebuntwaneni kanye Nemfundo

I jikelele esizayo wazalwa ngo-Burgundy, Meyi 10, 1770 ku umndeni esihle. Lui Nikola ngakhuliselwa lempi esikoleni zindlani Brienne-le-Ezinqaba. Kuyathakazelisa ukuphawula ukuthi ngonyaka owandulele lingena esikoleni esifanayo ephothula Napoleon Bonaparte. Ukuba yiqiniso isiko nomndeni, e-1788 Davoust waqala inkonzo yakhe ku ibutho abakhwele amahhashi, elalikade wakhonza njengephayona likayise noyisemkhulu.

Inguquko French

Phakathi French Revolution, ukuqala ezempi, ngaphandle kokucabanga kabili, nganquma ukuvikela isikhundla abantu wamavukelambuso. Njengoba amadoda empi abaleka noma usedilize abasekeli amaningi Bourbons, kwabonakala inombolo enkulu izikhala zomsebenzi. Bathatha izikhulu abasha, futhi kwezinye izimo, ngisho namasosha avamile nobuholi imizwelo engokwemvelo. Louis-Nicolas Davout kwaba omunye izikhulu eziningi ngubani osikweleta kuyanda yabo inguquko kanye uzowanqoba Bourbons. Kusukela 1794 kuya 1797 Davoust e elisezingeni jikelele uBrigadier wayelwe phakathi kwababusi Army of Rhine. Nokho, emqansweni okwamanje Olympus umkhuzi Lodumo Davoust waqala ngaphansi banner Bonaparte.

uhambo waseGibhithe

Esikhathini kusuka 1798 kuya 1801 olingana uMajor General Davoust nengxenye uhambo sikaNapoleon waseGibhithe. Wayethole umyalo ala mabutho anamakhanda French. Empini ye Aboukir, okwenzeka ngo-June 25, 1799, i-Umkhuzi abasha ikakhulukazi okhetheke khulu. Ngalolo suku, 7000th Ibutho French wahlasela 15 senkulungwane Turkish ibutho umkhuzi ngegama Mustafa Pasha. Izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu amabutho esitha yawa phezu kwezinsizwa empini, kanti bonke abanye, kuhlanganise Mustafa Pasha, yazinikela. A reserve amabutho amancane, ogama umkhuzi kwaba Lui Davu, negalelo elikhulu kule ukunqoba. Izazi-mlando eziningi sithambekele bakholelwa ukuthi le mpi, Bonaparte kubhekwe iqhawe ingxoxo yethu, umkhuzi singesabi futhi onekhono.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lo mkhankaso waseGibhithe egcotshwa nge ukwehluleka okuphelele France, kwavula eziningi amagama amasha, esikhathini esizayo futhi ayeba enkazimulweni lempi Napoleon. Jikelele Lui Davu ngalesi kwaliwa nethimba le eduze Bonaparte sika, owasho ngokuqiniseka wathutha maqondana phezulu uhulumeni.

elisezingeni marshal

Ngokushesha ngemva bomkhankaso waseGibhithe Dawa ngempumelelo kwaholela amahhashi ibutho Italy Bonaparte, owalwa ne Austrians. Ngo-1804, lo hero bomkhankaso waseGibhithe noMbusi lenkampani Italian waklonyeliswa elisezingeni Marshal waseFrance sikaNapoleon umeluleki izikhundla.

I impumelelo kuqala umyalo ezigungu

Esikhathini kusuka 1805 kuya 1814 eholwa Marshal Davoust Corps. Ngo-1805, ithimba lakhe liye lazibonakalisa kahle Ulm, lapho ibutho zombusi wanqoba ibutho Austria. Baron von Mack Layberih - Eyinhloko Austrians, kanye nebutho 30-ayizinkulungwane waphoqeleka ukuba bazinikele isitha, ngoba yena wagwetshwa iminyaka engu-20 ebhadla ejele yinkantolo yezempi.

Okthoba 9, izigceme 1805 Davoust ngempumelelo sawela iDanube, esisisongelayo Gunzburg nokuwela ndawo. Austrians owalwela edolobheni iDanube, kwadingeka ukuba ashona ngemva ngezihluthu.

Marshal Davout wayengomunye walaba babambe iqhaza elibonakalayo kuhlaselwa ibutho Bonaparte Vienna. Novemba 8 ngasekhanda lomzimba wakhe eduze nedolobha Mariazell, wayinqoba impi ngokumelene amabutho Austria, eliholwa uJenene von Meerfeldom. Kule mpi, French wakwazi ukuthatha iziboshwa 4000. Ukunqoba lwaba isenzakalo esivelele ngokuchaza yokudalelwa Vienna sika.

Battle of Austerlitz

Disemba 2, 1805 at Austerlitz impi okwenzeka, wehlela emlandweni ngokuthi "Battle of the Three-Emperors". Ngalolo suku, ibutho French inqobe phezu azihlanganisa ibutho Russian-Austria. Austerlitz ukunqoba kwaba ukuphela sokusebenzisana anti-isiFulentshi, futhi njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma. Franz II - umbusi wokugcina okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma, lwaphetha ngezithombe Napoleon ukuthula nje kwaba uMbusi waseRoma Francis ngowokuqala. Ukuwa mlando umbuso owawuke waba namandla esadlala indima ebalulekile, umphathi French Davoust.

I yen-Auershtedtskoe impi

Ngo 1806, Biography umkhuzi Davoust agcwaliswa nge ngokunqoba entsha. I yen-Auershtedtskom impi zenzeka phakathi kuka-Napoleon namabutho Prussian ngo-October 14, i-marshal wayengomunye walaba abadlali main. Le mpi ihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili. Sokuqala senzeka ngesikhathi Auerstadt, kanti owesibili - ngesikhathi Jena. Corps Marshal Lui Davu amaphuzu esigabeni sokuqala.

Marshal wanikwa umyalo iphiko lokuqala amasosha yasebukhosini. Ngaphansi umyalo wakhe kwakukhona izinkulungwane 26 amadoda kanye 44 izibhamu. Davoust wenza ngokumelene flank kwesokunxele ebuthweni lasePrussia oholwa UMbusi Brunswick, okuhlanganisa 54 000 amasosha futhi 230 izibhamu. Omunye ubuhlobo amabutho esanele nangokunembile ukuhlola ikhono amaqembu. Noma kunjalo, ngo impi olunzima Davoust ayikwazanga kuphela ukunqoba amabutho, kodwa futhi ukubulala umholi wayo.

Empini ye Jena, ibutho isiFulentshi Napoleon mathupha ephethwe. Wanqoba ngokuphelele induna yempi we Prussian Prince Hohenlohe. Nokho, kule mpi ibhalansi yamandla kwakucishe alinganayo. Sekukonke, le mpi yen-Auershtedtskoy, ibutho French elahlekile abantu abayizinkulungwane 11, 7 kubo Auershtedtskoe impi.

isihloko ahlukile

Futhi ngo 1806 Louis-Nicolas Davout waphoqeleka ukuba abhekane amasosha Russian. Disemba 24 isidumbu sakhe, kuhlanganise nebutho Napoleon awela steepening emfuleni, futhi ebusuku ngaphansi Czarnowo wawashaya 15000th ibutho Russian. Kule mpi, French elahlekile cishe uhhafu kakhulu Russian.

Ukunqoba brilliant at Auerstadt Davoust ayikwazanga kungaqashelwa, futhi Napoleon ahlonishwe jikelele, hhayi kuphela ukuze kodwa futhi isihloko zokuhlonipha of Duke Auershtedtskogo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi Napoleon Bonaparte, ngokuba ongowokuzalwa emkhayeni ompofu neCorsican-Italian ezihloniphekayo, waba umbusi waseFrance, ngesandla esivulekile pha izihloko abalandeli bakhe, ngaleyo ndlela izama ukudala labasetulu entsha in the state.

Battle of Ekmyule

April 22, 1809 amabutho sikaNapoleon waphinda impi Austria, ogama umyalo waphathiswa the iNkosana Charles. Austrians wakwazi ukuthatha kuya eziphakeme Ekmyulem ngaphansi isikhundla ukuzenza athandeke. Napoleon wathumela ukuba ahlasele isitha nekubeka umzimba yabo emihle kakhulu, kuhlanganise emzimbeni Marshal Davoust. Kwaze kwaba yilapho sebeshiye nempi enkulu, hhayi kanye nalesi ku Melee, amaFulentshi ephethwe lokususa isitha esuka ezindaweni eziphakeme. + Lapho ilanga lishona, le iNkosana Charles wathatha amabutho ayo Regensburg. ukulahlekelwa kwakhe e Battle of Ekmyule zaba abantu abayizinkulungwane 11 kusuka 76 Ibutho senkulungwane. Ukunqoba le mpi, uNapoleon kwavulela amathemba esihle - Austria ibutho razchlenilas zibe izingxenye ezimbili. Ojenene, ngubani kwaba nendima ebaluleke kakhulu lesi sinqumo, kwavuzwa ngokucebile. Ngakho, Louis-Nicolas Davout Uthole dukedom, futhi namanje isikhulu - Prince baba Ekmyulskim.

The Battle of Wagram

Ngo 1809 Davout futhi ube nethuba ukuhlangabezana kulwiwa iNkosana Charles. Lesi sikhathi kwaliwa at Wagram. Ngobusuku obandulela le mpi, ibutho sikaNapoleon ngaphesheya esiqhingini Lobau sawela kwabacebile iDanube. Ibutho Austria, has amasosha angaphezu kuka-likhulu lamawaka, anamanci 452 izibhamu, waya Vahram futhi sigxilile khona. Kusihlwa ngo-July 5, uMbusi ngaphambilini ibutho lalo lase-Italy, okuyinto sithuthukisa Saxon Corps, ukuhlasela isitha. Ngenxa yephutha amaNtaliyane ubani owayephambili Saxons ngoba isitha, oda kwadingeka ukuba yesulwe.

Izenzakalo main zenzeka ngosuku olulandelayo, lapho Napoleon kabusha impi yakhe, eyayintula bokuphakama zezinombolo ngaphezu kwesitha ngohlelo olusha lokulwa. Davout futhi Oudinot ukusebenza ndawonye ngokumelene iphiko kwesokunxele isikhundla isitha. I Austrians ehlaselwa bakamalalahlengezela kusukela nganeno isiFulentshi, kodwa ukuphumelela kwawo asilethelwa. Nokho, ngaphansi ukumelana isikhungo isitha kanye flank kwesokunxele yebutho French kwadingeka ukuhoxisa seliyancipha. Ukuthumela namabutho ngumgogodla ezikhungweni zomsebenzi ukuqinisa ngesimo Italian Corps of MacDonald, edonsa emuva wezikhali, uMbusi wakwazi ukusindisa isimo. Inamandla ezingontuluntulu wayeka ukuhlaselwa we Austrians. Louis-Nicolas Davout Okwamanje kwaba ngaphandle azowalekelela futhi, ngishaya flank kwesokunxele bebutho lesitha, wathatha kangcono wakhe. Marshal ephethwe ukungena ezingemuva ibutho Austria futhi dismember wakhe mayelana Vesedele. Ezezindlu uzakwabo Vahram Uda yanqotshwa. Empini angu-11, uCarl elahlekile abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-50. Ngenxa yalokho, waphoqwa ukuba siphumele maqondana eMoravia.

Ukunqoba Wagram izindleko French kuyinto ngempela eqolo. Okokuqala, ibutho sikaNapoleon elahlekile amasosha 32.000. Okwesibili, emva kwempi izwe laseBrithani nelase-Russian Empire langena ngokumelene kaNapoleon France empini.

Sihambe eRussia

French uMbusi akuzange kumesabise esungulwe ngokumelene naye umfelandawonye mithi European. Ngo 1812, i-Russia wasala yedwa - umbimbi yangaphambili izimpi anti-kaNapoleon, Austria futhi Prussia, baphoqeleka ukuba babe umbimbi of the Empire, French.

Julayi 12, ibutho sikaNapoleon wawela uMfula Neman, ehlasela Empire Russian. Ngaphambi kokuthi kwakusinda kwehlela obuqand wamabutho Russian kwadingeka agijime ukuze ugweme impi. Ukunika ukulwa sodwa, basuke cishe waqinisekisa kunqotshwa kwazo okuphelele.

Corps of Marshal Davoust wathunyelwa kosizo ibutho uJerome Bonaparte, ababejaha yesibili Russian Western Army General Bagration, emuva kusukela Vaukavysk eningizimu-mpumalanga. Okunekhono iqhinga Commander amabutho Russian kuhoxiswe ngaphansi igalelo double lesitha, okuholela kokubili French Marshal abangu baxoxelane. Lapho ibutho Bagration zaqala ukuwela Niemen, ojenene French wenza esinye komzamo ukuba amthathe ku imvelo. Ekubona kusengaphambili izinhlelo isitha, Jikelele Bagration waphendukela Minsk.

Ngo Mogilev Davout ishayisane ibutho waxotshana labo, weza emzini phambi kwesitha. Eyesibili Russian Western Army waphinda nginqume lokuqala Western Army General Barclay de Tolly, emuva enyakatho. Kulesi simo, kwakungekho lutho kwesokunxele Bagration, kodwa uyephuza kusengaphambili okunye lesitha. Kwenze angimisa amabutho ka Jikelele Rajewski.

I avant-garde we chassis Dawa wahlangana emashalofini eduze nedolobhana Saltanovka Rajewski. Empini ye Saltanovka Russian wakwazi tie up iimfuneko isiFulentshi, futhi ibutho Bagration waphinde wafika evela igalelo we-Imperial Army. Kulokhu-ke wathumela ukuba Smolensk.

Eduze Smolensk 1st namabutho 2nd Western wajoyina Russian. Agasti 4 waqala Battle of Smolensk (impi th 1812), lapho iqhaza futhi Davout. Omunye uqhekeko olukhona, eholwa Gudin, wakwazi ukuhlukanisa yena empini Valutina Intaba, ohlaselwayo ihlukane ka uMajor General Tuchkov nantathu. Lesi sakamuva walimala kakhulu futhi athumba.

Phakathi nempi ye Borodino, ngokuhambisana dispositions kombusi, Davout wayemi khona kanye maphakathi impi. I-Centre esasiphethe babekezelela ibutho sikaNapoleon. Wayefanele balukhulume Russian ensimini izinqaba, okuyinto elahlanganiswa ngempi nomlando njengoba Bagration ukushiselwa.

Ngokwenkolelo, elaqala uNapoleon, ngaphambi kokuba impi enkulu, amasosha yombuso wakhe izingubo zokugqoka iyunifomu egcwele. Agasti 26, 1812, ilanga entathakusa, kwaqala wezikhali kuhlasela elinamandla okuvela ezinhlangothini ezimbili. Duzane 6:00 am-French umkhankaso omkhulu isiphepho ukushiselwa. ukwehlukana amabili Davoust abangu okuhloswe ngaso ezishaywayo eningizimu. Naphezu ukuphakama kwamanani ka isiFulentshi, isiRashiya wakwazi ukuba akwazi ukuxosha kuhlasela.

Ngu-7 am Davout wazinikela sangakithi ngaqhubeka kuhlasela. Lesi sikhathi wakwazi wasithatha ezishaywayo eningizimu. Nokho, leli cala insabule ka Battalion eziningana elihamba, okuyinto Bagration ithunyelwa ezishaywayo, bavunyelwe knock French aphume izinqaba. Khona-ke Napoleon wathumela ukusiza amahhashi Murat, Davout, amabutho Ney nezinye amabutho. The French agqekeze sokunene nesobunxele ezishaywayo, kodwa okukhulu Russian esiphikisayo kuhlasela futhi engqongqoza wabakhipha. Ukuhlaselwa Bagration ukushiselwa ngosuku balandela omunye ngemva komunye ...

Phakathi ukubaleka Grand Army of Napoleon Louis-Nicolas Davout wayeqondisa rearguard yayo, okuyinto kwadingeka njalo ukuze aphebeze le Cossack Ataman Platov , futhi Jikelele Miloradovich bomlilo. Okthoba 22 ngesikhathi Vyazma isitha Russian rearguard sivale umgwaqo ENtshonalanga. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ibutho Davoust wathola ukusekelwa, Russian waphula kuye. Ngalolo suku, ibutho sikaNapoleon elahlekile amasosha acishe abe ngu 8000. Ngemva kokunqotshwa at Vyazma umbusi esikhundleni "Iron Marshal" (okuthiwa lenkaba Davoust) njengoba induna yebutho e ibutho labaqaphi elingemuva Marshal uNehemiya.

Enye ukulahlekelwa ezinkulu Russian Army Corps of Davout wahlupheka empini eduze nedolobhana Red owawusedolobheni kusuka 3 kuya ku-6 Novemba. Ayesebuyela emuva kusuka Smolensk, amaFulentshi Babefuna ukwephula kude ukushushiswa Russian futhi phuma ukuze umfula Berezina. Ngemva le mpi, emzimbeni Marshal Davoust khona ngaphandle ibhalwe.

Ukuhlulwa France

Davoust wayengekho phakathi semashi ka uNapoleon, owanikela amabutho oMfelandawonye eParis. Ngo-1813 futhi 1814 lapho ayelwa empini enyakatho eJalimane, Hamburg sivikele ukuvinjezelwa amabutho Russian futhi Prussian. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukuvinjezelwa zenzeka ngaphandle kuhlaselwe futhi ngamabhomu, Hamburg isikaniso namanje owayezinikele oMfelandawonye.

Lapho Napoleon France lahluleka bezempi nabezombusazwe enye ukuphangwa, Louis-Nicolas Davout, ogama biography bezilokhu exhunywe ne uNapoleon, futhi bahlala bethembekile kuye. Futhi ngisho nalapho e edingiselwe esiqhingini Elba, Davout akazange adikibale imibono yabo. Lapho Napoleon wafika eningizimu yezwe, abe eseqala ukuhamba ewela mashi enqobile eParis, Lui Davu yamlandela. Phakathi "izinsuku eziyikhulu namashumi" waqhubeka engumfundisi okuthunyelwe kukaNgqongqoshe neMpi eFrance.

Lapho Bourbons wabuyela amandla, Davoust yayidumile kakhulu kuleli zwe, futhi ikakhulukazi impi. Yena, njengo lonke semashi of Napoleon, yalahlekelwa yiyo yonke nezinhlu zakhe futhi izihloko, kodwa hhayi isikhathi eside - ngo-1817, ukuze ugweme yokucasuka umphakathi, wabuyela zonke izihloko ezindala futhi kwababusi. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, Davoust iphethwe yini kuphela woo iziphathimandla, kodwa futhi ukuba abe kontanga yeFrance.

Juni 1, 1823 Louis-Nicolas Davout ebulawa isifo sofuba yamaphaphu Paris.